Theory

y of reactive
dyeing
Structure of reactive dyes
z The four characteristics feature of a typical reactive
dyes are:
z The chromophoric grouping, contributing the color and
much of the substantivity for cellulose;
z The reactive system, enabling the dye to react with the
hydroxy group with water and cellulose;
z A bridge group that links the reactive system to the
chromophore;
z One or more solubilizinggggroups,
p , usually
y sulphonic
p acid
substituents attached to the chromophoric grouping.
Structure of Reactive Blue 4
Structure of Reactive Black 5
Reactive system
Reactive system

Mono-functional Bi-functional Poly-functional

Triazine Pyrimidine Quinoxaline VS Homo Hetro

Chloro Trichloro Triazine VS-Cl

Fluro Chlorodifluro VS VS-F

Reaction for triazine type reactive
system

C-OH + D-CL

Alkaline pH

C-CL + HCL
Reaction for VS type reactive
system
D-SO2-CH2CH2OSO3Na

NaOH

D-SO2-CH=CH2 + Na2SO4

Cell-OH

D-SO2-CH2CH2-O-Cell + OH-
Mono functional VS Bi-functional

Bi-Functional

Fixed 60% Unfixed 40%

Fixed 24% Unfixed 16%

Controllable dyeing variables
z Exhaustion phase
z Rate of exhaustion
z Substantivity
z Migration
z Diffusion
z Level factor in exhaustion
z Fixation Phase
z Reactivity
z T50
z Secondary exhaustion
z Level factor in fixation
z Final fixation
z Wash off
Exhaustion phase
Rate of exhaustion
z At the rate dye adsorb to the fiber. Initially
this rate remain very high but it reduces upon
time. So primary control is very important.
z We can measure it in two way
z Transfer rate per minute
z Measuring the angle of dyes transfer.
Exhaustion phase
Rate of exhaustion
z Suppose in 1st 5 z Exhaustion curve
minutes 40% dyes has
transferred so dyeing
rate is 8%.

z Θ
Exhaustion phase
Substantivity or primary exhaustion (PE)

z The total amount of z Exhaustion curve

dyes transfer in
exhaustion phase.
Exhaustion phase
Substantivity or primary exhaustion (PE)

z Substantivity determinator
z Affinity
z Liquor ratio
z Temperature
z Eletrolytes concentration.
z pH
z Fiber situation.
Exhaustion phase
Migration
z It is accumulated effect
of Adsorption and
desorption.
z Higher Migration is
always ensure more
possibility of level A B
dyeing.
B
g
Migration = ---------x 100
A
Exhaustion phase
Diffusion
z It is really difficult for us to measure diffusion rate
with our present equipment.
z We shall have to give sufficient time to achieve
proper diffusion since there is a huge possibility of
having false equilibrium.
z Some of the factors effect diffusion, such as:
z pH of the bath.
z S bstanti it
Substantivity
z Dyes aggregation.
z Pretreatment of the fabric.
z Etc.
Exhaustion phase
Level dyeing factor (LDF)
z It determines possibility
of dyes level out in z MI
exhaustion phase. z LDF (Ex)
(E ) = ---- X 100
z PE
z Higher indicate better
levelling.
Fixation phase
Reactivity
z It determines reaction rate of the dyes.
z Reactivity determines amount of alkali
alkali,
temperature and dyeing time.
z Al dosing
Also d i system t off alkali.
lk li
z Control of this factor is veryy important
p for
uniform dyeing.
z Most of the quazi problem (running shade) is
happening for this factor.
Fixation p
phase or Half Dyeing
y g Time
T50
z Time for fixing of 50% z Exhaustion & fixation curve.
of total dyestuff.
z Generally, people think
that this factor is
consider as a reactivity
of dyestuff.
z It is a very important
factor for other dyes but
not that important for
reactive dyes.
Fixation phase
Secondary exhaustion
E h
Exhaustion
ti & fi
fixation
ti curve.
z Finally total amount of
dyes transfer from bath
to fiber.
z It is the total effect of
exhaustion and fixation.
Fixation phase
Level Dyeing Factor for fixation
z It has been claimed
that it is the determining
factor for ultimate PE X MI
dyeing. LDF (Fix) = ------------
SE
z It also ensure
reproducibility of dyes.
Fixation phase
Wash off (W)
z The amount of unfixed dyestuff to be
removed from the fabric.
z The more wash off, more difficult to control
the shade ii,e
e show less reproducibility
reproducibility.
z More wash off roughly shows amount of
hydrolysis of dyestuff.
Fixation phase
Final fixation
z Exhaustion & fixation curve
curve.
z Generally higher
functional group
ensures higher fixation
of dyestuff.
z Now it is important on
the effluent treatment z FF = SE - W
point of view.