17

Effects of warm mix asphalt additives on

performance properties of polymer modified
asphalt binders
Hakseo Kim, Soon-Jae Lee, and Serji N. Amirkhanian

Abstract: This study presents an experimental evaluation for the performance properties of polymer modified asphalt
(PMA) binders containing warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives. The PMA binders with the additives were produced using
two of the available warm asphalt processes (i.e., Aspha-min and Sasobit) and three PMA binders graded as performance
grade (PG) 76-22. The warm PMA binders were artificially short-term and then long-term aged using the rolling thin film
oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) procedures. Superpave binder tests were carried out on the binders through
the rotational viscometer (RV), the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). In general,
the results of this research indicated that (1) the addition of the WMA additives into the PMA binders showed positive ef-
fects on increasing rutting resistance at high temperature (based on the high failure temperature values from the DSR test);
(2) the PMA binders containing the additives were observed to be less resistant to fatigue cracking at intermediate temper-
atures compared to the control PMA binders (based on the G*sin d values at 25 8C from the DSR test); and (3) the addi-
tion of wax additive represented a possible lower resistance on low temperature cracking (based on the stiffness and the
m-value at –12 8C from the BBR test).
Key words: PMA, WMA additives, rutting, fatigue cracking, low temperature cracking.
Résumé : La présente étude traite de l’évaluation expérimentale des propriétés de comportement des liants bitumineux modi-
fiés par polymères (« PMA ») contenant des adjuvants de mélanges bitumineux chauds (« WMA »). Les liants PMA avec les
adjuvants ont été produits par deux procédés bitumineux chauds disponibles (« Alpha-min » et « Sasobit ») et trois liants PMA
classé comme ayant une classe de rendement (« PG ») 76-22. Les liants PMA chauds ont été âgés artificiellement à court et à
long terme en utilisant les procédures de film mince roulant au four (« RTFO ») et d’essai de vieillissement PAV. Les essais
sur les liants Superpave ont été réalisés en utilisant un viscosimètre rotatif (« RV »), le rhéomètre dynamique de cisaillement
(« DSR ») et le rhéomètre à flexion de poutre (« BBR »). Règle générale, les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que
(1) l’ajout d’adjuvants WMA dans les liants PMA a engendré des effets positifs d’augmentation de la résistance à la création
d’ornières à température élevée (selon les valeurs de défaillance à température élevée de l’essai DSR), (2) les liants PMA
contenant des adjuvants ont été moins résistants aux fissures de fatigue à des températures moyennes que les liants PMA de
référence (selon les valeurs G*sin d à 25 8C de l’essai DSR) et (3) l’ajout d’un adjuvant de cire présentait une résistance possi-
blement plus faible à la fissuration à basse température (selon la rigidité et la valeur m à –12 8C selon l’essai BBR).
Mots-clés : « PMA », adjuvants WMA, création d’ornières, fissuration de fatigue, fissuration à basse température.
[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Introduction plants, there are many other promising advantages of using

Background
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) represents technologies that
allow considerable reduction of mixing and compaction tem-
peratures of asphalt mixes using proprietary chemicals. In
addition to reduction in fuel consumption and emissions in
Received 25 April 2008. Revision accepted 28 July 2009.
Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at cjce.nrc.ca on
6 January 2010.
H. Kim and S.N. Amirkhanian. Department of Civil
Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
S. Lee.1 Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State
University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
Written discussion of this article is welcomed and will be
received by the Editor until 31 May 2010.
1Corresponding author (e-mail: soonjae93@gmail.com).
the warm mix asphalt technologies including, but not limited
to, longer paving seasons, longer hauling distances, earlier
traffic opening, reduced binder aging, and reduced cracking
(Hurley and Prowell 2005a, 2005b, 2006; Gandhi and Amir-
khanian 2007).
Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binders have become a
very important part of road construction due to their superior
performances including less aging, better rutting resistance,
and lower fatigue cracking properties (Wekumbura et al.
2007; Yildirim 2007). In general, asphalt mixes produced
with PMA binders are mixed and compacted at a higher
temperature because of higher viscosity properties than con-
ventional mixes. With lower mixing and compaction tempera-
tures, the polymer modified mixes might cause several
problems such as inadequate volumetric properties (i.e., high
air voids) and poor short-term and long-term performance. In
addition, the higher temperature for the mixes requires more
energy consumption and produces more environmental issues

Can. J. Civ. Eng. 37: 17–24 (2010) doi:10.1139/L09-118 Published by NRC Research Press
18 Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 37, 2010

Fig. 1. Flow chart of experimental design procedures. Note: PMA, polymer modified asphalt; PG, performance grade; RTFO, rolling thin
film oven; PAV, pressure aging vessel; DSR, dynamic shear rheometer; BBR, bending beam rheometer.

Table 1. Properties of three PMA binders (PG 76-22).

Binder sources
Aging states Test properties A B C
Unaged binder Rotational viscosity at 135 8C (Pa
s) 2.139 1.537 1.428
G*/sin d at 76 8C (kPa) 1.702 1.382 1.163
RTFO residual G*/sin d at 76 8C (kPa) 4.498 2.579 2.558
RTFO + PAV residue G*sin d at 25 8C (kPa) 2880 4167 1775
Stiffness at –12 8C (MPa) 133 175 126
m-value at –12 8C 0.336 0.301 0.333
Note: G*/sin d, rutting resistance factor; G*sin d, fatigue cracking factor; m-value, rate at which binder stiffness changes
with time at low temperatures.

(i.e., excessive carbon dioxide emission or odor problems)
(Zubeck et al. 2003). If the technologies of WMA are incorpo-
rated into the PMA mixes, optimum mixing and compaction
temperatues of the polymer modified mixes are expected to
decrease and be comparable to those of conventional mixes.
Prior to investigating the properties of polymer modified
mixes containing WMA additives, the PMA binders with the
additives need to be studied.
Research objective and scope
The objective of this research was to investigate the per-
formance properties of PMA binders containing WMA addi-
tives through Superpave binder tests. The warm PMA
binders were manufactured with two different warm asphalt
additives, Aspha-min1 and Sasobit1, and artificially aged
using rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging ves-
sel (PAV) procedures. The high temperature viscosity prop-
erties for the binders in the original state, the rutting
resistance properties in the original state and after RTFO
aging, the fatigue cracking properties at intermediate tem-
perature after RTFO+PAV aging methods, and the low tem-
perature cracking properties after RTFO+PAV procedures
were evaluated. Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the experi-
mental design used in this study.
Materials and test program
Materials
Three PG 76-22 asphalt binders designated as A, B, and C
from different crude sources were used in this study. Binder

Published by NRC Research Press

Kim et al. 19

Fig. 2. Viscosity at 135 8C of PMA binders with WMA additives.

Table 2. Statistical analysis results of the viscosity at 135 8C of PMA binders as a function of WMA
additive and binder source (a = 0.05): N: non-significant difference, S: significant difference.

Source A Source B Source C

Viscosity (135 8C) 1* 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Source A 1* - S S S S S S S S
2 - S S S S S S S
3 - S S S S S S
Source B 1 - N S S S S
2 - S S S S
3 - S S N
Source C 1 - S S
2 - S
3 -
*PMA binder with WMA additive: 1, Control; 2, Aspha-min1; 3, Sasobit1.

A was from a Venezuelan crude source, binder B was from
a Middle Eastern source, and binder C was a mixture of sev-
eral sources that could not be identified by the supplier.
Each binder was graded in accordance with AASHTO
M320 to verify the performance grade. Table 1 shows the
properties of the three PMA binders included in this study.
The binder A was found to have the highest values for the
viscosity and rutting resistance factors while binder C had
the lowest values for those. However, these two binders
have the similar low temperature values (i.e., stiffness and
m-value).
This study presented an evaluation of two additives, As-
pha-min1 and Sasobit1 among a number of WMA additives
introduced (Gandhi and Amirkhanian 2007). Aspha-min1 is
sodium-aluminum-silicate, which is hydro thermally crystal-
lized as a very fine powder. It contains approximately 21%
crystalline water by weight. By adding it to an asphalt mix,
the fine water is gradually released over time, which results
in volume expansion in the binder, therefore increasing the
workability and compactability of the mix at lower temper-
atures. According to the manufacturer, it is possible to re-
duce the mixing and compaction temperature by 40 to 508F
(Eurovia Services 2008). Sasobit1 is a product of Sasol
Wax. It is a long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon obtained from
coal gasification using the Fischer-Tropsch process which is
a catalyzed chemical process to convert gas to liquid hydro-
carbons of various forms including gasoline, diesel, wax,
and so on. After crystallization, it forms a lattice structure
in the binder that is the basis of the structural stability of
the binder containing Sasobit1. The manufacturer reports a
reduction in mixing and handling temperature of 50 to 908F
(Sasol Wax 2009). More detailed information regarding the
two additives can be found in other reports (Hurley and Pro-
well 2005a, 2005b).
Production of warm PMA binders
Two of the available commercial WMA additives were
selected in making the warm PMA binders. Process 1 in-
cluded addition of Aspha-min1, a chemical powder at speci-
fied concentration (0.3% by weight of mixture — a binder
content of 6% was assumed, and the entire additive was
added to the binder) followed by mixing with a stirrer to
disperse the powder throughout the PMA binder at 150 8C
for 5 min. Process 2 included addition of Sasobit1, pellets

Published by NRC Research Press

20
Fig. 3. High failure temperature of PMA binders with WMA additives: No aging.
Fig. 4. High failure temperature of PMA binders with WMA additives: RTFO residual.
at a specified concentration (1.5% by weight of binder) fol-
lowed by mixing for 5 min (at 150 8C) in a shear mixer to
achieve consistent mixing (Gandhi and Amirkhanian 2007).
The warm PMA binders were then artificially short-term
and long-term aged through the RTFO aging process for
85 min at 163 8C and the PAV method for 20 h at 100 8C
(Asphalt Institute 2003).
Superpave binder tests
The Superpave binder tests are used to quantify the as-
phalt’s performance at three states of its life: in its original
state, after mixing and construction, and after in-service
aging (Asphalt Institute 2003). In this study, the properties
of warm PMA binders were evaluated using selected Super-
pave binder test procedures including the viscosity test
(AASHTO T 316), the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 37, 2010
(AASHTO T 313), and the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR)
test (AASHTO T 315). Three duplicate samples were tested
and the results were reported as the average of these tests.
A 10.5 g binder sample of various binders was tested with
a number 27 spindle in the rotational viscometer at 135 8C.
In the DSR test, the binders (Original, RTFO residual, and
RTFO+PAV residual) were tested at a frequency of 10 radi-
ans per second, which is equal to approximately 1.59 Hz.
The BBR test was conducted using each asphalt beam
(125 mm  6.35 mm  12.7 mm) at –12 8C, and creep
stiffness (S) and creep rate (m) of the binders were measured
at a loading time of 60 s.
Analysis method
Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical
Analysis System (SAS) program to conduct analysis of var-
Published by NRC Research Press
Kim et al. 21

Table 3. Statistical analysis results of the high failure temperature of PMA binders (no aging) as a function
of WMA additive and binder source (a = 0.05): N: non-significant difference, S: significant difference.

Source A Source B Source C

High failure temperature 1* 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Source A 1* - S N S S S S S N
2 - S S S S S S N
3 - S S S S S N
Source B 1 - N N S N S
2 - N S N S
3 - S N S
Source C 1 - S S
2 - S
3 -
*PMA binder with WMA additive: 1, Control 2; Aspha-min1; 3, Sasobit1.

Fig. 5. G*sin d at 25 8C of PMA binders with WMA additives: RTFO+PAV residual.

Table 4. Statistical analysis results of the G*sin d at 25 8C of PMA binders as a function of WMA
additive and binder source (a = 0.05): N: non-significant difference, S: significant difference.

Source A Source B Source C

G*sin d (25 8C) 1* 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Source A 1* - N N S S S S S S
2 - N S S S S S S
3 - S S S S S S
Source B 1 - S S S S S
2 - N S S S
3 - S S S
Source C 1 - S S
2 - S
3 -
*PMA binder with WMA additive: 1, Control; 2, Aspha-min1; 3: Sasobit1.

iance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference
(LSD) comparison with an a = 0.05. The primary variables
included the WMA additives (Control, Aspha-min1, and
Sasobit1) and the PMA binder sources (A, B, and C).
ANOVA was performed first to determine whether signif-
icant differences among sample means existed. In the analy-
ses of this study, the level of significance was 0.05. Upon
determining that there were differences among sample
means using the ANOVA, the LSD was calculated. The
LSD is defined as the observed differences between two
sample means necessary to declare the corresponding popu-
lation means difference. Once the LSD was calculated, all

Published by NRC Research Press

22 Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 37, 2010

Fig. 6. Stiffness at –12 8C of PMA binders with WMA additives: RTFO+PAV residual.

Fig. 7. m-value at –12 8C of PMA binders with WMA additives: RTFO+PAV residual.

pairs of sample means were compared. If the difference be-
tween two sample means was greater than or equal to the
LSD, the population means were declared to be statistically
different (Ott and Longnecker 2001).
Results and discussion
Viscosity (high temperature)
In general, the viscosity of asphalt binder at high temper-
ature is thought to be an important property because it re-
flects the binder’s ability to be pumped through an asphalt
plant, thoroughly coat the aggregate in a hot mix asphalt
(HMA) mixture, and be placed and compacted to form a
new pavement surface (Asphalt Institute 2003). Figure 2
shows the variation in viscosity at 135 8C for the warm
PMA binders. A general trend was observed from the results
that the addition of Sasobit1 into PMA binder decreased the
PMA binder’s viscosity, compared to the control PMA
binder, and this finding was consistent for all binder sources
(A: 12.7%, B: 15.7%, C: 7.6%). However, the addition of
Aspha-min1 resulted in increasing the viscosity (A: 6.3%,
B: 0.3%, C: 11.2%), and this result is considered to be
caused by the addition of fine powder to the binder, which
acts as a filler (Akisetty et al. 2009). Aspha-min1 utilizes
short-term foaming action that is active during mixing and
compaction process only. Once all the foaming action has
been completed, Aspha-min1 is more or less an extra
amount of filler. After the foaming action, Aspha-min1 par-
ticles remain undissolved in the PMA binder, therefore in-
creasing the viscosity. In addition, all the warm PMA

Published by NRC Research Press

Kim et al. 23

Table 5. Statistical analysis results of the stiffness at –12 8C of PMA binders as a function of WMA
additive and binder source (a = 0.05): N, non-significant difference; S, significant difference.

Source A Source B Source C

Stiffness (–12 8C) 1* 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Source A 1* - S S S S S N S S
2 - N N S S S S N
3 - N S S S S N
Source B 1 - S S S S N
2 - N S S S
3 - S S S
Source C 1 - S S
2 - S
3 -
*PMA binder with WMA additive: 1, Control; 2, Aspha-min1; 3, Sasobit1.

binders satisfied the maximum limit for viscosity of asphalt
binders at 135 8C set forth by Superpave (i.e., 3.0 Pa
s).
The statistical significance of the change in the viscosity
as a function of WMA additive and binder source was ex-
amined and the results are shown in Table 2. In general, the
data indicated that the binder source has a significant effect
on the viscosity of the warm PMA binders. In most cases
(except for binder source B: Control vs. Aspha-min1), the
results showed that, within each binder source, the binders
have a significant difference in the viscosity depending on
the WMA additive.
Rutting property (high temperature)
Generally, higher failure temperature values indicate that
the binders are less susceptible to rutting at high pavement
temperature (Asphalt Institute 2003). The high failure tem-
perature of warm PMA binders in original state (i.e., without
aging) and after RTFO aging was measured using the DSR
and the results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. In general, the
PMA binders containing the additives resulted in the higher
failure temperature than the control PMA binders regardless
of the aging state, suggesting that the addition of Aspha-
min1 or Sasobit1 has a positive effect on rutting resistance
of PMA binders. When Aspha-min1 is added into PMA
binders, the zeolite particles are thought to act as fillers in
the PMA binders, thereby increasing the stiffness of the
binders. The increase in the rutting resistance of the PMA
binders containing Sasobit1 is considered to be attributed to
the presence of wax crystals in the binders, which causes an
increase in the complex modulus of the binders (Edwards
and Redelius 2003; Edwards et al. 2006).
The statistical results of the change in the high failure
temperature are shown in Table 3. For binder sources A and
B, the differences between the control PMA binder and the
PMA binder containing Sasobit1 are statistically insignifi-
cant within each binder source. Also, the WMA additives
are found to have a different effect on the high failure tem-
perature of the PMA binders depending on the binder
source.
Fatigue cracking property (intermediate temperature)
The product of the complex shear modulus, G*, and the
sine of the phase angle, d, is used in Superpave binder spec-
ification to help control the fatigue of asphalt pavements.
Generally, the lower values of G*sin d are considered desir-
able attributes from the standpoint of resistance to fatigue
cracking (Asphalt Institute 2003). The G*sin d values of the
warm PMA binders (RTFO+PAV residual) were measured
using the DSR at 25 8C and the results are illustrated in
Fig. 5. The G*sin d values were found to be 2880, 3105,
and 3055 kPa for PMA binders with control, Aspha-min1,
and Sasobit1 (from binder source A), respectively. This
trend, the lowest at the control PMA binder (i.e., without
WMA additive) was consistent with the binders from the
other binder sources of B and C, indicating that the PMA
binders containing the inorganic additive Aspha-min1 or
the aliphatic hydrocarbon Sasobit1 have possible lower re-
sistance on fatigue cracking than the PMA binder without
the additives.
The statistical significance of the change in the G*sin d
values was examined using one-way analysis of variance
and the results are shown in Table 4. It was observed from
the results that the binder source has a significant effect on
the fatigue cracking factor of the warm PMA binders, as ex-
pected. Also, the PMA binders with Aspha-min1 and Saso-
bit1 were found to be insignificantly different at the 5%
level in the G*sin d value (for two binder sources of A and
B), when compared within each binder source.
Cracking property (low temperature)
Superpave binder specification includes a maximum value
of 300 MPa for creep stiffness and a minimum m-value (i.e.,
the rate at which binder stiffness changes with time at low
temperatures) of 0.300. The decrease in stiffness leads to
smaller tensile stresses in the asphalt binder and less chance
for low temperature cracking (Asphalt Institute 2003). From
the BBR tests at –12 8C, the stiffness and the m-value of the
warm PMA binders (RTFO+PAV residual) were calculated,
and the results are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The stiffness of
all warm PMA binders was much less than 300 MPa, the
maximum value for Superpave binder (Fig. 6). Similar to
the G*sin d values at 25 8C, the stiffness values of control
PMA binders were found to be lowest for all the binder
sources. With respect to m-value, the PMA binders contain-
ing Sasobit1 resulted in the lowest m-value properties irre-
spective of the binder source, indicating that the addition of
Sasobit1 to the PMA binder may make the binder less re-
sistant to low temperature cracking. This finding is thought

Published by NRC Research Press

24
to be associated with the wax crystallization, which usually
increases the resistance of plastic deformation of asphalt
binders (Edwards et al. 2006). In addition, the PMA binders
with Aspha-min1 were generally observed to have slightly
higher m-values.
Table 5 shows the statistical results of the change in the
stiffness depending on the additive and binder source. For
the binder sources of A and B, Aspha-min1 and Sasobit1
were found to have insignificantly different influences on
the PMA binders in terms of stiffness within each binder
source. Also, it was evident that the stiffness change be-
tween the control PMA binder and the warm PMA binder
was statistically significant regardless of the binder source.
Summary and conclusions
To investigate the performance properties of PMA binders
containing WMA additives, warm PMA binders were pro-
duced using two WMA additives, Aspha-min1 and Saso-
bit1, and artificially aged in the laboratory. A series of
Superpave binder tests were carried out using the rotational
viscometer, the DSR, and the BBR to evaluate various prop-
erties (viscosity, rutting, fatigue cracking, and low tempera-
ture cracking) of the binders. From these test results, the
following conclusions were drawn for the materials used in
this study:
(1) The addition of Sasobit1 significantly decreased the
viscosity of PMA binders at 135 8C. The viscosity of
PMA binders containing Aspha-min1 increased due to
the filling effect of the additive.
(2) Irrespective of the binder source, it was found that PMA
binders containing Aspha-min1 and Sasobit1 had higher
failure temperature than the control PMA binders, sug-
gesting better resistance on rutting at high temperature.
(3) In general, the PMA binders containing the additives
were observed to have higher G*sin d values compared
to the control PMA binders, meaning that the addition
of the additives might result in the PMA binders being
less resistant to fatigue cracking at intermediate tempera-
tures.
(4) The warm PMA binders were found to have significanlty
higher stiffness values which relate to possible lower re-
sistance on low temperature cracking. Also, the PMA
binders with Sasobit1 showed significantly lower m-va-
lues than the control PMA binders.
(5) As expected, the asphalt binder sources were found to
have a significant effect on the Superpave binder proper-
ties of the PMA binders containing the WMA additives.
(6) It is recommended to conduct a study to investigate the
volumetric and engineering properties of PMA mixes
containing the WMA additives. Also, further study re-
garding field behavior is needed to generalize these find-
ings.
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 37, 2010
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge and thank South Caroli-
na’s Department of Health and Environmental Control
(DHEC) for their financial support of this project.
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