Integration by

Trigonometric
Substitution
Lesson 1.3
Integration by Trigonometric
Substitution
Use to evaluate the integrals involving radicals

Radical form Substitution Then what?

a2  u2 u  a sin  a 2  u 2  a cos

a2  u2 u  a tan  a 2  u 2  a sec 

u2  a2 u  a sec  u 2  a 2  a tan 

The objective of using trigonometric substitution is

to eliminate the radical in the integrand.
 Integration by Trigonometric
Substitution
Review on Pythagoras theorem

a2  u2
a  u  a cos
2 2
cos 
a

a 2  u 2  a sec 
a
cos 
a2  u2

u2  a2
u  a  a tan 
2 2
tan  
a
 Integration by Trigonometric
Substitution
Example 1 we have the radical of the form a 2  u 2


1 What substitution should we used?
Find dx
4  9x 2
3x
sin    2
2 4  9x 2

4  9x2  a2  u 2
3x
a2  4  a  2 4  9x2
cos   4  9 x 2  2 cos 
2
u 2  9 x 2  u  3x
dx 2 cosd 2
let u  a sin  So,  4  9x 2
    d
3 2 cos 6
3x  2 sin 
2
x  sin  1 1 3
3    C  arcsin x  C
3 3 2
2
dx  cosd
3
 Integration by Trigonometric
Substitution
Example 2 we have the radical of the form a 2  u 2
What substitution should we used?
Find  4  9 x 2 dx
3x
sin    2
2 4  9x 2

4  9x2  a2  u 2
3x
a2  4  a  2 4  9x2
cos   4  9 x 2  2 cos 
2
u 2  9 x 2  u  3x 4
4  9 x dx   2 cos  cosd
2
   d
2
let u  a sin  So, 2 cos
3 3
3x  2 sin 
4 1  cos 2 2 sin 2 
 1  cos 2 d
2

2  d     C
x  sin  3 2 
3 3 2 3
2 2 2 sin  cos
dx  cosd   C
3 3 3
 Integration by Trigonometric
Example 3 Substitution
dx
Find  x2  9
let u  a sec
x2  9  u 2  a2
x  3 sec 
a2  9  a  3 dx 3 sec tan d
dx  3 sec  tan d
u 2  x2  u  x  x2  9

3 tan 
3 3
since x  3 sec   x   cos    secd
cos x
 ln sec   tan   C
 x
x2  9
3 tan    x 2  9  3 tan 
3 x x2  9
 ln  C
x2  9 3 3
 Integration by Trigonometric
Example 4 Substitution
x2  3
2
Converting the limit of integration
Find  x
dx
3 we have x  3 sec ; 2
if x  2  sec 
let u  a sec 3
a2  3  a  3 if x  3  sec  1
x  3 sec 1

2
 cos 
3
u 2  x2  u  x dx  3 sec tan d
1
 1  cos  1 cos 3 2
cos

 0 
3 3 6
since x  3 sec  x   cos 
cos x 

x2  3 3 tan 
2 6
 x x 3  dx   3 sec tan d
2
tan    x 2  3  3 tan 
3
3 3
x 0 3 sec 
 
x 3
 
2 6 6
 3  tan  d  3  sec 2   1 d
2

 3 tan   3 
0 0
 6
 0

3
 1 
6