Lecture

in

CH223 Heat Transfer-I

by
Dr. K. SURESH
Assistant Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering

MANIT BHOPAL, MP-462003
INDIA
2 January 2020 1
 Course Outcomes
Course Outcomes: After completion of course students will be able to
CO1 Apply the mechanism of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation
CO2 Analyze the dimensionless Numbers applicable in heat transfer and their physical
significance
CO3 Evaluate individual and overall heat transfer coefficient in steady state and unsteady
heat transfer conditions
CO4 Apply the basic equations in radiation and Thermal radiation between two surfaces
CO5 Analyze the Fourier’s law of conduction to calculate the thermal conductivity of metal
rods
CO6 Design the various types of composite walls and thermal insulated materials
students should compulsory to maintain 75% class attendance to write the following exams
Marks Distribution
Mini Test: 10%
Mid Term: 20%
Assignment: 10%
End Term: 60%
 S. No. Unit Topic Time/topic Time/Unit
1 I Heat Transfer: Introduction,Applications 1 5
2 Relation between heat transfer and thermodynamics 2
3 transport properties 2
4 II Conduction: Fourier‘s law of conduction 1 15
5 Thermal conductivity 2
6 Heat conduction equation in spherical, 2
cylindrical, and rectangular co-ordinates
7 Composite wall structure 2
8 Thick wall tube, Sphere 2
9 Insulation and optimum thickness of insulation 2
10 extended surfaces 2
11 Unsteady state condition 2
12 III Convection: Natural & Forced convection 1 11
13 Heat transfer in laminar &turbulent flow insides tubes 2
14 Dimensional analysis 2
15 boundary layer, Colburn 2
16 Colburn analogy 2
17 Heat transfer by external flows across cylinders, 2
tube bank, spheres
18 IV Radiation: Basic equations 1 9
19 emissivity 2
20 absorption 2
21 black and gray body 2
22 Thermal radiation between two surfaces 2
Reference Books:
1. Heat Transfer, 10th edition, 2010 Holman J.P
2. Fundamentals of Heat & Mass Transfer, 7th edition, 2013 Incropera F.P and Dewitt D.P
3. Unit operations of chemical engineering, 7th edition McCabe W.L., Smith J.C., Harriott. P
4. Fundamentals of heat & mass transfer, 2008, Foust A.S., Wemzel L.A., Clump C.W., Maus L.,and Anderson L.B
 Programme Outcomes (POs):
1. Engineering Knowledge: Be able to apply basic knowledge of science and engineering for solving a
multidisciplinary problem.
2. Problem analysis: Be able to identify, formulate and analyze the complex chemical engineering problems
using the first principles of natural science, mathematics and
engineering science
3. Modern tool usage: Be competent in using the skills and engineering tools necessary for complex
chemical engineering problem analysis.
4. Design & Development of solutions: design and conduct experiments safely and to develop a process
that meets desired specifications with consideration of environmental, safety, economic and ethical criteria.
5. Conduct experiments: Be able to conduct independent research, analyze and interpret the data to arrive
at the valid conclusion on the basis of extensive literature review.
6. Ethics: Be committed to professional ethics and responsibility and norms of engineering practice and be
aware of latest development in the area of chemical engineering
7. Engineer and the society: Exhibit understanding of societal and environmental issue relevant to
professional engineering practice.
8. Environment and sustainability: Understand the professional engineering solutions in the context of
society and environment and demonstrate the need for sustainable development
9. Individual and team work: Demonstrate appropriate interpersonal skills to function effectively as an
individual or as a member of a group and have command over a multidisciplinary team.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to develop managerial skills like interpersonal,
presentation, communication and documentation of data, comprehend and write effective reports, give
and receive clear instructions
11. Project management and finance: Be aware of most recent financial aspects related to professional
activities and show expertise in undertaking projects with effective control over finance and time.
12. Life-long learning: Be able to recognize the need for continuous lifelong learning
 Objectives
• Derive basic equations for conduction heat transfer
– One dimensional
– Two-dimensional
– Three-dimensional conduction
 One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation
• Let us consider the
general case where the
temperature may be
changing with time and
heat sources may be q gen
present within the body.
• For the element of
thickness Δx, the qx q x+Δx
following energy balance
may be made:
– Energy conducted in left
face - energy conducted
out right face+ heat
generated within
element = change in
internal energy Δx
x
T Elemental volume for one-dimensional
(qx x ) A  (qx xx ) A  (qgen ) Ax  C ( Ax)
t heat conduction analysis
 T
(qx x ) A  (qx xx ) A  (qgen) Ax  C ( Ax) ……………1
t
Equation 1 is divided by A. Δx and put limit Δx→0

(qx x ) (qx xx ) T

lim (qgen)  C
x0 x t

qx T …………….2
 (qgen)  C
x t

  T  T
 k  (qgen)  C
x  x  t

T
Where, q  k
x
 For constant thermal conductivity equation (3) has been written as

2T T
k 2 (qgen)  C
x t
The above equation is 1-D heat conduction equation

2T qgen 1 T
 
x2
k  t
Where,  is Thermal diffusivity

k Thermal conductivi ty
  
C Thermal capacity

Note: Grater the value of  , faster will be heat diffuse through the material and its
temperature will change with time
Three dimensional heat conduction equation for
Cartesian coordinate
Y qz zz xy
qy yy xz
X
Z

y
qx x yz qx xx yz

z
x
qz z xy qy y xz


qgen  qxyz
 Energy balance
Net rate of Energy addition into the system - Net rate of Energy out from the system+ heat
generated within element = change in internal energy

(qx x ) y z  (qx x x )yz  (q y y ) xz  (q y y y )xz

T
 (qz z )yx  (qz z z )yx  (qgen )yzx   C ( y z x )
t
Above equation is divided by Δx Δy Δz and put limit Δx→0, Δy→0, Δz→0

(qx x )  (qx x x ) ( q y y )  ( q y y y )

lim  lim
x  0 x y  0 x
(qz z )  (qz z z ) T
 lim  (qgen )   C
z  0 x t
 Contd….
 q x q y q z  T
     (q gen )  C
 x y z  t
The above equation is 3-D heat conduction equation

T
q  k
x

  T    T    T  T
   kx     k y     k z   (q gen )  C
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Consider constant thermal conductivity
kx  k y  kz  k
  2T    2T    2T  T
k  2    2    2   (q gen )  C
 x   y   z  t
The above equation is 3-D heat conduction equation in terms of temperature
 Contd….
  2T    2T    2T  T
k  2    2    2   (q gen )  C
     
 x   y   z  t

The above equation is 3-D heat conduction equation

Case I Consider steady state

  2T    2T    2T  T
k  2    2    2   (q gen )  C
     
 x   y   z  t

  2T    2T    2T 
k  2    2    2   (q gen )  0
 x   y   z 
The above equation is Poisson’s equation
 Contd….
Case II Consider steady state without heat generation

  2T    2T    2T  T
k  2    2    2   (q gen )  C
     
 x   y   z  t

  2T    2T    2T 
 2    2    2   0
 x   y   z 

The above equation is Laplace equation

Case III Consider unsteady state without heat generation
Contd….
  2T    2T    2T  T
k  2    2    2   (q gen )  C
 x   y   z  t

  2T    2T    2T  T
k  2    2    2   C
 x   y   z  t

  2T    2T    2T  C T
 2    2    2  
 x   y   z  k t
  2T    2T    2T  1 T
 2    2    2  
 x   y   z   t
The above equation is Fourier’s equation

k
Where,   , Thermal diffusivity
C
Cylindrical coordinate system

Z
φ Δr
Δφ

Δz

Y
 qz zz.r.r

Δr
rΔφ
qr r .r.z
q.z.r

Δz

qr rr .r.z
q .z.r

qz z.r.r
 Energy balance
Net rate of Energy addition into the system - Net rate of Energy out from the system+ heat
generated within element = change in internal energy

(qr r )r z   (qr r r )r z   (q  ) r z  (q   ) r z

T
 (qz z )r r   (qz z z )r r   (qgen )r r z    C (r r z  )
t
Above equation is divided by Δr Δφ Δz and put limit Δr→0, Δφ→0, Δz→0

(qr r )r  (qr r r )r (q  )  (q   ) (qz z )r  (qz z z )r

lim  lim  lim
r  0 r   0  z 0 z
T
 (qgen )r   C (r )
t
  rqr q rq z  T
      (q gen )r  Cr
 r  z  t

 qr q q z  T
  r  qr  r   (q gen )r  Cr
 r  z  t

 qr qr 1 q q z  T
       (q gen )  C
 r r r  z  t
 Three - Dimensional Heat Conduction
Equation
Cylindrical Coordinates

  2T  1 T 1   2T    2T  q gen 1 T
 2    2  2    2   ( )
 r  r r r     z  k  t
Spherical Coordinates
q .(r sin).(r)

Δr
r.sinϴ.Δφ
q .(r).(r)
qr r .(r sin).(r)

r.Δϴ

qr rr .(r sin).(r)

q.(r).(r)
q .(r sin).(r)
 Energy balance
Net rate of Energy addition into the system - Net rate of Energy out from the system+ heat
generated within element = change in internal energy
qr r .(r sin  ).( r  )  qr r r .(r sin  ).(r  )
 q  .(r ).(r  )  q   .(r ).(r  )
 q  .(r sin  ).(r )  q   .(r sin  ).(r )
T
 (qgen )(r sin  ).(r  ).(r )   C (r sin  ).(r  ).(r )
t
Above equation is divided by ( ).( ).(r ) and put limit Δr→0, Δφ→0, Δϴ→0

r 2 sin  (qr r  qr r r ) r.q   r.q  

lim  lim
r 0 r  0 
r.sin  ( q   q   ) T
 lim  (qgen )r sin    Cr sin 
2 2
 0  t
   (r 2 sin  .qr ) r.q  (r. sin  .q )  T
     (q gen )r sin   Cr sin 
2 2

 r    t

 1  ( r 2 qr ) 1 q 1  (sin  .q )  T

 2     (q gen )  C
r r r sin   r sin    t

 1   2T  1   T  1   2 T 
 2 2  2   2  sin   2 r 
 r sin     r sin      r r  r 
q gen 1 T
( )
k  t