SETTLEMENT

(Immediate/Elastic + Consolidation)

Endra Susila, Ph.D., PE (Geo)

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Settlement of A Building Supported by Shallow Foundations

Tambak Lorok Port Office, Semarang, Central Java

Tawang Railway Station School Building
Sumur No. 6, Kp. Peres Lantai gedung P3B (Pelayaran)
Sumur No. 6, Kp. Peres

Pangkalan Susu Power Plant

Pangkalan Susu Power Plant
Pangkalan Susu Power Plant
Pangkalan Susu Power Plant
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Differential Settlement

Facts:
Height = 60 m
Girth = 19.6 m
Mass = 14,500 tons
Tilt = 5.5 deg
Commenced = 1173
Why should we worry about differential settlement of buildings ?
Cracks Due to Differential Settlement
Cross Section of A Building With A
Differential Settlement Problem
Settlement
 Settlement:
1. Elastic/immediate settlement (SE)
2. Primary Consolidation settlement (SC)
3. Secondary Consolidation settlement (SS)
4. Tertiary Consolidation Settlement (St)

ST = SE + SC + SS + St
 MEKANISME PENURUNAN
1.Penurunan - Regangan seketika (ei)  Terjadi dengan
segera setelah diberikan peningkatan beban

2.Penurunan (konsolidasi) - Regangan primer (ep). 

Merupakan proses keluarnya air dari makropori. (excess
pore pressure)

3.Penurunan (konsolidasi) - Regangan sekunder (es).

 Merupakan proses keluarnya air dari mikropori.

4.Penurunan (konsolidasi) - Regangan tersier (et). 

Terjadi secara menerus sampai keseluruhan proses
pemampatan berakhir. Biasanya terjadi pada tanah Gambut
(Peat). Kemungkinan akibat proses pembusukan serat.
Elastic/ immediate Settlement
1. Flexible Foundations

Saturated Clays Sands

2. Rigid Foundations

Saturated Clays Sands

 Flexible Foundation:

net pressure=

Rigid Foundation:
rigid foundation
Rentang Harga E (Young’s Modulus) dan u (Poisson’s Ratio)

Korelasi dng Kohesi (Lempung)

Korelasi dari harga N-SPT dan qc-Sondir
• For Saturated Clay: u=0.5
 For Sandy Soil (Schmertmann, 1978)

circular
Consolidation Settlement
 Primary Consolidation
• Expulsion of (excess pore) water from soils
accompanied by settlement, increase in
effective stress and shear strength of Soils.

• Amount can be reasonably estimated based on

lab data, but rate is often poorly (not well)
estimated (predicted).

31
 Consolidation Settlement
• This method makes use of the results of the conventional
oedometer test where the consolidation parameters of the soil
are measured.

• To compute the stress changes within the soil mass. The stress
changes are computed using a Boussinesq type
approach assuming elasticity.

• The important parameter for consolidation settlement

calculation is the net effective stress change in the soil.

• Usually the settlements are calculated for the soil divided into a
number of sub-layers and the final total settlement is the sum of
individual sub-layer settlements 32
 PEMODELAN KONSOLIDASI PRIMER

Akibat pertambahan beban  kenaikan tekanan air pori

Keluarnya air dari pori  tekanan air pori kembali lagi (tanah settle)

kecepatan air

 ditentukan permeabilitas

S

U0 +  pegas U0
(tanah)

air

 0
Seluruh  Seluruh 
dipikul air dipikul Tanah
Tanah Berlapis
Consolidation Settlement:
1. Besarnya?

2. Lamanya?

3. Besarnya utk Selang

Waktu yang diinginkan
Consolidation Test Curve

c’ = Pc

Test konsolidasi

Test tekan beton

Triaxial
Tarik baja

e

Test konsolidasi

Test tekan beton

Triaxial
Tarik baja

e
lo
g


e
lo
g

 h

0 = g’h 1 = g’h+110 lantai 2 = g’h+3 lantai

log


1 = g’h + 110 lantai 1

NC OC
0 = g’ h 0 2 2 = g’h + 3 lantai
e
Normally Consolidated (NC):
 max yg pernah terjadi =  sekarang

Overconsolidated (OC)
 max yg pernah terjadi >  sekarang

 max yg pernah terjadi

OCR (Overconsolidation Ratio) =  sekarang
1 = g’h+110 lantai
= 2 = g’h+3 lantai
 NC OC OC NC

0 = gh 1 = 0+110 lt 2 = 0+3 lt 3 = 0 + 110 lt 4 = 0 + 150 lt

log

4 = 0 + 150 lantai 4
1 = g’h + 110 lantai 1
3

2 2 = g’h + 3 lantai
0 = g’ h 0
e
Consolidation Test Curve


Cc Cr

e
Equations to compute Sc

Case 1:
Normally Consolidated (NC)

Case 2:
Over Consolidated (OC)
Cc
Case 3:
OC and next NC
 Case 1: Normally Consolidated (NC)

’vo = p vo + v

Cc
 Equation to compute Sc
(for Case 1: Normally Consolidated Clay)

where,

 vo = Effective stress due to

  av = Additional effective stress due to

Load
e0 = initial void ratio
Cc Cc = compression index
Hc = Thickness of compressible sat clay

Hc vo+ Δav
Sc = cc log
1 + eo vo
 Case 2: Over Consolidated (OC)

vo vo + v p

Cc
 Equation to compute Sc
(for Case 2: Over Consolidated Clay)

where,

 vo = Effective stress due to

  av = Additional effective stress due to

Load
e0 = initial void ratio
Cc Cc = compression index
Hc = Thickness of compressible sat clay

Hc vo+ Δav
Sc = cr log
1 + eo vo
 Case 3: OC to NC

I - OC II - NC

vo p vo + v

Cc
 Case 3: OC to NC

I - OC II - NC

vo p vo + v

Cc
 Case 3: OC to NC

I - OC II - NC

vo p vo + v

Cc
 vo
v

Cc
Cr
v
Cr
vo

Cc

Overconsolidated Soil
Overconsolidated Soil
 p?
1. Diasumsikan beban pondasi menyebar secara linier

top
middle
bottom
Cara lain mencari  ditengah2 lapisan
q


 q q

B
L
Z

 
=qI


Tegangan pada kedalaman 4.5 m
Consolidation Settlement:

1. Besarnya?

2. Lamanya?
Time Rate of Consolidation
 Analysis Assumptions:
1. The clay-water system is homogeneous.
2. Saturation is complete.
3. Compressibility of water is negligible.
4. Compressibility of soil grain is negligible (but soil
grains rearrange).
5. The flow of water is in one direction only (that is, in
the direction of compression).
6. Darcy’s law is valid.
Dissipation of Excess Pore Water Pressure at Field
Duration of Consolidation?

d
Duration of Consolidation?
Duration of Consolidation?
Duration of Consolidation?
Duration of Consolidation?
d
Duration of Consolidation?
 Hd=0.5 H

Hd=H
How to speed up duration of
consolidation?
VERTICAL DRAIN with PRELOADING:

1. To speed up consolidation to approx. 1 – 4 months

2. To speed up the process of gain strength.
Soil Improvement Using Vertical Drain
Thanks