PAKISTAN STUDIES

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MAJOR EVENTS HAPPENED IN THE HISTORY
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Muhammad Ghori
he was the first His Slave Qutb-al-
Turkish who invaded
India; after a long Din Aibak
period of 150 years.

Humayun, Akbar, Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan ,

Siraj ud din dola, Bahadur Shah zafar.
 1857 war of Independence:
• It is most important landmark in the history of Sub-Continent
• In order to oust the British from India, the Indian people fought the war of independence
but lost.
• May 10, 1857 – Nov 1, 1858
• Location: India
• against the rule of the British East India Company to rid of their Domination
• they failed due to certain reasons including mutual jealousies, disunity, and lack of
central leadership etc.
• Limited to few areas mainly Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow etc
•
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817 to 1898):
• Born: October 17, 1817, Delhi, India,
• Died: March 27, 1898, Aligarh, India
• He was the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh orientation of Islam and
worked for it.
• His educational reforms started when he laid the foundation of a madrassa in Muradabad
in 1859
• Establishment of MAO (Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental) High School in 1875
• Efforts were made to make the Muslims socially and educationally strong.
 Urdu-Hindi Controversy (1867)
• The most immediate reason for the controversy is believed to be the contradictory
language policy in North India in the 1860s. ... This policy gave rise to conflict between
students educated in Hindi or Urdu for the competition of government jobs, which
eventually took on a communal form.

First Census in Sub-Continent 1881

• A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non
synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country. This effort
culminating in 1872 has been popularly labeled as the first population census of India
However, the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881.
• After independence, the first census of Pakistan was conducted in 1951

1885 – Formation of Congress

• December 28, 1885, Mumbai, India
• The Indian National Congress is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded
in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in
Asia and Africa
• Founder: Allan Octavian Hume
 Ilbert Bill 1883
• The Ilbert Bill was introduced by Lord Ripon in 1883 for British India. The objective of
the bill was to give power to Indian judges and magistrates to try British offenders in
criminal cases at the District level. British in Britain and India opposed this bill intensely,
playing racial tensions.

NWFP Establishment
• North-West Frontier Province was a province of British India
• Established in 9 November 1901
• Renamed to Khyber Pakthunkhwa: 19 April 2010

Partition of Bengal 1905:

The British portioned Bengal into east and west Bengal to improve the administration.
• The Muslims welcomed the Partition of Bengal for the following reasons:
• In the majority province of East Bengal the Muslims would be free from Hindu
dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of services and advancement
of agriculture.
• Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal and formed two new provinces of manageable size –
East and West Bengal
 • When Lord Hardinage assumed charge as Governor General he on 12th December 1911
the partition of Bengal cancelled / annulled

The Simla Deputation 1906:

Simla Deputation organized by the Indian Muslim leaders, met the Governor General and Viceroy
Lord Minto in Simla on 1 October 1906. The aim of the deputation was to win the sympathies of
the Raj on their side concerning matters relating to their interests as a community.

The Foundation of the Muslim League 1906:

The All-India Muslim League was a political party established in 1906 in the British Indian Empire.

A resolution to form the All India Muslim League was passed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and
was seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Moulana Zafar Ali.
• The resolution was passed by All India Educational Conference on 30th December 1906
• Sir Agha Khan was appointed as President and Syed Hassan Balgrami was appointed
as secretary.
• Nawab Mohsim-ul-Mulk and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk were made joint secretaries
• Knowing the circumstances which led to the formation of Muslim league was not
difficult to make out what it aimed to. However, the Muslim league laid the following
points as its objectives.
 • 1. To create among Muslims the feelings of loyalty towards British Government and to
remove misconception and suspicious.
2. To Safeguard the political rights of the Muslims and to bring them into the notice of
the Government.
3. To prevent among the Muslims, the rise of prejudicial feelings against the other
communities of India.
• The first session of all India Muslim league was held at Karachi on 29th December, 1907
and was presided over by Adamji Peer Bhai

The Lacknow pact December 1916:

Lucknow Pact, (December 1916), agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by
Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah; it was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the
league on Dec. 31, 1916.
A constitutional agreement between the Muslims and the Hindus to chalk out a joint struggle in
India.
The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact were: There shall be self-government in India. Muslims should
be given one-third representation in the central government. There should be separate electorates for
all the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates
 The Khilafat Movement 1919 – 1924:
The Muslims of the sub-continent launched a movement to safeguard the Holy places from the
British during the First World War. Started in July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918
• Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the
Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the
end of the world war 1.
• Thus, Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as Khilafat
Movement. The aims of this movement were
• (a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey
• (b) To restore the Territories of Turkey
• (c) To restore the Ottoman Empire.
 The Simon commission, November 1927:
For the grant of constitutional reforms in the sub-continent a deputation under the leadership of
Sir John Simon visited India.
• In, 1927 Lord Irwin was Viceroy of India. Who appoint a commission under instruction
of British government which was consist of seven members under Sir John Simon. Sir
John Simon was its chairman. The instruction were given to the chairman that they had to
investigate the Indian constitution problems then they had to present a detailed report in
which they mentioned the adequate reforms .All the members of commission were
British, even they did not included a single Indian member
• When they arrived all muslim india protest with black flag and a slogan “GO BACK
SIMON”
 The Nehru report, 1928:
Pandit Moti Lal Nehru presented certain constitutional proposals in which he ignored the
rights of the Muslims.

Fourteen points of the Quaid-e-Azam, 1929:

In relation to the Nehru report, the Quaid-e-Azam presented some proposal on behalf of the
Muslims.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah left for England in May 1928 and returned after six months. In
March 1929, the Muslim League session was held at Delhi under the presidency of
Jinnah. In his address to his delegates, he consolidated Muslim viewpoints under
fourteen items and these fourteen points became Jinnah's 14 points.
14 points of Jinnah:
1. The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers to be vested in the
provinces.
2. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle
of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the
majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
4. In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one third.
5. Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates: provided that it
shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint
electorate.
6. Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in anyway affect the
Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the NWFP.
7. Full religious liberty i.e. liberty of belief, worship, and observance, propaganda, association, and
education, shall be guaranteed to all communities.
8. No bill or resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if
three fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill, resolution
or part thereof on the ground that it would be injurious to that community or in the alternative, such
other method is devised as may be found feasible practicable to deal with such cases.
9. Sind should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as in other
provinces.
11. Provision should be made in the Constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with the
other Indians in all the services of the State and in local self-governing bodies, having due regard to
the requirements of efficiency.
12. The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and
for the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion and personal laws and
Muslim charitable institutions and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the State and by
local self-governing bodies.
13. No cabinet, either Central or Provincial, should be formed without there being a proportion of
at least one-third Muslim ministers.
14. No change shall be made in the Constitution by the Central Legislature except with the
concurrence of the States constituting the Indian Federation
 The Allahabad address, 1930:
Allama Iqbal, during a meeting of All India Muslim League, presented the idea of the grant
autonomy in the Muslim majority areas.
Allahabad Address (1930) In this address, Allama Iqbal gave the lucid explanation of the inner
feeling of the Muslims of India. He narrated the basic principles of the Islam and loyalties of
the Muslims to their faith

The Ministries of the Indian National Congress 1937:

June 10, 1937 The Indian National Congress formed the Government in various provinces, after
the general elections, which made the life of the Muslims unhappy.

The Pakistan Resolution, 1940:

The demand for separating the Muslims majority provinces was presented in the annual
meeting held in Lahore on 22–24 March 1940 of the All India Muslim League at the Minto
Park, Lahore.
It was put forward by Fazl-ul-Haq on 22 march and it demanded that Muslims provinces should be
made separate states. It was passed in the Annual session of Muslim League on 23 march, 1940 in
Lahore. It was known as Lahore resolution but later it came to be known as the Pakistan resolution
 The Crips proposals:
During the 2nd world war held on September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 British Government
deputed a mission under the leadership of Sir Stifford Crips. In order to diffuse political
tension, he proposed the transfer of power to various stated after ten years.
The war cabinet of Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India on March 1942 to seek
cooperation from the Indians. Through the Cripps mission for the first time, British
government recognized the “Right of Dominion' for India. Indians were given promise of
liberty to frame their own constitution

The Election of 1945-46:

During these elections the Muslims League won with overwhelming majority and proved that
the Muslims Leagues alone was the exclusive political party of the Muslims.
 The Plan of 3rd June 1947:
The British government finally decided to divide the country into two separates states after all
the efforts of keeping Hindus and Muslims together in a single state went in vain. Lord Ismay,
the Chief of Staff of Lord Mountbatten, was asked to frame the partition plan of India

The Creation of Pakistan on 14th August, 1947:

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah took oath as the 1st Governor General of Pakistan.
The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion
states, the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the
Republic of India; the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic

PART 2 COMING SOON MAJOR EVENTS WHICH

WILL BE FROM 1947 – PRESENT
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