Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10

19MCD0042

Longitudinal Dynamics calculations for Hyundai Grand i10

Braking Characteristics of a Two-Axle Vehicle

The major external forces acting on a decelerating two-axle vehicle are shown in figure
The braking force F b, originating from the brake system and developed on the tire-road interface
is the primary retarding force. When the braking force is below the limit of tire-road adhesion,
the braking force F b, is given by

where T b, is the applied brake torque, I is the rotating inertia

connected with the wheel being decelerated, α an, is the corresponding angular deceleration, and r
is the rolling radius of the tire.

Let assume the initial velocity of the vehicle to be 90 kmph rolling on an asphalt surface
(µ=0.8) which needs to be brought at rest.
H=631.8mm
L1=846.8mm
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

L2=1578.21mm
1) Rolling resistance coefficient

fr = 0.0136 + 0.40 * 10-7 * (V2)

fr = 0.0136 + 0.40 * 10-7 * (1002)
fr = 0.0145

2) Proportion of total braking force on the front and rear

K bf l2+h ( µ+ fr )
=
K br l1−h ( µ+ fr )

As Kbf + Kbr = 1
K bf l2+h ( µ+ fr )
Therefore, =
1−K bf l1−h ( µ+ fr )

K bf 1578.21+ 631.81 ( 0.8+0.01392 )

=
1−K bf 846.78−631.81 ( 0.8+0.01392 )
K bf
= 6.3
1−K bf
Kbf = .8630
and thus Kbr = 0.1369

3) Vehicle deceleration rate (in g-units)

a. For Front wheels

µ∗l 2
+ ( K bf ∗f r )
a L
g
= µ∗h
K bf −
L
0.8∗1578.21
+ ( 0.6058∗0.0145 )
a 2425
g
= 0.8∗631.81
0.8630−
2425
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

a
g
= 0.8128

b. For Rear wheels

µ l1
+ ( 1−K bf )∗f r
a L
=
g µh
1− K bf +
L
0.8∗846.78
+ ( 1−0.6058 )∗0.0145
a 2425
=
g 0.8∗631.81
1−0.8630+
2425
a
= 0.8143
g

4) During braking, there is a load transfer from the rear axle to the front axle the normal
loads on the front and rear axles, Wf and Wr, can be expressed as

a. Load on front axle

W a
Wf = (l2 + * h)
L g
1500∗9.81
Wf = (1578.21 + 0.8128 * 631.81)
2425
Wf = 12694.14 N

b. Load on rear axle

W a
Wr = (l1 - * h)
L g
1500∗9.81
Wr = (846.78 – 0.8143 * 631.81)
2425
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

Wr = 2016.39 N

5) The braking forces of the front and rear axles

a. For front axle

a
F bf = K bf * W ( – fr)
g
F bf = 0.8630 * 1500 *9.81(0.8128 – 0.0145)

Fbf = 10137.64 N

b. For rear axle

F br= (1 – K bf )
a
* W * ( – f r)
g
Fbr = (1 – 0.8630) * 1500*9.81 * (0.8143 – 0.0145)
Fbr = 1612.360 N

6) Stopping distance

Where

Af = 1.6 + 0.00056 * (mv - 765) = 1.6 + 0.00056 * (1500 -765) = 2.0116

ƿ 1.225
Cae = * Cd * A f = * 0.307 * 2.0116 = 0.3782
2 2
a 0.8128
ɳb = = = 1.016
g∗µ 0.8
θs = 150
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

therefore,

14715
S = ln (1 +
2∗9.81∗0.3782
0.3782∗27.77 2
)
( 1.016∗0.8∗14715 ) + ( 0.0145∗14715∗cos 15 ) + ( 14715∗sin 15 )

S = 34.60 m

Data for Hyundai Grand i10

Coefficient of Road Adhesion μ 0.8

CG Behind Front Axle l1 846.78 mm
CG Before Rear Axle l2 1578.21 mm
CG Height h 631.8 mm
Wheelbase L 2425 mm
Roll Resistance fr 0.0145
Weight of Vehicle w 14715 N
Frontal Area Af 2.0116 m2
Density of Air ρ 1.225 Kg/m3
Coefficient of Drag Cd 0.307

On Zero Gradient
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

Cae = (ρ/2) *Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.077 10 37.82 6.1512
µW = 11772 15 85.095 13.8135
FrWcosθ = 213.3675 20 151.28 24.4913
Wsinθ = 0 25 236.375 38.13600
30 340.38 54.6862
40 605.12 96.2013

Constant
Up the Grade 10
A. Gradient Up

Cae = (ρ/2)*Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.077 10 43.8 5.0866
µW = 11772 15 98.55 11.4265
FrWcosθ = 210.12 20 175.2 20.2686
Wsinθ = 2555.23 25 273.75 31.5793
30 394.2 45.3164
40 605.12 79.8603

Constant
Down the Grade 10
Gradient Down

Cae = (ρ/2) *Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.077 10 43.8 7.7848
µW = 11772 15 98.55 17.4730
FrWcosθ = 210.12 20 175.2 30.9575
Wsinθ = 2555.23 25 273.75 48.1611
30 394.2 68.9870
40 605.12 121.032
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Constant Grade 10 Up Constant Grade 10 Down

Constant
Up the Grade 20
B. Gradient Up

Cae = (ρ/2) *Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.077 10 43.8 4.3572
µW = 11772 15 98.55 9.79045
FrWcosθ = 200.49 20 175.2 17.3719
Wsinθ = 5032.82 25 273.75 27.077
30 394.2 38.8750
40 605.12 68.5930
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

Constant
Down the Grade 20
Gradient Down

Cae = (ρ/2) *Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.077 10 43.8 10.4940
µW = 11772 15 98.55 23.5339
FrWcosθ = 200.49 20 175.2 41.6470
Wsinθ = 5032.82 25 273.75 64.6947
30 394.2 92.505
40 605.12 161.58
180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Constant Grade 20 Up Constant Grade 20 Down

Constant
Up the Grade 30
C. Gradient Up

Cae = (ρ/2) *Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.077 10 43.8 3.8419
µW = 11772 15 98.55 8.63368
FrWcosθ = 184.78 20 175.2 15.3231
Wsinθ = 7357.5 25 273.75 23.8907
30 394.2 34.3121
40 605.12 60.5948
Vehicle Dynamics - Digital Assignment 2 Group 10
19MCD0042

Constant
Down the Grade 30
Gradient Down

Cae = (ρ/2) *Cd*Af Speed CaeV2 Smax

Cae = 0.3782 0 0 0
W/(2*g*Cae) =
1983.77 10 43.8 15.6038
µW = 11772 15 98.55 34.9374
FrWcosθ = 184.78 20 175.2 61.6918
Wsinθ = 7357.5 25 273.75 95.5682
30 394.2 136.2019
40 605.12 236.025
250

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Constant Grade 30 Up Constant Grade 30 Down