Adverb Clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb,
yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari
Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan

conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as,
dll.

Contoh:

 Shut the door before you go out.

 You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
 While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
 By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
 No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan

conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll .

Contoh:

 They sat down wherever they could find empty seats

 The guard stood where he was positioned.
 Where there is a will, there is a way.
 Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
 Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau

peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though,
whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:

 As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

 Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
 Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
 He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau

peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

 He did as I told him.

 You may finish it how you like.
 They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya

dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so
that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

 They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
 She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
 He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
 I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola
membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

 Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

 It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
 The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
 The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the
class.
Contoh:

 The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball
team.
 I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

 He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon

it now.
 The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

 It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so
hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
 It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It
was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

 She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

 They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
 Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
 This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab

dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.  Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to,
due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

 Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home

because of the cold weather)
 Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to
the cold weather)
 Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We
stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.   Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since,

now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

 Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.

 Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the
concert.
  As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked
her if she wanted to take in a movie.
 Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an
agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.   Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

 Alex failed the test because he didn't study.

 Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
 Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:

 Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan

cara:

1)   Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a. ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old

friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)  Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan
ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb
Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

 While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class,
I fell asleep.
 While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in
class, Ann fell asleep.
 Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI
Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

 While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.

 While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of
us. 

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa)

yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions
seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case,
provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose
(that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

 If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

 She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back
to her.
 Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance
to cover such a loss.
 In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified
at once.
 The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is
called off at once.
 We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you
give us all the necessary information.
The first page focuses on adverb clauses which are often called "time clauses"
in English grammar books and follow specific patterns. Take a look at the
chart below to study the various usage of different time expressions.

Punctuation

When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two
clauses. Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.. When the
adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example:
He gave me a call when he arrived in town.

Adverb Clauses with Time

When
 He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
 When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
 I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
 We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.

'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses
used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to
remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the
dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause.

Before

 We will finish before he arrives.

 She (had) left before I telephoned.

'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before'

takes either the simple past OR the present.

After

 We will finish after he comes.

 She ate after I (had) left.

'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after'

takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past
events.

While, as

 She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

 As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.

'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used
with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which
indicates an action in progess.
By the time
 By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
 We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.

'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before
another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events
and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the
idea of something happening up to another point in time.

Until, till

 We waited until he finished his homework.

 I'll wait till you finish.

'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or
simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.

Since

 I have played tennis since I was a young boy.

 They have worked here since 1987.

'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with
'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.

As soon as

 He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has

decided).
 As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.

'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As
soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur
immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future
events, although present perfect can also be used.

Whenever, every time

 Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".

 We take a hike every time he visits.

'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the
simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every
time' express habitual action.

The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time

 The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
 I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.
  The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.

The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'.
We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of
times something happened.