KSA US Relation

Current Affairs by SSP
Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 1
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Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 2
The Surgeon General of Pakistan Army, Lt Gen
Mustaq Ahmad Baig was specifically targeted while
returning home in a suicide bomb blast at traffic
signal of GPO chowk, Rawalpindi, in February 2008.
Sequence
Foreign Policy Between Two States
Art of Diplomacy
Pakistan's Relations with:

India
Iran
Turkey

Pakistan-KSA Relations

History
The bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are close and
friendly.
As two of the world's leading Islamic countries, Saudi
Arabia and Pakistan have sought to develop extensive
commercial, cultural, religious and strategic relations.
A Muslim-majority state, Pakistan has sought to develop
close bilateral ties with Saudi Arabia, the largest country on
the Arabian peninsula and home to the two holiest cities of
Islam, Mecca and Medina and the destination of Muslim
pilgrims from across the world.

Development of Bilateral Relations
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are leading members of the Organization of
the Islamic Conference (OIC).
Saudi Arabia was one of the strongest supporters of Pakistan during
Pakistan's wars with India, especially opposing the creation of
Bangladesh from Pakistan's eastern wing in 1971.
While it had supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict, it
has since endorsed the Indo-Pakistani peace process.
With Pakistan, it provided extensive financial and political support to
the Afghan mujahedeen fighting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in
the 1980s.
During the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War, Pakistan sent troops to protect
the Islamic holy sites in Saudi Arabia.
Along with the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan were
the only states to recognize Taliban rule in Afghanistan.
In May 1998, before Pakistan's Chagai-I nuclear tests, Saudi Arabia
promised to supply 50,000 barrels per day of free oil to help Pakistan
cope with likely economic sanctions in the aftermath.
Military Cooperation
Pakistan maintains close military ties with Saudi Arabia, providing
extensive support, arms and training for the Military of Saudi Arabia.
Pilots of the Pakistan Air Force flew aircraft of the Royal Saudi Air
Force to repel an incursion from South Yemen in 1969.
In the 1970s and 1980s, approximately 15,000 Pakistani soldiers were
stationed in the kingdom.
Saudi Arabia has negotiated the purchase of Pakistani ballistic missiles
capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
It is also speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's
nuclear program and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan
to enable it to counteract possible threats from arsenals of the weapons
of mass destruction possessed by Iran, Iraq and Israel.
Both nations have received high-level delegations of scientists,
government and military experts seeking to study the development of a
nuclear program.
Saudi Arabia has been a regular buyer of Pakistani small arms in the
past; now, it has expressed keen interest in Pakistani's JF-17 Thunder
jets.
Pakistani role in development of Saudi
Pakistan has provided assistance in the field of Science &
Technology , infrastructure development and many more
fields
Pakistan is providing training facilities to Saudi Armed
forces
While Saudi Arabia has shied away from a direct acquisition
of nuclear weapons (possibly till such time Iran’s nuclear
arsenal becomes overt), plans exist for contingency
provision of nuclear weapons by Pakistan to Saudi Arabia.

Gulf War 1990
Some 5,000 Pakistani troops were stationed in Saudi
Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as part of the
U.S.-led Persian Gulf War efforts in 1990.

Nuclear Deal
One of the more significant cooperation has been the Pakistan
– Saudi Arabia inter-linkages in respect of Saudi Arabia’s plans
for nuclear weapons
Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in Pakistan’s nuclear weapons
program
1998-Pakistan responded to India nuclear test due to which
western sanctions.
Saudi Arabia supplied free to Pakistan 50,000 barrels of oil per
day
Contingency plans exist for Pakistan to provide nuclear
weapons to Saudi Arabia at short notice.
2003-Crown Prince Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz approved
continuation of free crude oil.
Saudi oil deliveries were part of strategic relationship in which
Pakistan provided technical help and nuclear umbrella are
imposed.
Aid
More aid received compared to any other country in Arab world
2001- UD$ 380 billion soft loan given to support budget of
Pakistan(200 million-budget spending,100 million for fertilizers,
80 million for financing hydro power project)
2003-deferred payments of $2 billion by Pakistan turned into
grants
2005 earthquake -Saudi Arabia topped the list of donor
countries.
Official aid followed by large investments from Saudi princes and
from religious institutions e.g. Pakistani madrassa educational
system, for instance, is Saudi funded by private donors.
About $3.2 billion oil differed payment aid
“Cheque book diplomacy”
February 2019
Saudi Investment in Pakistan
Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman signed $20 billion
plus investment agreements in Islamabad on the very first day of
his two-day trip to Pakistan in March 2019.
His arrival has proven to be tremendously vital for Pakistan’s
economic stability.
Out of the $20 billion, $10bn is exclusively dedicated to state-of-
the-art deep conversion oil refinery at Gwadar.
According to government officials, the oil refinery will be
operational in next three to five years and will produce 250,000
to 300,000 barrels refined oil products.
Currently, these oil products are being imported from various
countries and is costing approximately $2 billion in foreign
exchange annually.
KSA and Pakistan can work together and take advantage of the
deep-sea port at Gwadar and the land around it.
March 2019

Saudi Arabia and Regional Conflicts
Saudi Arabia has a special clout in world and regional affairs,
especially those regarding the Muslim majority countries. It has
generously contributed to the development of international
institutions and the promotion of interfaith harmony. However,
regional developments occurring in its neighboring countries
like Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iran, Iraq and Syria have affect Saudi
Arabia.
The stabilizing role of Saudi Arabia is sometimes overwhelmed
or overtaken by political compulsions which destabilize its
relations with other countries. The country's relations with Iran
have seen many highs and lows particularly since the 1979
revolution. Relations between the two countries were much
better before the Islamic Revolution.
However recently, Iranian and Saudi policies converge on various
issues. They have congruity in their policies over Iraq.
Saudi Arabia and Regional Conflicts
With the emergence of the-so called Islamic State of Syria
and Iraq (ISIS), the situation in the region is in a doldrums.
Saudi Arabia does not welcome such happenings because
the ISIS has the potential to threaten the peace and security
of Saudi Kingdom.
This problem has to be solved politically, in which Saudi has
to play a leading role.
In the regional context, there are fissures among Arab
countries over a number of issues; these include the Arab
Spring, the Libyan crisis and the situation in Syria and Iraq.

Pakistan's Nuclear Tests and Saudi Arabia
Since the 1960s, Saudi Arabia has been the only country
from the Arab world that provides more aid to Pakistan.
In 1998, when Pakistan was debating the nuclear tests of
five nuclear tests, the Saudis promised 50,000 barrels per
day of free oil to help Pakistanis cope with the economic
sanctions which were threatened to be enforced if Pakistan
did a counter test.
The Saudi oil commitment and economic support was one
of the major factors that led the policy-makers in Pakistan
to go ahead with nuclear testing.
Pakistan received a total amount of 1.5 billion dollars' worth
of oil from Saudi Arabia from 1998 to 2002.

Economic and Trade Relations Between
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have maintained good relations
in commercial and trade sectors. The trade volume between
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is $4 billion per year.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has 15 export partners in the
world. Saudi Arabia imports many products from Pakistan.
Major export from Pakistan to Saudi Arabia consist of rice,
fresh cotton, yarn anecdote, fiber materials, clothes,
woolens (hosiery), completed ups, couch linen, dish towels,
shelters, mangos, art images, silk, artificial fabrics, leather
garments, furniture equipment, flooring, rugs, footwear,
sports goods, medical goods, fish, fruits, vegetables, flavors
and spices, crusts and juices, etc.
Pakistan imports its major necessities in the form of
Petroleum products from Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia and Pakistani Expatriates
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia hosts around 5.8 million
expatriates. Saudi Arabia became the largest export market
of Pakistani workers around the world.
Saudi Arabia is a Muslim country, attractive to millions of
Pakistani workers who seek their livelihood and a bright
future in the Holy Land and migrate in thousands every
month, regardless of getting low salaries.
The remittances of overseas Pakistanis play a significant role
in the economy of Pakistan. Therefore, overseas Pakistanis
remitted $4.65 billion in the first month of the current fiscal
year, which is 17.45 per cent higher than the amount they
remitted during the same month of 2016-17.

Pakistan-Saudi Relations and Yemen
Crisis
During the crisis, following facts were highlighted:
i. Pakistan is committed to the protection of the security of
Saudi homeland, especially the holy places of Islam
ii. There is no immediate threat to Saudi security
iii. A nuclear Pakistan should act as responsible mediator
iv. It is a sectarian proxy war against Iran supported by Israel
v. Pakistan’s involvement in this conflict would have started
another sectarian proxy war within Pakistan.

Pakistan-Saudi Relations and Yemen
Crisis
Pakistan should not forget the unending kindness and
historic friendship of Saudis.
It was King Faisal who played historical role at the time of
Dhaka debacle (1971) when 90,000 Pakistani soldiers were
strained in Bangladesh.
Saudi Arabia bailed out Pakistan by giving free oil worth $ 2
billion, at the time of international sanctions after Nuclear
explosions on May 28, 1998. And Saudi Arabia and Pakistan
have fought shoulder to shoulder against USSR in
Afghanistan.
‘It was Saudi crown prince who persuaded President Clinton
to meet Nawaz Sharif and mediate a respected way out from
Kargil abyss’.
Islamic Military Alliance

December 2015
The Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism is an
intergovernmental military alliance of 34 countries in the
Muslim world united around military intervention against
ISIL and other counter-terrorist activities.
More than ten other Islamic countries, including Indonesia
(world's largest Muslim nation), have expressed their
support for the alliance, and Azerbaijan is discussing joining
the alliance.
Saudi Arabia has also invited Afghanistan to join its newly
formed Islamic military alliance against terrorism.
Tajikistan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia confirmed that
Tajikistan is seriously studying the possibility of joining the
Islamic Coalition to combat terrorism.
The organization is based at a joint command center in Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia. Its creation was first announced by Mohammad
bin Salman Al Saud, Saudi Arabia's Minister of Defense, on
December 15, 2015.
The alliance has stated that its primary objective is to protect the
Muslim countries from all terrorist groups and terrorist
organizations irrespective of their sect and name.
The coalition has stated that it will fight terrorists in "Iraq, Syria,
Libya, Egypt and Afghanistan".
The alliance has reaffirmed that it would operate in line with the
United Nations and Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC)
provisions on terrorism.
The new coalition is expected to deploy military forces into Syria
to fight ISIS
Pakistan in the Middle East: A
Cautious Balance
Discussions about Pakistan’s foreign policy challenges
typically focus on its relations with its neighbors –
particularly India and Afghanistan – and with greater
powers such as the United States and China.
But Pakistan’s relations with the Middle East are shifting at
the fastest clip with significant implications for its security
and economy.
The way in which Pakistan responds to the deepening
regional rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran as well as the
ongoing dispute within the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) will have a major impact on stability in the near term.

Pakistan’s Balancing Act
From a security perspective, Pakistan’s Middle East policy has
largely focused on limiting the domestic fallout of sectarian
tensions stemming from the Saudi Arabia-Iran rivalry. Pakistan is
a Sunni-majority country, but Shias account for around 20
percent of the total population.
The country has the second-largest Shia population in the world
after Iran. It also has a history of sectarian violence comprising
violent clashes and spirals of tit-for-tat assassinations between
Sunni and Shia groups.
More than 21,900 civilians have lost their lives in sectarian
violence since 2003, according to the South Asia Terrorism
Portal. Pakistan in the 1990s became the frontline in a proxy
sectarian war between Saudi Arabia and Iran as the two countries
offered financial and logistical support to Sunni and Shia groups,
respectively, as part of a wider tussle for influence in the Muslim
world.
Pakistan Brokering Peace Between
Iran and Saudi Arabia
Pakistani diplomacy has been proactive in brokering peace between
Saudi Arabia and Iran. In a rare display, both Nawaz Sharif, the
country’s prime minister, and General Raheel Sharif, the chief of army
staff, jointly traveled to Saudi Arabia and Iran in January 2016, in an
attempt to mediate between the quarreling Middle Eastern giants.
Saudi Arabia’s execution of Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent Shia Sheikh, on
January 2, 2016 led to massive protests against the Saudi embassy,
which was ransacked by Iranian protesters. The incident led to the
cessation of formal diplomatic ties between the two countries and
intensified the underlying politico-sectarian divides in the Middle East.
Pakistan’s role in the Saudi-Iran split isn’t entirely obvious. The country
is a Sunni-majority state with the second-largest Shia population of any
Muslim-majority state after Iran. Pakistan shares close historical and
diplomatic ties with Saudi Arabia, but shares a border with Iran. For
Islamabad, maintaining good ties with both Riyadh and Iran is a
priority for entirely different reasons.
Arab Islamic American Summit
The 2017 Riyadh summit was a series of three summits held
on 20–21 May 2017 on the occasion of the visit of United
States President Donald Trump to Saudi Arabia, his first trip
overseas.
The summit included one bilateral meeting, between the
United States and Saudi Arabia, and two multilateral
meetings, one between the members of the Gulf
Cooperation Council and the other with Arab and Muslim
countries.
Leaders and representatives of 57 Arab and Muslim
countries were in attendance.

Arab Islamic American Summit
On May 20, 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed a
US$350 billion arms deal with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The arms deal was the largest in world history.
The transaction included tanks, combat ships missile
defense systems, as well as radar, communications and
cybersecurity technology.
The transfer was widely seen as a counterbalance against the
influence of Iran in the region.
The arms transfer was described by news outlets as a
"significant" and "historic" expansion of United States
relations with Saudi Arabia.

Recommendations
To further strengthen the historical ties, it is very important
to understand each other's fundamental interests. The vital
factors that could promote shared perceptions and enhance
cooperation between these two states are:
i. There is a need to build institutions for bilateral
consultations, relationships and formulate strategies for a
robust bilateral relationship.
ii. Promote joint investment between the two countries.
iii. Pakistan need to maintain a neutral stance in Iran-Saudi
relations and should not be involve itself in any conflict
between the two.
iv. A student exchange program/educational programs should
be initiated. It will cultivate the new generation elites
towards a more modern world through education.
Recommendations
v. Take a pro-active approach in promoting a grand
rapprochement between Iran and Arab peninsula in the
Gulf region.
vi. There is a need to engage in expertise with Saudi Arabia and
to establish close linkages between Pakistan and Saudi
Arabia. There are Pakistani experts in Saudi Arabia and vice
versa.
vii. Both the countries should encourage people-to-people
contacts, visits of delegations, the media and civil society.
viii. Pakistan should offer skilled workers to Saudi Arabia to
increase remittances and meet Saudi Arabia's advance
economy.
ix. The funding of the madrasas (religious schools) from the
private findings of Saudi Arabia needs to be monitored.
Golden Era of Shah Faisal

March 2019

Class Discussion
Pro-US tilt of new regime in the Saudi

Kingdom would render stability in Middle
East.
Agree Disagree
Zulfiqar General
History
Bhutto’s Era Zia’s Era
Unstable Musharraf’s
Democratic
Era and
Governments
Post 9/11

Introduction
The foreign policy of Pakistan aims to:
i. Develop friendly relations.
ii. Safeguard vital security.
iii. Resolve core issues.
iv. Portray a strong image.
v. Augment economic and commercial interests.
vi. Protect interests of Pakistanis abroad

Initial Period 1947-1958
US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan on
October 20, 1947.
These relations developed against the backdrop of the
Cold War and since then this relationship has been based
on economic and military assistance.
Pakistan's relations with the US improved in early 1950s’
when President Eisenhower came to power
1953- Food Crisis Aid
In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Agreement
with the US and subsequently became member of SEATO
and CENTO.
These treaties put Pakistan under US influence and thus
Pakistan was used as a base for military reconnaissance
flights over Soviet territory.
Initial Period 1947-1958
Pakistan’s first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan visited
United States to meet president Harry Truman.
Establishment of a Military Assistance Advisory Group
(MAAG) in Rawalpindi.
In 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower requested prime
minister Suhrawardy to lease Peshawar Air Station to the
American Army for keeping an eye on soviet Union and its
ballistic missile program.

South East Asian Treaty Organization
Pakistan joined SEATO on September’ 8, 1954
Members:
Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines,
Thailand, United Kingdom and the United States.
Purpose:
Establish a collective security arrangement for Southeast Asia.
Enhance trade relationships.
Reasons for its failure:

Lack to willingness to resolve issues.
Ultimate inability of the other SEATO nations to act militarily.
Ayub’s Era 1958-1969
Beginning of a cozy relationship with the US.
1954-Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
First military assistance from the US
‘exclusively to maintain our internal security...and legitimate
self-defense’
During the decade of 60s, the pro-American sentiments in
Western side of Pakistan were at an all time high.
Ayub Khan allowed United States to fly spy mission to
Soviet Union from Pakistan’s territory.
United States increased the amount of aid to Pakistan half
a billion dollars of which were lost in 1965’s Indo-Pakistan
war.
Central Treaty Organization 1954
Members:
Iran, Iraq, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Purpose:
U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic aid were
key in the negotiations leading to the agreement.
Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in Middle East oil
producing countries.
Reasons for failure:

Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in member states
(Egypt, Syria, Iran, etc)

Pakistan as a strategic partner in completing the ring of
containment around Soviet Union.
Significance of SEATO and CENTO

Military aid increased to $500 million by 1957
Further strengthening of US-Pak relationship
Became United States' "most-allied ally" in Asia.

U2 Crisis of 1960
i. July 1957 - U.S. requested permission from Pakistan for the
establishment of a secret U.S. intelligence facility in Pakistan
ii. Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar
iii. April 9, 1960 - U-2 spy plane of the special CIA unit crossed the
national boundary of the Soviet Union and flew over four Soviet
top secret military objects but was detected by the Soviet Air
Defence Forces.
iv. Pakistan became a ‘wholehearted ally’ which undertook ‘real
responsibilities and risks’ by providing facilities ‘highly
important to US national security’.
v. Compromise on Pakistan's security and worsened relations with
the Soviet Union
vi. Soviet Union threatened the nuclear annihilation of Pakistani
cities.
Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and half a billion in US funds.
Pakistan’s growing friendship with communist China after

the 1962 Sino-Indian war irked the U.S
The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War

embargo on arms shipments to Pakistan and India
The ban remained in place during the Indo-Pakistani War of
1971.

Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969 and
1971
The military government did not hand over power to the
winning party and in a political deadlock, unleashed a
crackdown against the East Pakistan population.
This led to a limited civil war in 1971 and India siding with the
dissidents launched a war in December 1971. After a fortnight of
fighting, the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan accepted defeat
and the state of Bangladesh was established.
During the war between Pakistan and India . The US policy in
this debacle was aligned with the military establishment of
Pakistan due to its earlier links and defense relationships.
Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969 and
1971
The Nixon administration expressed its concern about human
rights violations to Pakistan and restricted the flow of
assistance.
Despite the United States widely publicized “Strategic Tilt"
toward Pakistan during the 1971 war, Pakistan's new leader,
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, felt betrayed.
In his opinion, the United States could have prevented India
from intervening in Pakistan's civil war, thereby saving his
country the trauma of defeat and dismemberment. Bhutto now
strove to lessen Pakistan's dependence on the United States.
Bhutto’s Presidency (1971-1977)
After 1971 war Pakistan once again realized that US can
support India against China but can’t support Pakistan
against India.
Pakistan now strove to lessen her dependence on the United
States.
Pakistan withdrew from Southeast Asia Treaty organization
(SEATO) in 1972.
Pakistan reluctantly sustained the country’s role in the
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) but later on cut ties
with CENTO too.

Zia’s Era 1979-1988
General Zia seized power in Pakistan in a 1977 coup. US
opposed this dictatorship and stopped all economic and
military aid to Pakistan as a result.
Also US aid was suspended because of Pakistan’s secret

construction of a uranium enrichment facility.
However after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979,

Pakistan became a frontline state against Soviet
expansionism.
Now Pakistan had to fight a proxy war for the US.

Zia’s Era 1979-1988
An offer to Pakistan of $400 million in economic and
security aid by the Carter Administration in early 1980 was
turned down by President Zia-ul Haq as “Peanuts.”
In September 1981 Reagan Administration negotiated a $3.2

billion, 5-year economic and military aid package with
Pakistan – Pakistan’s superior negotiation !
Congress added Section 620E to the FAA, giving the

President authority to waive Section 669 for Pakistan on
grounds of national interest.
Zia’s Era 1979-1988
Pakistan became a funnel for arms supplies to the Afghan
resistance, as well as a camp for three million Afghan refugees.
In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet

fighters to the Pakistanis.
Nov 1982: the latest radar systems for Pakistan’s F-16 fighter
planes transferred to Pakistan by President Wilson.
Wilson negotiated a major weapons deal with Pakistan to

support the Afghan war. The deal included delivery of T-55 tanks.

December 1988 to August 1990
October 1993 to November 1996
Major events
Increase in Islamic fundamentalism
Intensification of Kashmir proxy war.
Taliban’s creation

Policies
Pak-US relations remained on a mixed note during her
tenures.
Wanted friendly mujahidin regime in Afghanistan.
Initiated a program designed to make Pakistan a central
member of both the Islamic bloc and the Trans-Asian axis.
Pakistan emerged with distinct roles such as center for
finance, military and technology among the Muslim
countries.

Dec.1988- Aug.1990
Benazir Bhutto had to pay back billions of dollars in loans
made to Zia-ul-Haq.
Pakistan faced heightened tensions with India over Kashmir
and problems associated with the unresolved Afghan war on
the international front.
U.S. aid and most arms sales to Pakistan were suspended
when President Bush could not certify to Congress, that
Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device.
In 1990, the US, under Section 620E(e) of the Foreign
Assistance Act (FAA), the so-called "Pressler amendment",
imposed sanctions on Pakistan, as the country by then had
lost its strategic importance in soviet war
Oct. 1993- Nov. 1996
The free and peaceful elections of October 1993, were welcomed
by the US.
In 1992 US relaxed sanctions on Pakistan to allow food and
economic assistance to NGOs.
However US continued to be concerned about reported terrorist
activity, regional dissidence, and human rights abuse.
1995, Benazir Bhutto visited United States and requested
president Bill Clinton to lift the embargoes on Pakistan and
launch a joint operation to eradicate militancy from the region.
The United States strongly supported Pakistan's economic
reform efforts, including privatization of public sector industries,
trade liberalization policies, and efforts to attract international
investment.
Nawaz Sharif’s Governments
Elected twice as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan
First term: 1 November 1990 to 18 July 1993
Second term: 17 February 1997 to 12 October 1999.

Pak-U.S Relations during Nawaz
Regimes
Diplomatic ties between the two states: Unfriendly
Reasons:
i. Inclination towards establishing an ISLAMIC Society
ii. Allegations of having links with Al-Qaeda leader Osama

Bin Laden
iii. Being alleged for “not cracking down on the Taliban as it

flourished in Afghanistan and influenced the Northwest
Frontier Province

The Nuclear Dilemma
Neither India nor Pakistan is signatories of the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty (CTBT).
Pakistan carried out its successful nuclear tests on 28 May 1998, and
on 30 May 1998.
Justification: National Security.
In 1998, Prime minister Nawaz Sharif conducted nuclear test in
Balochistan, in retaliation to similar tests conducted by India.
President Clinton imposed sanctions under Glenn amendment on
India as well as Pakistan.
Glenn amendment included suspension of aid, US bank loans to the
governments of India and Pakistan, loans from international
financial institutions, such as the IMF and World bank.
In July of 1998, US lifted the sanctions on both the countries for
purchasing agricultural products from US farmers.

The Nuclear Dilemma…
Various Sanctions imposed by the U.S:
i. U.S. Aid Cut-off in 1990
ii. Non-delivery of some 71 F-16 fighter aircraft ordered in 1989
iii. In 1998, President Clinton imposed economic and military
sanctions on Pakistan: Section 102 of the Arms Export

Control Act (AECA)
iv. Any U.S. exports to Pakistan required a Commerce

Department license, and most license requests reportedly
were denied
Pakistan-U.S Relations
Post 9/11
September 11 attacks planted sour seeds early in the Bush
Administration
Bush’s main focus was the Middle East (Bahrain,

Philippines, Thailand, Kuwait, Morocco, Pakistan)
More cooperation demanded from the Pakistan

Government

Pakistan’s Foreign Policy-Post 9/11
Remolding itself into a more co-operative ally
Joining the ‘War On Terror’
“We've captured 689 and handed over 369 to the United
States. We've earned bounties totaling millions of dollars…”
– P.M.
In 2001, after the 9/11 attacks and US’s invasion in various
countries to eradicate militancy, Pakistan became one of the
most important strategic allies for United States.
President Pervez Musharraf confessed that the country had no
option but to support United States as it had threatened Pakistan
of “bombing it into stone age” if it did not join the fight against al
Qaeda.
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy-Post 9/11
2003, United States officially wrote off $1 billion loan it had
granted to Pakistan as a goodwill gesture and appreciation
for Pakistan’s cooperation.
2004, President George Bush officially declared Pakistan as
a non-Nato ally granting it the authority to purchase
strategic and advanced military equipment.
In 2004, US army launched first ever drone strikes on the
north-western side of the country. Large civilian deaths and
caused much opposition from Pakistanis.

Present Relations and Trump
Administration
Trump elected in Nov 2016.
A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan is considered
vital to U.S. interests.
The Trump Administration states an intention to continue
pursuing close and mutually beneficial relations with
Islamabad.

US Policy
towards Pakistan
US
Stick Carrot
Pakistan

US Sanctions against Pakistan
S. Year Sanction Nature of Sanction
No
1 1965 Military No military aid to Pakistan due to Pakistani

use of American military supplies against
India in Indo-Pak War of 1965
2 1971 Military US continued to be perceived as an

unreliable ally by Pakistan as military
assistance provided in the 1971 war could not
secure victory for Pakistan. Pakistan secretly
embarked on an independent nuclear
weapons program
No
3 1977 Symington Military and economic aid terminated (without
Amendment officially invoking the Symington Amendment), due
(Foreign to Pakistan's relentless pursuit of the French
Assistance reprocessing plant deal. Symington Amendment
Act of 1961) prohibits US economic and military assistance to any
country delivering or receiving nuclear enrichment
equipment, material, or technology not under
International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards
4 1979 Glenn/ Economic and military aid terminated, as Pakistan's
Symington attempts to develop a nuclear weapons program
Amendments continued at the Kahuta facility , near Islamabad. In
(Foreign addition to the Symington Amendment, the Glenn
Assistance Amendment prohibits US aid to any country that
Act of 1977) acquires or transfers nuclear reprocessing technology,
or explodes or transfers a nuclear device
No
5 1990 Pressler The 1985 Pressler Amendment authorised banning of most

Amendment of US military and economic assistance to Pakistan, if an
(620E(e) of the annual presidential determination that Pakistan did not
Foreign
possess a nuclear device was not given. Further, the US
Assistance Act of
1961) President had to certify that any American aid to Pakistan
would significantly reduce the risk of Pakistan possessing a
nuclear device
6 1998 Glenn Amendment Glenn Amendment states that an extensive set of sanctions
(Section 102(b) of
the Arms Export
must be imposed if a non-nuclear weapons state detonates an
Control Act 1994) explosive nuclear device. Symington Amendment prohibits
& Symington US economic and military assistance to any country
Amendment delivering or receiving nuclear enrichment equipment,
(Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961) material, or technology, without adhering to International
invoked again. Atomic Energy Agency safeguards.

No
7 199 Military Coup Section 508 of the Act prohibits the

9 Sanctions (based US from providing most forms of
on Section 508 of economic and military assistance to
Foreign countries whose duly elected head of
Operations, Export government is deposed by a military
Financing, and coup or decree.
Related Programs
Appropriations Act
1999 or the Foreign
Assistance Act of
1961)
No
8 2017 Sanctions In March 2018, the Trump administration added seven Pakistani
-18 based on companies allegedly engaging in nuclear trade, to could possibly
the Foreign pose a risk to national security and strategic interests of the US,
Assistance having already suspended all aid to Pakistan in January . The above-
Act of 1961 mentioned set of sanctions may pose a hindrance to Pakistan's bid to
join the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG), which essentially aims to
curb nuclear arms proliferation by controlling the nuclear materials
transfer regime. As of 2018, the US has withheld $255 million in
military aid to Pakistan. These sanctions prohibit most of US
military and economic aid to Pakistan, unless the Secretary of State
certifies the following to the Committees on Appropriations, among
67other assurances: 1. Pakistan is cooperating with the US in
counterterrorism efforts against the Haqqani Network, Quetta Shura
Taliban, al-Qaeda, and other domestic and foreign terror outfits. 2.
Pakistan has not supported schools run by the Taliban, and that
Pakistani intelligence services are not intervening extra-judicially in
the governance of Pakistan. 3.Pakistan is preventing the proliferation
of nuclear-related material and expertise.
US Aid to Pakistan
Since 1947, the United States has doled out more than $70
billion to Pakistan under various heads and for multiple
reasons, ranging from curbing terrorism to health and
education, etc.
The Obama Administration states an intention to
continue pursuing close and mutually beneficial relations
with Islamabad.
This figure of $70 billion, of course, includes $33 billion,
which has been dished out to Pakistan by the United States
in aid since 2001-02.
The aid numbers have undoubtedly waxed and waned from
time to time as American geopolitical interests in the
region have been shifting quite often.
US Aid to Pakistan
According to a report prepared by the Centre for Global
Development, a think tank based in Washington DC and
London, the United States had obligated nearly $67 billion
(in dollars) to Pakistan between 1951 and 2018.
In September 2013, a report presented to the US Congress
had revealed that Pakistan received a total of $25.91 billion
from the United States in terms of military and economic
aid since September 11, 2001.
A fairly recent USAID report of May 31, 2019 had stated:
"The US economic assistance to Pakistan peaked in 1962, at
over $2.3 billion. In 2010, military assistance to Pakistan
touched the $2.5 billion mark - including $1.2 billion in
Coalition Support Funds.

US Aid to Pakistan
The US assistance to Pakistan reached its lowest level in the
1990s, after President George H.W. Bush had suspended aid
flows over Pakistan's emerging nuclear programme. The US
military assistance had dropped dramatically during and
immediately after the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971.”
The USAID report had added: “During the 1970s, President
Jimmy Carter had suspended all aid to Pakistan (except food
aid) in response to Pakistan's decision to construct a Uranium
enrichment facility. Although US assistance (both economic
and military) to Pakistan has fluctuated considerably over the
last 60 years, it has risen steadily since 2001.
According to a January 2, 2018 report of another American
think-tank, the US Foreign Assistance to Pakistan had stood at
$ 653 million in 2013, $ 630 million in 2014, $ 691 million in 2015,
$ 687 million in 2016, $ 392 million in 2017 and just $ 345 million
in 2018.

US Aid to Pakistan
Pakistan had incurred direct and indirect losses to the tune
of $126.79 billion equivalent to Rs10,762.64 billion from
2001-2 to 2017-18. In the last Economic Survey 2018-19, the
government did not incorporate any figures on account of
losses after becoming an ally of USA in its war against
terror.
Ruling out possibility of any rescheduling of foreign debt
under Paris Club arrangement with the blessings of USA,
Pakistan might see positive movement on release of
pending funds of $9 billion from USA in shape of Coalition
Support Fund (CSF). But this could only happen if truce in
Afghanistan struck successfully as Washington is expecting
some ‘positive outcome’ by September 2019.

US Aid to Pakistan
Although, the US administration had proposed no funding for
release of CSF funding for Pakistan in its proposed budget for
2019-20 which was currently under consideration before
Congress but in case of successful completion of peace talks at
Doha and signing of pact among different Afghan stakeholders,
the Trump administration could propose amendment for
restoring military aid for Pakistan. The restoration of military
aid might also pave the way for release of pending CSF bills
ranging up to $9 billion.
It will not be favour to Pakistan because these are expenditures
already incurred to flush out extremists from the adjacent areas
of Afghanistan but the pending bills even after reconciliation
were not cleared by USA despite passing of several years.

US Aid to Pakistan
In the aftermath of meeting held between Donald Trump
and Imran Khan on Monday in Washington DC, Pakistani
authorities were arguing that Washington could move
ahead on clearing pending bill to the tune of $9 billion in a
phased manner.
The US President Donald Trump had given some
indication when stated that the US assistance was stopped
when Pakistan was not helping USA, pinning hopes that it
might consider to resume per annum assistance both for
military and civilian assistance.

“ In the past, we too often
defined our relationship
with Pakistan narrowly.
Those days are over.... The
Pakistani people must know
America will remain a strong
supporter of Pakistan’s
security and prosperity.”-
Barack Obama
Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo,

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 PSP 88
Trump presidency
A deviation from historic
Republican policy towards
Pakistan
The Aims of U.S. Administration
A new concentration on stabilizing Afghanistan.
The appointment of US special representative.
Pakistani officers are now allowed to view video feeds from
unmanned American drones and to access U.S. intercepts
of militants’ communications.
October 2009: U.S. Aid Package
A new $7.5 billion U.S. aid package for Pakistan
Received approximately 1.3 billion during 2015.
Growth in anti-Americans feeling in Pakistan.
Enhanced role of Pakistan in Afghan peace process in 2019

1947-2018

Key Contemporary issues
bedeviling Pak-U.S. Relations
i. Security and Terrorism after 9/11 terrorists’ attack
ii. Infiltration into Kashmir
iii. Infiltration into Afghanistan
iv. Domestic Terrorism
v. Religious Extremism and Anti-American Sentiment
vi. Nuclear Weapons and Missile Proliferation
vii. Democratization and Human Rights
viii. Narcotics
ix. US-India nexus in Afghanistan
x. Role of Pakistan in Afghan Peace process 2020
Pak- US Relations: The Way Forward
While the expectations of both countries from each other
remain very high and therefore a ripe case for mistrust;
there is all the likelihood of continued closeness of
relations at least in the foreseeable future.
I. Realization of the Fragility of Pre-emption:
• In the post 9/11 period al-Qaeda killings and Guantanamo
Bay-like human rights abuses; that social economic
development of societies is also a necessary component of
anti - terrorism.
• To a lesser extent, Washington also realizes that resolution of
conflicts also contributes to condition of peace and security.
Moving forward on these various fronts, Pakistan have
become Washington's key ally.
Pak- US Relations : The Way Forward
II. The Geo-Strategic Compulsion:
• Pakistan's geographical location links it to four different
regions -- South Asia, South West Asia, China and Central
Asia — making it the swivel around which matters of trade,
security, politics and economy revolve.
• By virtue of its location Pakistan has the inherent strength to
influence security, trade and commerce, ideology and social
state of all the four regions that surround it.
• As the hub of an open-ended United States proxy war,
politico-economic instability and insecurity trickled to its
surrounding areas. This reality is also vivid to the US.
III. The New World Order:
• Any viable policy on future strategy for Pakistan vis a vis its
relations with the USA must be cognizant of, and address the
new world order; broad contours of which are enumerated
below: -
i. The US doctrine of pre-emption, allowing US overseas
intervention, with or without world/UN support.
ii. Is characterized by US Hegemony in a unipolar world,
streaming out of her military and economic muscle.
iii. The emergence of regional centers of power and that of quasi
and aspiring global players.
iv. Geo-economics is fast overtaking OEO -strategy; and the latter
is now looked at as a function of the former.
v. Islamic-phobic US policies
IV. Strategic Determinants:
• How the contours of Pak-US relationship will shape in the days to
come is a moot point. These will contingent upon domestic, regional
and global factors:
i. Domestically, how do the internal dynamics in Pakistan unfold in the
coming days? In other words, how strong and stable is the present
regime; and how effectively is it able South Asian Studies 29 (1) 302 to
handle the restive, resurgent and radical elements in the country. How
astute is it in handling the economy; that exports terrorism.
ii. Regionally, as to how the ongoing peace process between India and
Pakistan unfolds? The US, as a facilitator, would like to see progress in
the regard. It would also monitor the course of our strategic relationship
with China; and our role in Afghanistan.
iii. Globally, how do the US forces ultimately fare in Afghanistan and Iraq?
This would bear enormous domestic compulsions on the US; and world
directly affect its commitment to the War on Terror, and thus Pakistan.
Paradigms of Pak-US Future Strategy
i. Self Reliance. This must become a stated and vigorously
pursued policy objective. We cannot enjoy dignified
sovereignty without standing on our own two feet. What must
be understood is that it is not necessary to antagonize others
in realization of this aim. No to “CSF”
ii. Restoration of National and Religious Pride. The dealing
with the US MUST NOT be viewed as a compromise on our
sovereignty. National dignity must be guarded and a positive
perception to this effect be created both internally and in the
international community. Own Islamic identity and character
be portrayed as a source of strength and an understanding
sought from the US to this effect.
iii. Inner Front. We must present a cohesive inner front to the
US. If anything the foreign elements, including the America
ns, should be dissuaded from interfering with and aggravating
our internal problems. The "religious extremism" card can be
played to own advantage in this regard.
iv. Relationship with China. The prowesses of Pakistani
diplomacy faces its acid test with regards to thwarting
American suspicion of own growing partnership with China.
Pakistan must pursue this strategic relationship; while
accruing benefits from contending Sino-US interests without
alienating the US; lest the Indians are afforded an open field to
foster relations with the USA. The Strategic relationship with
China has to be nurtured and guarded at all costs; it will pay
Pakistan in the long run.
v. The Indian Factor. The present US stance of bi-lateral
relationships with both Pakistan and India, independent of
each other, is fraught with danger for us. We can already
witness the manifestation of this in the growing US -India
strategic relationship. Leverage afforded by the present
environment be put to effective use to disrupt / delay this
growing nexus; and to address the conventional imbalance; as
well as 'coerce' the US to facilitate the Kashmir resolution.
vi. War on Terror. Pakistan must continue its support to the
global war on terror. But the US be made to appreciate
own' bottom line' in this regard. This congruence of
interests has to be carefully manipulated to own
advantage. The strategy must redress internal fallouts;
infact, pre-empt those if possible.
vii. Religious Extremism. There is no such category in
Pakistan, infact, this term is a misnomer; and the US be
asked to not only appreciate own point of view but also to
consent. On our part, we must ruthlessly root out
extremists who perpetrate acts of extremism. The social
utility of Madrassas and the effort to bring them into the
mainstream be realized to the Americans and to the
world.
viii. Nuclear proliferation / WMD. Pakistan needs to work
with the US on confidence building measures in this
regard. Without compromising own national security or
interests, we need to be viewed as a responsible nuclear
power. We must be cognizant that the US perception in
this aspect, like in most others, will mould world opinion.
ix. Media Blitz. Pakistan must be vocal against the "unholy
media blitz" leashed against it by the American and
western electronic media. This is one issue where our
stand should be un-ambiguous. All our efforts are
rendered in vain as the perception about Pakistan being
built by the media is what people perceive to be true. We
must link this directly to the extent of own support to the
US. In this aspect, we must have a defined watershed.
x. Economy and Trade. In the War on Terror Pakistan’s
destroyed their economy and trade as well as their
defense. US should give Pakistan to access the
International Financial Institutions and free Trade with
Pakistan give a boost to their relationship.
xi. Trump phenomenon. Pakistan needs to play her geo-
strategic cards well in order to ensure balance of power in
South Asia.
Conclusion
Relationship depends on the convergence of the
national interest of both countries.
The greater the convergence, the stronger with this

relationship be.
US has been using Pakistan as an exit and an entry to

Afghanistan.
US has always looked for its national interest and its

about time that Pakistan does the same.
Conclusion
In the War on Terror Pakistan destroyed their economy,
trade and the defense capabilities. Pakistan wants a good
relationship and become a reliable ally for the US
government in War against Terrorism. Pakistan plays a vital
role in the stability of Afghanistan.
From vendetta oriented political leaderships and dictatorial
regimes Pakistan is moving slowly and surely towards
sustainable democracy and political stability. From a
military centric concept of security Pakistan has realized the
importance of a broader concept of security with the
emphasis on economic and internal stability.
These are paradigm shifts and the nation needs both time
and space, internally and externally, to absorb these and
steer the course to progress and prosperity.
Pakistan
Class Discussion
Pakistan and the US relations can be termed
friendly.
Agree Disagree
Class Discussion
Enlist ten potential areas of convergence between

Pakistan and the US. Also enlist five ways
through which these areas of convergence could
be materialized in the shortest possible period of
time.
Class Discussion
What could be ten
potential areas of
divergence between
the US and
Pakistan. Please
enlist five potential
ways and means to
bridge these
potential areas of
divergence.
Thank
You
Please contact for Queries
Asmatullah Junejo (PSP)
Assistant Inspector General of Police, Operations,
Islamabad
0331-7055550
asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com

KSA US Relation

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Current Affairs by SSP

Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Pakistan's Relations with:

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Pro-US tilt of new regime in the Saudi

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Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 44

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Reasons for its failure:

Reasons for failure:

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 50

Significance of SEATO and CENTO

Further strengthening of US-Pak relationship

Became United States' "most-allied ally" in Asia.

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 51

Pakistan’s growing friendship with communist China after

The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War

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Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 56

Also US aid was suspended because of Pakistan’s secret

However after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979,

Now Pakistan had to fight a proxy war for the US.

In September 1981 Reagan Administration negotiated a $3.2

Congress added Section 620E to the FAA, giving the

In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet

Wilson negotiated a major weapons deal with Pakistan to

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 59

Increase in Islamic fundamentalism

Intensification of Kashmir proxy war.

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 62

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 63

Elected twice as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan

First term: 1 November 1990 to 18 July 1993

Second term: 17 February 1997 to 12 October 1999.

Wednesday, March 4, 2020 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 66

i. Inclination towards establishing an ISLAMIC Society

ii. Allegations of having links with Al-Qaeda leader Osama

iii. Being alleged for “not cracking down on the Taliban as it

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i. U.S. Aid Cut-off in 1990

ii. Non-delivery of some 71 F-16 fighter aircraft ordered in 1989

iii. In 1998, President Clinton imposed economic and military

sanctions on Pakistan: Section 102 of the Arms Export

iv. Any U.S. exports to Pakistan required a Commerce

Bush’s main focus was the Middle East (Bahrain,

More cooperation demanded from the Pakistan

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