PAKISTAN (SEP) PROJECT Sample STG System Base Case with 200 MW Monitoring the Results of Load Flow Bus Voltage • Grid Code Criteria
➢ Under (N-0) Normal Operating Conditions; The bus voltages shall
be within the bandwidth of +8% and -5% of Nominal System Voltage (Highest and Lowest Voltages of the Total System under Normal Steady-state Operating Conditions). ➢ Under (N-1) Contingency Operating Conditions; The bus voltages shall be within the bandwidth of +10% of Nominal System Voltage (Highest and Lowest Voltages of the Total System under (N-1) Contingency Operating Conditions excluding Transient Conditions) Monitoring the Results of Load Flow Circuit Loading • Permissible loading criteria ➢ Thermal loading for lines less than 80 kM (it can be loaded 3 x SIL). Typically 132 kV and 66 kV lines are less than 80 kM and are limited by their Thermal Limit. ➢ Stability Limits or SIL limits above 80 kM: Typically for 220 kV and above Transformer Loading ➢ Within the specified limit under Normal (N-0) condition and within rated name plate rating under contingency (N-1 conditions) Monitoring the Results of Load Flow
Generator Power Factor
• Permissible loading criteria
➢ Leading or lagging i.e. generating VARs or absorbing VARS
➢ Preferably must generate VARS i.e. lagging PF Sample STG System Exercises Base Case • Balance Bus Voltages ➢ By Tap Changing (Step-by-Step) ➢ By varying the generators terminal voltage • Balance VARs in Generators Change #1 in Base Case • Add Capacitor bank to overcome overloading of 132/11 kV T/F Change #2 in Base Case • Switch off cct. # 2 between Bus 1 and 101 (Compare results with Base Case) Sample STG System Exercises • Provide solution to violations of voltage criteria and overloading, if any • Provide solution to overloading by Change #3 in Base Case • Increase loads at bus # 101 to 200 MW at 0.95 PF ➢ Provide solution to violations of voltage criteria and overloading, if any ➢ Switch off cct. # 2 between Bus 1 and 101(Compare results with Base Case) ➢ Option-1: Adding a 3 rd circuit (compare results) ➢ Option-2: Reconductoring, changing Lynx to Rail (compare results) Sample STG System Exercises Change #4 in Base Case • Add a new 132 kV substation (bus # 701) ; load = 50 MW at PF= 0.85 and loop (in-out) 301-401 circuit at 701 • Add a direct circuit from 301 to 501 (20 kM lynx)
Change #5 in Base Case
• Increase load at bus # 601 as 30 MW at PF = 0.9 • What to do with entire 66 kV system overloaded? Conversion to 132 kV • Add a bus 801 for same Bus –G at 132 kV level • Add a 10 kM long 132 kV line at Lynx or Rail • Replace 66/11 kV (2X10/13 MVA T/Fs) with 132/11 (2X 20/26)