PAKISTAN

BASIC
INFORMATION
About Pakistan:
Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of military rule, political
instability and conflicts with neighboring India. It is the sixth most populous country in the world
and has the second largest Muslim population after Indonesia. Pakistan also has the second
largest Shia Muslim population. It is the only Muslim-majority nuclear state and is classified
as major non-NATO ally of the United States. Pakistan is one of the founders of the organization
of Islamic conference and a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, Next
Eleven economies and G20 developing nations.

Independence Day:
14th august 1947.

Name:
Islamic republic of Pakistan

Capital:
Name: Islamabad.

Location:
Located in south Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian
Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in
the east and China in the far northeast. Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan but is separated
by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Thus, it occupies a crossroads position between South Asia,
Central Asia and the Middle East.

Area:
803,940 km2

Land boundaries:
Total: 6,774 km
Border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km.
Coastline:
1,046 km

Natural resources:
Land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Religion:
The religious breakdown of the country is as follows!

 Islam 173,000,000 (96%) (Nearly 76% are Sunni Muslims, 20% are Shi'a Muslims.)
 Hinduism 3,200,000 (1.85%)
 Christianity 2,800,000 (1.6%)
 Sikhs Around 20,000 (0.001%)
 The remaining are Parsis, Buddhists, Jews, Bahá'ís, and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of
Chitral).

Major source of income:

Service sector accounts for major portion of national income.
Politics:
• Nature of government:

Parliamentary federal democratic republic.

• political Parties:

 Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians

 Pakistan Muslim League (N)

 Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

 Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal

 Awami National Party

 Tehreek e insaf
Language:
Pakistan is a multilingual country with more than sixty languages being spoken. English is
the official language of Pakistan and used in official business, government, and legal
contracts, while Urdu is the national language.

Languages No. of speakers (%) Main areas spoken

(2008 est.)
Punjabi 44.17 Punjab
Pashto 15.44 Khybar pakhtoon kawa
Sindhi 14.12 Sindh
Saraiki 10.42 South Punjab
Urdu 07.59 Karachi
Balochi 03.59 Balochistan
Others 03.59

LOCALLANGUAGES

4% 4%
8%

10% 45%

14%

15%

Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Saraiki Urdu Balochi Others

SOCIAL INDICATORS

Population
Total population:
(in million)

Years 2007 2008 2009

Population 158.17 160.97 163.76

POPULATION(Mn)
165
164
163 163.76
162
161
160.97
160
159
158
158.17
157
156
155
2007 2008 2009

Comment:
• With a population growth rate of 1.95%(2009est.) Pakistan is facing a formidable
challenge of tackeling the issue of economic development and poverty reduction.in the
wake of growing population, need for food security and provisions of employment
opportunities and shelter are becoming a burden on the economy.

• With a current rate of population growth the pakistan’s population is likely to be doubled
in 39 years. The high growth rate, therefore is matter of great concern.

• Without population stabilization, addressing the critical issues such as the environment,
energy, food/water supplies, migration and security is extremely difficult.

Population by Urban/ Rural Areas:

 year 2007 2008 2009
Population (rural) 103.91 105.06 104.1
(I
Population (urban) 55.66 57.32 59.1
n millions)

POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION (Mn)
180
160 163.2
159.5 162.3
140
120
100 104.2
103.9 105
80
60
55.6 57.3 59.1
40
20
0
2007 2008 2009

RURAL URBAN TOTAL

Comment:
• It would not be possible to sustain the urban infrastructure with its growing needs if the

Population continues to grow at the present pace. People crowd the cities which already
cannot hold more people.

• Increase in urban and rural population ensure that the living conditions in urban areas will
get worse with no proper access to drinking water and sanitation.

Per capita income:

 year 2007 2008 2009
Per capita income 921 1042 1046
(In u.s $)

Comment:
• In year 2009 it grew by a meager percentage because of slower economic growth and
depreciation of pak rupees.

• The last few years have been in full contrast, with per capita income at a much stronger
pace.

• The per capita income in dollar terms has increased from 921$ (in 2007) to 1046$(in
2009). The main factors responsible for rise include acceleration in real GDP growth and
fourfold increase in workers’ remittances.
 Labor force
Total labor force:
Year 2007 2008 2009
Indicators
Labor force 50.33 51.78 52.00
Employed 47.65 49.09 48.37
Unemployed 2.68 2.69 3.63
Unemployment rate:
Year 2007 2008 2009
(%) 5.32 5.20 5.26

UNEMPLOYMENTRATE(%)
5.34
5.32
5.32
5.3
5.28
5.26
5.26
5.24
5.22
5.2
5.2
5.18
5.16
5.14
2007 2008 2009
 Health
Health:
year 2007 2008 2009
Indicator
Registered doctors 123,125 127,859 133,956
Registered nurses 57,646 62,651 65,387
Population/doctor 1,251 1,225 1,212
Population/bed 1,508 1,517 1,575
Comment:
• In Pakistan health services are provided through (I) the health care delivery systems and
(II) public health intervention. The former include basic health units (BHUs) and rural
health centres (RHCs) forming the core of primary health care while public health
intervention includes a number of public health programs which are federally led with
provincial implementation and institutional mechanism.
• The country's focus on producing more Doctors has led to marked improvement in the
Doctor-to- population ratio. The population to facilities ratio in respect of a doctor and
beds has improved in comparison to previous years.
• Notwithstanding improvement in doctors/beds to population ratio, it must be recognized
that Pakistan's key health indicators still lag behind in relation to international targets
articulated within the millennium declaration which makes a case for reform measure
within the health sector. Public health intervention includes a number of public health
programs. These include the National Program for prevention and control of T.B,
Malaria, HIV/ AIDs and child health care program etc. To bring a visible change in
health status of the country, the government of Pakistan has intensified its efforts. The
following core programmes are being implemented with a much sharper focus on the
poor and underprivileged segments of the society.

CPM:
 Education
Expenditure on education:

Indicators Public sector As % of GDP % of total

expenditure expenditure
year (in bln)
2007 216.5 2.50 12.00
2008 253.7 2.47 09.80
2009 275.5 2.10 11.52

EDUCATIONALEXPENDITURE (%)
5
4 4.4

3
3
2 4.3
2 2
1.8
1
0
2007 2008 2009

GDP TOTAL EXPENDITURE

Comment:
• Being an important component of social sector, govt. is adopting most feasible strategies
for the growth of educational sector including dependence on the available financial
resources, paradigm of structural development and essential element of policy
framework.
• Public expenditure on education as percentage to GDP is lowest in Pakistan due to
financial resources constraint that paved the way to synchronization in terms of GDP
allocation.
• In comparison to year 2007 investment on education has declined to 2.10% which is on
the lowest side in accordance to its requirement given the importance of the sector.
• Along with investment, growth in budgetary allocation for this sector has also declined to
8.6% which was 17% in previous years.
• Foreign aids to finance this sector seem ineffective as Pakistan is unable to match the
standard for allocation of investments in education.
Literacy rate by sex (age 10 years & above):

Year 2007 2008 2009

Indicators
Male 67 69
Female 42 44
Total 55 56
(In terms of %)

LITERACYRATE(%)
80
60 67 69 71
55 56 57
40 44 46
42
20
0
2007 2008 2009

TOTAL MALE FEMALE

Comment:

• Our education system has to meet the basic learning needs of our society emphasizing basic
literacy and life skills, increasing access and completion of quality education, address gender
problem , geographical and structural disparities, and enhance the efficiency of education
governance.
• The point of consideration is Literacy remains higher in urban areas (71%) than in rural areas
(49%) and more in men (69%) compared to women (44%).
Level of education:
Enrollment Institutions Teachers
Year 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009

Level
Primary 17,041,937 17,233,231 17,366,139 158,372 157,899 158,023 445,835 438,823 437,106

Middle 5,367,608 5,365,907 5,400,435 40,094 40,837 41,326 313,488 320,609 323,894

High 2,315,216 2,435,708 2,536,608 23,554 23,967 24,320 366,606 372,249 378,269

Higher/sec. 902,448 961,661 997,703 3,095 3,218 3,292 71,246 74,222 75,821

Degree/college 348.814 352,302 361,072 1,166 1,198 1,219 20,768 20,976 21,112

Universities 640,061 741,092 741,092 120 124 124 44,537 46,893 46,893
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
 GDP
GDP growth:
GDP growth rate GDP
(at market price) (at market price)
(in billion Rs.)
Year 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
Growth 5.7% 2.0% 3.7% 8723 10282 12280

GDPAT CURRENTPRICE(Rs Billions)

15000

10000 12280
10282
8723
5000

0
2007 2008 2009

GDP GROTHRATE(%)
5.4 5.32
5.26
5.3 5.2
5.2
5.1
2007 2008 2009

Comment:
• The growth has shown a accelerating trend in year 2009 in comparison to previous years.
Notwithstanding the intensity of the multiple shocks Pakistan’s economy has had to face
 over the past two years, in relative terms, its economy has exhibited a fair degree of
resilience. Compared to other countries affected by the global financial crisis, it is
remarkable that Pakistan is among a handful of countries with a positive rate of growth,
and among a very few with the lowest decline in real GDP growth.

• The contribution to economic growth is spearheaded by the services sector

with 96.1 percent stake while only 3.9 percent contribution came from the
Commodity Producing Sector (CPS).

• One of the important components of CPS, agriculture alone contributed 50.1

percent to real GDP growth; however, this is more than neutralized by 50.4
percent negative contribution from large-scale manufacturing. Thanks to 16.7
percent positive contribution from small-scale manufacturing, the overall
negative contribution of the manufacturing sector stood at 31.9%.

• In the service sector major contribution to GDP growth came from transport, storage and
communication(14.6%), wholesale and retail trade(27.1%), social services(38.6%).
 Fiscal developments
Revenue:
Revenue
(as % of GDP)
Component Total revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue
year
2007 14.9 10.2 4.7
2008 14.6 10.3 4.0
2009 14.6 11.3 3.8

Total Revenue
(in billion Rs.)
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 1298 1500 1809

Comment:
• On the revenue side, tax-to-GDP and hence, revenue-to-GDP ratios either remained
stagnant or showed secular decline, owing mainly to structural deficiencies in the tax
system and administration, both at the federal and provincial government level.

• However, in 2008-09 total revenue as percentage of GDP recovered slightly due to a

marginal improvement in tax revenues as a percentage of GDP.
Expenditure:

Expenditure
(as % of GDP)
Component Total expenditure Current Development
year
2007 20.8 15.8 5.0
2008 22.1 18.0
Total expenditure 4.4
2009 18.6 15.8 Rs.)
(In billion 2.8
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 1800 2277 2431

Comment:

• Notwithstanding, difficulties being faced by the economy during the fiscal year (2008-
09), better fiscal discipline and improving expenditure management led to substantial
improvement in the fiscal outlook.
• Total expenditure has fluctuated between 15 to 18 percent of GDP during the last three
years. Total expenditure as a percentage of GDP stood at 18.6 percent as compared to
22.1 percent last year. The spike in 2007-08 was mainly due to huge unprecedented
expenditures incurred on account of subsidies and political expediency on the part of the
outgoing government.
• Year 2009 witnessed correction on this count and expenditure control measures brought
significant downward adjustment in expenditure.
• The narrowing of gap between revenue and expenditure is likely to come from additional
resource mobilization rather than expenditure curtailment. At this critical juncture, the
economy needs fiscal stimulus and compression of the revenue expenditure gap at the
expense of growth enhancing expenditure could prove counterproductive.
Fiscal deficit:
 (as % of GDP)
Year 2007 2008 2009
Deficit 4.3 7.4 4.3
(In billion Rs.)
Year 2007 2008 2009
Deficit (378) (777) (562)

Comment:

• The overall fiscal deficit witnessed a sharp decline until 2007&2009, except for 2008
when the pendulum swung to other extreme.
• This declining trend in fiscal deficit was due to falling expenditures rather than rising
revenues.
• The shifting of expenditure from current expenditure to development expenditure while
leaving total expenditures stagnant mostly at around 18percent of GDP has helped to
improve the fiscal position. While the reduction in fiscal deficit in 2008-09 occurred
mainly through a drastic cut in development expenditures, revenues fell short of the
target.
Consumer price index
Component of CPI:

Year 2007 2008 2009

Items
CPI (general) 7.8 12.0 22.4
Food group 10.4 17.5 26.6
Non-food group 6.0 7.9 19.0
Core inflation 5.9 8.3 17.8

Comment:
• This year the increase in the price level has been extraordinary in Pakistan. The inflation rate
measured through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) has climbed to 22.3 percent during 2008-09
over the corresponding increase of 12.0 percent. Inflation accelerated at a rapid pace mainly
because of rising food prices; a weaker rupee/dollar exchange rate; the gradual withdrawal of
subsidies on gas, electricity and petroleum; the imposition of custom duty on the imports of
various items; and an upward revision in the support price of wheat and sugarcane crops.

• Both the food and non-food inflation contributed to the overall CPI inflation but in
different ways as various factors influenced the two CPI components separately. The
increase in food inflation was influenced mainly from a shortfall in the supply of some
essential consumer food items such as wheat, meat, sugar, milk and poultry whereas the
non-food price inflation was mainly driven by the price of POL products and the resultant
rise in transportation costs.
 Exchange rate
Average yearly exchange rates:

In terms of U.S $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Rates 60.35 60.63 81.41

Comment:

• Pakistan has witnessed tremendous pressure on exchange rate during July-October 2008-
09 when rupee depreciated by 16.3 percent. The reasons being substantial loss of foreign
exchange reserves massive buying by businesses seeking to avoid exchange losses on
imports along with other factors like trade related outflows, political uncertainty and
speculative activities in the foreign exchange market.

• With signing of Standby Arrangements with the IMF, the rupee got back some of its lost
value and with substantial import compression, improvement in overall external balance
including revival of external inflows from abroad the exchange rate hovered around
Rs.80.50 during April 2009.
 Foreign investments
FDI’s:

Data for July-April

(in million US $)
Items Direct Portfolio Total

Year
2008 3719.1 98.9 3818
2009 3205.4 (451.5) 2753.9
2010

LABOURFORCE(Mn$)
5000
4000
3818 3719.1
3000
3205.4
2000 2753.9 2500
2000 500
1000
98.9 -451.5
0
-1000
2008 2009 2010
TOTAL FDI FPI

Comment:

• Pakistan has also witnessed a substantial fall in FDI inflows in 2008-09 in line with
all other developing countries. However, the case of Pakistan is exacerbated by
the deteriorating security environment.
• The overall foreign investment during the first ten months (July-April) of the fiscal
year 09 has declined by 42.7 percent and stood at $ 2.2 billion compared to $3.9
billion in the same period of last year.
• Foreign direct investment (private) showed more resilience and stood at $3205.4
million during the first ten months (July-April) of the fiscal year 09 as compared to
$3719.1 million in the same period last year thereby showing a decline of 13.8
percent. Private portfolio investment on the other hand showed an outflow of
$451.5 million as against an inflow of $98.9 million during the comparable period
of last year.
• Less progress in FDI’s is majorly caused by political instability, higher interest
rates, energy crisis, most important of all instable law and order situation.
 Balance of payments
Exports:

July-April ($ millions)
($ millions)
Particulars 2008 2009 Change Absolute %
% increase/decr share
ease
Food group 2050.0 2560.3 24.9 510.3 17.3
Textile 8706.4 7898.9 (9.3) (807.5) 53.5
manufacture
Petroleum 974.0 702.4 (27.9) (271.6) 4.80
group
Other 2926.2 2938.8 0.4 12.6 19.9
manufacture
All other items 566.3 661.7 16.9 95.4 4.50
Total 14762.2 15222.9 (3.0) (460.7) 100

Comment:

• Exports in FY 09 showed a decline of 3.0% in comparison to previous year.

• The major negative contribution to this sector came from textile and petroleum which
witnessed a decrease of 9.0 percent and 27.3 percent respectively.
• However non-textile and petroleum sector showed a positive growth of 5.3 percent which
is more than offset by negative contribution by textile and petroleum.
• In spite of overall decrease in exports, the export of food group on back of stellar growth
performance of the rice registered healthy growth of 24.9 percent and other items posted
an increase of 16.9 percent.
• Export growth is hindered owed to lack of diversification in export goods. The trend of
Pakistan’s export of major items remain more or less same having concentrated on five
 items namely cotton manufactures, leather, rice, synthetic textile and sports goods. These
five categories accounts for 73.5 percent of total exports during July-March 2008-09.
Within these few items cotton manufactures remain major contributor in total exports.
The exports structure suggests that the intensity of concentration is changing slowly.
Imports:

July-April ($ millions)
($ millions)
Particulars 2008 2009 Change Absolute %
% increase/decr share
ease
Food group 3527.4 3419.6 -3.1 -107.9 11.8
Machinery 4249.8 4272.1 0.5 22.3 14.8
group
Petroleum 8670.4 8012.7 -7.6 -657.6 27.7
group
Consumer 1689.1 1412.3 -16.4 -276.8 4.9
durables
Raw material 6372.5 6042.7 -5.2 -329.9 20.9
Telecom 1897.4 857.1 -54.8 -1040.3 3.0
All other items 5652.8 4905.9 -13.2 -746.9 17.0
Total 32059.4 28922.4 -9.8 -3137.0 100.0

Comment:

• Imports declined by 9.8 percent and stood at $ 28,922.4 million during July-April 2008-
09 as against $ 32,059.4 million of the corresponding period last year. The overall import
bill is lower by $ 3,137 million than imports in the comparable period of last year. Import
compression measures lowering domestic demand coupled with massive fall in
international oil prices have started paying dividends and imports witnessed slowdown.
Beside that depreciation of rupee had also played a significant role for lower imports
during current fiscal year.
• With the exception of machinery group, the lower level of overall import bill is outcome
of reduced imports spending on telecom ($1040.3 million), raw material ($329.9 million),
consumer durables ($276.8 million), others (746.9 million), petroleum group (657.6
million) and food group ($ 107.9 million). The imports less of petroleum group and
 excluding petroleum and food group witnessed decline of 10.6 percent and 11.9 percent,
respectively.
• Further it is
July-June July-April revealed that
Year 2007 2008 2oo9
2009 food group
-9711 -12313 -10794 accounting
Amount
for 11.8
percent of total imports, shown a negative growth of 3.1 percent.
• Import of textile machinery is witnessing a declining trend since 2004-05 with current decline of
49.0 percent during July-April 2008-09 over the comparable period last year revealing the
continuous deteriorating outlook for the textile sector for past few years and declining
international demand.
Trade balance:

Comment:
• Terms of Trade represent the relative prices of exports in terms of prices of imports. Pakistan is
witnessing persistent deterioration in terms of trade for almost two decades now. After witnessing
deterioration of 11.5 percent during last year 2007-08, country’s terms of trade indices with base
year 1990 = 100 aggravated to 56.3 during July-March 2008-09 from 57.5 in the corresponding
 period of last year. Thus against the 10.0 percent deterioration in the corresponding period of
fiscal year 2007-08, terms of trade deteriorated by 2.1 percent during July-March 2008-09.
• Deterioration in the terms of trade is the lowest ever since 2002-03 which is reflection of
declining
July-June July-April
international
Year 2007 2008 2009 prices of
Amount -6878 -11173 -8547 commodity
and oil.
• The deterioration in the terms of trade has also contributed to deterioration of the current account
deficit in 2007-08 and modest decline implies that current account deficit is witnessing some
improvement. The reason for deterioration of terms of trade index is the unit value index of
imports is rising at a faster pace than unit value of exports
• Improvement in trade deficit arises due to massive decline in imports on the back of import
compression measures taken by government, massive decrease in international prices of oil and
commodity and depreciation in the rupee value.

Current account:

Comment:
• The current account deficit has improved by $2.6 billion and stood at $ 8.547 billion
during July- April 2009-09 as against $ 11.173 billion in the corresponding period of last
year, thereby showing an improvement of 23.5 percent.
• The improvement in the current account deficit started in the period November- April
2008-09 when it has shown remarkable improvement by 74 percent over the
corresponding period last year on the back of reduction in trade and services account
deficits.
• This improvement contributed by deceleration in import growth owing to easing of the
demand pressures and helped by commodity and petroleum prices crash. Increase in
worker’s remittance and reduction in services account deficit leads to improvement of
invisible account.
External debt:

Year 2007 2008 2009

Amount (bln US $) 40.5 46.3 50.1
As % of GDP 28.3 28.1 30.2

Comment:

• During the first nine months of the current fiscal year 2008-09, Pakistan’s total external debt
increased from $ 46.3 billion at end-June 2008 to $ 50.1 billion by end-March 2009 — an
increase of US $ 3.8 billion or 8.2 percent.
• A high and persistent current account deficit implies greater financing requirement by the
economy. A global environment plagued by the economic slowdown has hampered non-debt
creating inflows like FDI and in constricted availability of the non-debt creating inflows; the
government has to resort to multilateral and bilateral sources for its financing requirement and
thus leading to the stock of outstanding external debt.
• In relative terms, EDL as percentage of GDP increased from 28.1 percent at end-June 2008 to
30.2 percent by end-March 2009— an increase of 2.1 percentage points. This is the highest ever
rise in a single year for almost one decade [See Table-9.1]. A significantly depressed economic
growth and massive depreciation of rupee against dollar partially explains this increase in EDL as
a percentage of GDP.
UNITED KINGDOM
 BASIC
INFORMATION
About United Kingdom:
1927; England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the union between England
and Wales, begun in 1284 with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an
Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland agreed to permanently join
as Great Britain; the legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801 with
the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty
of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United
Kingdom as Northern Ireland; the current name of the country, the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927

Name:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Capital:
name: London

Location:
Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the
North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France.

Area:

total: 244,820 sq km
land: 241,590 sq km
water: 3,230 sq km
note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands

Land boundaries:
Total: 360 km
Border countries: Ireland 360 km

Coastline:
12,429 km

Natural resources:
coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum,
potash, silica sand, slate, arable land.
Religion:
Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist): 71.6%,
Muslim 2.7%,
Hindu 1%,
other 1.6%,
unspecified or none 23.1%

Government type:
Constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth realm.

Political parties:
• Conservative [David CAMERON];
• Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland) [Peter ROBINSON];
• Labor Party [Harriet HARMAN];
• Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) [Nick CLEGG];
• Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Ieuan Wyn JONES];
• Scottish National Party or SNP [Alex SALMOND];
• Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS];
• Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Margaret RICHIE];
• Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Sir Reg EMPEY]
SOCIAL INDICATORS
Total population:
(in million)
Years 2007 2008 2009

Population 60.776 60.943 61.284

 Labor force
Total labor force:

Year 2007 2008 2009

Labor 30.48 30.89 31.25

LABOURFORCE(Mn)
31.4
31.2
31.25
31
30.8 30.89
30.6
30.4
30.48
30.2
30
2007 2008 2009
Unemployment rate:

Year 2007 2008 2009

(2006 est.) (2007 est.) (2009 est.)
Rate (%) 5.3 13.6 15.2
 Health
Infant mortality rate:

Deaths/1000
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 5.01 4.93 4.78

Life expectancy:

Years 2007 2008 2009

Values 78.7 78.85 79.16

Total fertility:

Children born/women
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 1.66 1.66 1.66
 Education
Literacy rate by sex:
Year 2007 2008 2009
(2003 est.) (2003 est.) (2003 est.)
Indicators
Male 67 69 69
Female 42 44 44
Total 55 56 56
Economic indicators
 GDP
GDP growth:

GDP growth rate GDP (ppp)(tln $)

Year 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
Growth 2.8% 3.1% (4.8)% 1.928 2.13 2.149
 Fiscal developments
Revenue:
In trillions$ In billions$
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 1.001 1.154 819.9

Expenditure:
In trillions $
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 1.07 1.23 1.13
1 9 2

Fiscal surplus/deficit:
In trillions $
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount (0.07 (0.08 0.06
) 5) 7
 Consumer price index

Inflation rate:
Year 2007 2008 2009
Rate 2.3% 2.3% 2.1%
 Exchange rate
Average yearly exchange rates:

In terms of U.S $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Rates 0.499 0.530 -
3 2 0.649
4
 Foreign direct investments

In trillions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 1.135 1.288 1.025

FOREIGNINVESTMENTS(Tr US$)
1.4 1.288
1.135
1.2 1.025
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2007 2008 2009
 Balance of payments

Exports:

In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 450.3 442.2 351.3

Imports:

In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 604.2 621.4 473.6

Current account balance:

In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values (88.1 (119. (32.2)
) 2)
External debt

In trillions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 8.28 10.45 9.088
Foreign exchange & gold reserve

In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 47.04 57.3 52.98
China
 BASIC
INFORMATION
About china:
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Manchu Dynasty replaced
by a Republic); 1 October 1949 (People's Republic established).

Name:
People's Republic of China.

Capital:
Location:
Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea,
between North Korea and Vietnam.

Area:
Total: 9,596,960 sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km

Land boundaries:
total: 22,117 km
border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan
1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236
km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km,
Vietnam 1,281 km
regional borders: Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34 km

Coastline:
14,500 km

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,
molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower
potential (world's largest).
Religion:
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%,
Muslim 1%-2%.

Languages:
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue
(Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry.

Government type:

Communist state

Political party:
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao];
eight registered small parties controlled by CCP.
SOCIAL INDICATORS
 Population
Total population:
In billions
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 132.1 133.0 133.0
3 0 14
Population by rural/urban:
Per capita income
 Labor force
Total labor force:
In millions
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 769.9 800.7 812.7
Unemployment rate:
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 4.0% 4.2% 4.3%
 Health
Infant mortality rate:

Deaths/1000
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 21.16 16.51

Life expectancy:

Years 2007 2008 2009

Values 73.18 74.51

Total fertility:

Children born/women
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 1.77 1.54
 Education

Literacy rate by sex:

Year 2007 2008 2009

(2000 census) (2000 census) (2000 census)
Indicators
Male 95.1% 95.1%
Female 86.5% 86.5%
Total 90.9% 90.9%
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
 GDP
Growth:

GDP growth rate GDP (ppp)(tln $)

Year 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
Growth 11.9% 9.00% 8.70% 7.099 6.460 4.814

GDPGROWTHRATE (%)
14 11.9
12
9 8.7
10
8
6
4
2
0
2007 2008 2009
 Fiscal developments
Revenues:
In billions$
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 513.2 674.3 972.3

Expenditures:
In billions$ In trillions$
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 497.8 651.6 1.137

Fiscal surplus/deficit:

In billions$
Year 2007 2008 2009
Amount 15.4 22.7 (164.7)
 Consumer price index
Inflation rate:
Year 2007 2008 2009
Rate 4.8% 5.8% (0.8)
%

CONSUMERPRICEINDEX(%)
8
5.8
6 4.8

0 -0.8

2007 2008 2009

-2
 Exchange rate
In terms of U.S $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Rates 7.61 6.94 6.82
Foreign direct investments

In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 747.6 758.9 576.1
8
 Balance of payments
Exports:
In trillions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 1.22 1.43 1.20

Imports:
Years 2007 2008 2009
(billion$) (trillion$) (billion$)
Values 904.6 1.131 921.5

Trade balance:
In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 315.4 299 278.5
 External debt
In billions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 363 400.6 347.1
Foreign exchange & gold reserve:

In trillions $
Years 2007 2008 2009
Values 1.534 1.955 2.206

FOREIGN& GOLD RESERVES(Trillion US$)

2.5

2 2.206
1.955
1.5
1.534

0.5

0
2007 2008 2009
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
(2009 EST.)
 GDP
U.K Pakistan China
GDP(PPP) 2.149($tln) 449.3($bln) 8.789 ($tln)
GDP growth (4.8)% 2.7% 8.7%
 Labor force

U.K Pakistan China

Labor force 31.25(mln) 55.88(mln) 812.7(mln)
Unemployment rate 15.2% 4.3%
 Labor force by occupation

U.K Pakistan China

Agriculture 1.4% 39.5%

Industry 18.2% 27.2%
Service 80.4% 33.2%
 Population below poverty line

U.K Pakistan China

14% 24%(2006est) 2.3%(2007est)
 Fiscal surplus/deficit

U.K Pakistan China

0.067($tln) (6.84)($bln) (164.7)($bln)
 Public debt
% of GDP
U.K Pakistan China
68.5% 45.3 18.2
 Inflation

U.K Pakistan China

CPI 2.1% 14.2% (0.8)%
 Trade balance

U.K Pakistan China

(122.3)$bln (13.7)$bln 278($bln)
 Exchange rate

U.K Pakistan China

0.6494/U.S $ 81.41/U.S $ 6.8249/U.S $
 Infrastructure

U.K Pakistan China

Airports 506 145 482
Roadways 398,366km 259,197km 3,583,715km
Railways 16,454km 7,791km 77,834km
Waterways 3200km N/A 110,000
 HDI
Composition:
U.K Pakistan China

Literacy rate 99% 49.9% 90.9%

Life expectancy 79.16 year 65.62 year 74.51 year
GDP/capita 35,200 $ 2600$ 6600 $
Ranking 21 141 91
CPM