PROGRESS REPORT

DATE: 11th May 2020

According to the proposed work I need to complete the code on MATLAB for designing of the pipeline
with different flow equations and I have completed the same. The details of the simulation and
problem statement is given below:

For giving the real touch to the project I have used the real time composition of the City gas used by
GAIL India Ltd. for CGD.

Composition of Gas:

Name of Component % Composition Viscosity (CP) Molecular Mass

Nitrogen 0.5328 0.0173 14
Carbon-Dioxide 0.000 0.0147 44
Methane 93.1736 0.0107 16.04
Ethane 6.0095 0.0089 30.07
Propane 0.2348 0.0075 44.10
Iso-Butane 0.0191 0.0071 58.12
Normal-Butane 0.0288 0.0073 58.12

I have considered the following things:

1. Flow rate of gas or demand of natural gas in the compressor= 4 Million m3/Day
2. Length of pipe from processing plant to the compressor station= 100 KM
3. Delivery pressure at the compressor station= 5500 kPa
4. Gas compressibility factor (Z)= 0.920
5. Base temperature= 15o C
6. Base pressure= 101 kPa

Pipeline Specifications:

1. Outer Diameter of pipeline: 400 mm

2. Thickness of the pipeline: 10 mm
3. Absolute Roughness of Pipeline material: 0.02 mm
4. Pipeline Efficiently: 0.92

Now I have used the 4 types of flow equations for prediction of Inlet pressure required to for delivery
pressure of 5500 kPa with the given conditions that are:

General Flow Equation

Weymouth Equation
Panhandle-A Equation
Panhandle-B Equation
Some of the Screenshots of the solution with the solution from each of the equation is given below:

A. General Flow Equation

Feeding the Input values available with us in the MATLAB program the following results are obtained:
From above simulation it is clearly seen that the Inlet pressure required for the given conditions from
general flow equation is 9109 kPa and pressure at 25% length i.e. at 25 KM is 6590 kPa and pressure
can be fined at any point on the pipeline by the same method.

B. Weymouth Equation:

Feeding the Input values available with us in the MATLAB program the following results are obtained:

From above simulation it is clearly seen that the Inlet pressure required for the given conditions from
general flow equation is 8656 kPa and pressure at 25% length i.e. at 25 KM is 6436 kPa and pressure
can be fined at any point on the pipeline by the same method.
 C. Panhandle-A Equation:

Feeding the Input values available with us in the MATLAB program the following results are obtained:

From above simulation it is clearly seen that the Inlet pressure required for the given conditions from
general flow equation is 7863 kPa and pressure at 25% length i.e. at 25 KM is 6176 kPa and pressure
can be fined at any point on the pipeline by the same method.
 D. Panhandle-B:

Feeding the Input values available with us in the MATLAB program the following results are obtained:

From above simulation it is clearly seen that the Inlet pressure required for the given conditions from
general flow equation is 7553 kPa and pressure at 25% length i.e. at 25 KM is 6076 kPa and pressure
can be fined at any point on the pipeline by the same method.
PSEUDO-CODE FOR THE MATLAB CODE DEVELOPMET

INPUT GAS COMPOSITION DATA FROM USER

Calculation of Gas gravity from the input data

using MATLAB tool

Calculation of viscosity of the gas using MATLAB

programmed code

Calculation of Reynold’s Number using MATLAB

programmed code

Calculation of Transmission Factor (F) and friction

factor (f) from Colebrook white equation using
While loop in MATLAB

Taking the remaining inputs from the user and

solving the value of inlet pressure using General
flow equation, Weymouth equation, Panhandle-A
equation and Panhandle-B equation

Plotting the Graph using MATLAB tool kit to find the

value of pressure at the different locations in the
pipeline at different distance and at the inlet
location
 PROGRESS REPORT
DATE: 21th May 2020
Topic: Pipeline Laying

Different Steps involved into pipeline laying are as follows:

1. Surveying and Laying
2. Clearing and Grading
3. Trenching
4. Pipe Stringing and Welding
5. Non Destructive Testing
6. Lowering pipe in to trench and back-filling
7. Hydrostatic Testing
8. Commissioning
9. Cleanup and Restoration

Now we will see all these steps in detail with the real time photos explaining all these steps:
1) Surveying and Laying:
Before construction activity begins, the first is to mark the limits of approved area ( i.e.
construction boundaries, additional temporary workspace), this comes under surveying of the
area of the land used for pipeline laying. In this step we also move all the equipment required
in pipeline laying to on-site from the store house and prepare a temporary warehouse near the
site.
2) Clearing and Grading:
After the equipment is accessible in the staging area, work will begin to clear cut the pipeline
right-of-way. Landowners have the option of selling the timber themselves, or allowing the
company responsibility for its sale or disposal. Large trees are stockpiled or hauled off, while
the branches and tree tops are placed into piles and burned. A stump grinder then removes the
remaining tree stumps in the ROW.

3) Trenching:
Trench is provided to depth that satisfies the PNGRB regulations to provide sufficient cover
for the pipeline. Normally depth of 1m is sufficient. T4S regulations by PNGRB gives
guidelines. Fig. shows typical dimensions.
4) Pipe Stringing and Welding:
When the trench is completed, pre-coated segments of pipe, usually 40 ft in length,
are transported from stockpiles in the staging area to the right-of-way. Pipes are laid
above ground beside the trench, or within the trench on top of supportive sandbags in
steep terrain. Certain pipe sections are bent using a pipe bending tool to allow the
pipeline to follow the planned route and the terrain. The pipe sections will then be
welded together, sand blasted, and the weld joints coated with epoxy to prevent
corrosion. Finally, the weld joints are inspected with x-ray to ensure their quality.
Connected lengths of pipe can then be lowered into the trench.

5) Non Destructive Technique:

After welding, visual and non destructive technique (radiography or ultrasonic) are
used to ensure the integrity of every weld.
6) Lowering pipe in to trench and back-filling:
Using a series a side booms pipelines are lifted and lowered in to trench.

7) Hydrostatic Testing:
After the pipe is inspected, the trench is filled in. Before completing the project, the pipeline
integrity must be verified using hydrostatic testing. Pipeline companies receive permits to
withdraw millions of gallons of water from streams and rivers along the pipeline path. This
water is sent through the pipeline and the pressure is increased to above the maximum
operational level. If the pipeline remains intact during this test, it is deemed operational. After
this, the surface of the ROW is seeded and fertilized, and above-ground markers are placed
along the pipeline path.

8) Commissioning:
After hydrostatic testing, pipeline is cleaned and dried. Commissioning activities involved by
purging line with air and loading the line with natural gas.

9) Cleanup and Restoration:

Finally construction site is cleaned up and restored to its original condition.