Design shear stress in concrete τc N/mm2

Grade of
concrete 15 20 25 30 35
(Mpa)
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
pt 1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
25
 DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT WALL
Data Provided ENTER DATA IN THESE CELLS

1) Structural Parameters
Grade of concrete = M 25
Characteristic Strength of concrete = 25.00 MPa
Unit weight of Concrete = 25.00 kN/m3
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 25000.00 MPa

Grade of Steel = Fe 500

Yield Strength of steel = 500.00 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel = 2.00E+05 MPa

2) Soil Parameters
Total Height (H) = 7.80 m
Unit weight of soil = 20.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of water = 10.00 kN/m3
Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 160.00 kN/m2
Backfill angle ( i ) = 0.00 °
Angle of friction ( ф ) = 30.00 °
Active soil pressure = 0.33
Passive soil pressure = 3.00

A. Preliminary Design

Total height = 7.80

Clear Spacing of counterforts = 3.50 1/3H to 1/2H
Thickness of counterforts = 0.50 0.05H
Thickness of heel slab = 0.60 0.06H
Thickness of toe slab = 0.75 0.08H
Thickness of stem slab at base = 0.60 0.07H
Thickness of stem slab at top = 0.40
Height of stem = 7.05

For an economical proportioning of the length L of the base slab, it is assumed that the vertical reaction R at
the footing base is in line with the front face of the stem. For such a condition, (inclusive of stem thickness)

X = 2.60 m
Length of base slab = 4.75 m Change coefficient from 1.5-2
Length of toe slab = 2.15 m
Length at top = 2.20 m
Length of heel slab = 2.00 m

0.40 2.20

W3
7.05

W1

Pa

W2
H/3
0.60
W5
0.75 W4 0.60

2.15 2.60

4.75
B. Load Calculations and Stability Check for Static case

i) Calculation of dead loads

Area Distance Moment

Element Load (kN)
(m2) from heel (m) (kNm)

W1 3.12 78.00 2.40 187.20

W2 0.72 3.60 1.87 6.72
W3 15.84 316.80 1.10 348.48
W4 1.32 33.00 1.10 36.30
W5 1.61 40.31 3.68 148.15

Total 471.71 726.85

Distance of resultant vertical forces from heel = 1.54 m

ii)Stability Check against overturning

Stabilizing moment about toe = 1513.79 kNm
Force due to active earth pressure = 202.80 kN
Overturning Moment = 527.28 kNm
FOS for overturning = 2.58 > 1.4 Okay

iii) Soil Pressure at footing base

Resultant vertical load = 471.71 kN
Distance of resultant vertical load from heel = 2.66 m
Eccentricity ( e) = 0.28 m < L/6 = 1 Okay
The resultant lies within the middle third of the base
Minimum upward pressure at base = 63.72 kN/m2 > 0 Okay
Maximum upward pressure at base = 134.89 kN/m2 < 160 Okay

Variation of upward pressure

4.750

63.72
134.89

x (measured from toe) Pressure at base

0.000 m 134.89 kN/m2
4.750 m 63.72 kN/m2

2.150 m 102.68 kN/m2

2.750 m 93.69 kN/m2
4.500 m 67.47 kN/m2 1.75 m from face of stem
3.000 m 89.94 kN/m2 1.75 m from free edge for heel slab

iv) Stability against sliding

Coefficient of friction = 0.50
Sliding Force =202.80 kN
Resisting force (ignoring passive pressure) F = μR =235.86 kN
< 1.4 Not Okay
FOS for sliding = 1.05 provide shear key
Hence, a shear key needs to be provided to generate the balance force through passive resistance.

v) Uplift Check
Height of water for uplift = 1.50 m
Uplift presure = 15.00 kN/m2
Resultant vertical load = 471.71 kN
Downward pressure due to dead load = 99.31 kN/m2

FOS for Uplift = 6.62 > 1.4 Okay

C. Structural Design

Partial factor of safety = 1.50

i) Design of toe slab

 UDL of Self wt for toe slab = 18.75 kN/m2

Net pressure acting at toe end = 116.14 kN/m2

Net pressure acting at face of stem toe junction = 83.93 kN/m2

Overall depth of toe slab = 750.00 mm

Width of slab = 1000.00 mm
Provide Clear cover = 75.00 mm
Assume dia of rebar = 20.00 mm
Effective depth of toe slab = 665.00 mm

Design shear force at d distance from face of stem (Vu) = 222.83 kN/m
Design bending moment at face of stem (Mu) = 365.42 kNm/m

Check for Shear Force

Nominal shear stress (Tv) = 0.34 MPa
For Tc = 0.34 Mpa pt = 0.22% Calculate pt From IS:456 Table 19

Check for Bending moment

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.83 MPa

For percentage of steel

= 0.20%

Check with shear percentage

Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.22% OKAY

Ast required = 1476.30 mm2/m

Ast min = 900.00 mm2/m

Ast selected = 1476.30 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 20.00 mm
Spacing required = 212.80 mm
Provided spacing = 200.00 mm
Provide 20 mm dia rebar @ 200 mm c/c spacing at the bottom of the toe slab
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 200 mm c/c spacing at the top of the toe slab

Distribution rebar for temperature and shrinkage

Ast min= 0.12% of bD = 900.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm

Spacing required = 223.40 mm
Provided spacing = 200.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 200 mm c/c spacing at the top and bottom of the toe slab as transverse
reinforcement

ii) Design of heel slab

Design Assumptions for heel slab
a) Continuous beam assumption for 2m at free end
b) At fixed edge near stem, tributary area for net load acting on the heel slab is transmitted through cantilever action

UDL of Self wt for heel slab and soil above heel = 174.90 kN/m2

Net pressure acting at face of stem heel junction = 81.21 kN/m2

Net pressure acting at 1.75 m from face of stem = 107.43 kN/m2
Net pressure acting at 2m from free end of heel = 84.96 kN/m2
Net pressure acting at end of heel = 111.18 kN/m2

a) Design of heel slab for continuous beam action

Effective span of beam = 4.00 m
Overall depth of toe slab = 600.00 mm
Width of slab = 1000.00 mm
Provide Clear cover = 75.00 mm
Assume dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Effective depth of toe slab = 517.00 mm
Average loading on continuous beam strip with partial FOS, w u = 147.10 kN/m2

Design max negative BM in heel slab at counterfort location

Mu,-ve = 196.13 kNm/m
 Design max positive BM in heel slab at mid-span
Mu,+ve = 147.10 kNm/m
Design shear force
Vu = 181.37 kN/m

Design of top reinforcement (for -ve moments) at the counterforts

Nominal shear stress (Tv) = 0.35 MPa
For Tc = 0.35 Mpa pt = 0.24% Calculate pt From IS:456 Table 19

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.73 MPa

For percentage of steel

= 0.17%

Check with shear percentage

Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.24% OKAY

Ast required = 1220.12 mm2/m

Ast min = 720.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 1220.12 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 164.79 mm
Provided spacing = 150.00 mm

Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 150 mm c/c spacing at top of heel slab for 1.75 m from free end

For distance beyond 1m from free edge minimum rebar shall be provided
Ast min= 0.12% of bD = 720.00 mm

Dia of rebar = 12.00 mm

Spacing required = 157.08 mm
Provided spacing = 150.00 mm

Provide 12 mm dia rebar @ 150 mm c/c spacing at top of heel slab throughtout after 1.75 m from free end

Design of bottom reinforcement (for +ve moment) at mid-span of heel slab

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.55 MPa
For percentage of steel

= 0.13%

Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.13% OKAY

Ast required = 671.57 mm2/m

Ast min = 720.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 720.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 279.25 mm
Provided spacing = 275.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing at bottom of heel slab throughout

Distribution rebar for temperature and shrinkage

Ast min= 0.12% of bD = 720.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 12.00 mm

Spacing required = 157.08 mm
Provided spacing = 150.00 mm

Provide 12 mm dia rebar @ 150 mm c/c spacing at the bottom of the toe slab as transverse reinforcement

b) Design of heel slab for Cantilever action

Intensity of load at face of stem = 81.21 kN/m2
Intensity of load at 1.75 m from face of stem = 107.43 kN/m2
 BM in due to triangular loading = 252.75 kNm

Since the moment is distributed non uniformly across the width slab. For design, max moment intensity (in the
middle region) it is calculated as 2 times the average value

Design max BM = 144.43 kNm/m

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.54 MPa
For percentage of steel

= 0.13%

Check percentage of steel

Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.13% OKAY

Ast required = 659.05 mm2/m

Ast min = 720.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 720.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 279.25 mm
Provided spacing = 275.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing at the top of the heel slab

iii) Design of Vertical Stem

Design Assumptions for Vertical Stem
a) Continuous beam spanning between the counterforts assumption for stem
b) The cantilever action is limited to bottom region only with fixity at the junction of stem with base slab

Height of stem above base = 7.20 m

Intensity of pressure at base of stem with partial FOS = 72.00 kN/m2

a) Design of vertical stem for continuous beam action

AT BASE
Effective span of beam = 4.00 m
Overall depth of stem at base = 600.00 mm
Width of stem = 1000.00 mm
Provide Clear cover = 75.00 mm
Assume dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Effective depth of toe slab = 517.00 mm
Average loading on continuous beam strip, w u = 72.00 kN/m2

Design max negative BM in stem at counterfort location

Mu,-ve = 96.00 kNm/m
Design max positive BM in stem at mid-span
Mu,+ve = 72.00 kNm/m
Design shear force
Vu = 88.78 kN/m

Design of rear face reinforcement (for -ve moments) at bottom one-third counterforts
Nominal shear stress (Tv) = 0.17 MPa

For Tc = 0.17 Mpa pt = 0.15% Calculate pt From IS:456 Table 19

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.36 MPa

For percentage of steel

= 0.08%

Check with shear percentage

Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.15% OKAY

Ast required = 775.50 mm2/m

Ast min = 720.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 775.50 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 259.27 mm
Provided spacing = 250.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 250 mm c/c spacing on REAR face of the stem

Design of front face reinforcement (for +ve moment) at bottom one-third of stem
R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.27 MPa
For percentage of steel

= 0.06%

Provide minimum
reinforcement of
Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.06% 0.12%
Ast required = 324.24 mm2/m
Ast min = 720.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 720.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 279.25 mm
Provided spacing = 275.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing on FRONT face of the stem (upto one third
height above base)

AT ONE-THIRD HEIGHT ABOVE BASE

Effective span of beam = 3.95 m
Overall depth of stem at 1/3 from base = 533.33 mm
Width of stem = 1000.00 mm
Provide Clear cover = 75.00 mm
Assume dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Effective depth of toe slab = 450.33 mm
Average loading on continuous beam strip at one third height, w u = 48.00 kN/m2

Design max negative BM in stem at counterfort location

Mu,-ve = 62.42 kNm/m

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.31 MPa

For percentage of steel

= 0.07%

Provide minimum
reinforcement of
Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.07% 0.12%
Ast required = 323.31 mm2/m
Ast min = 640.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 640.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 314.16 mm
Provided spacing = 300.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 300 mm c/c spacing on both faces of the stem (in the middle one
third height)

AT TWO-THIRD HEIGHT ABOVE BASE

Effective span of beam = 3.88 m

Overall depth of stem at 2/3 from base = 466.67 mm
Width of stem = 1000.00 mm
Provide Clear cover = 75.00 mm
Assume dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Effective depth of toe slab = 383.67 mm
Ast min = 560.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 560.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 359.04 mm
Provided spacing = 300.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 300 mm c/c spacing on both faces of the stem (in the upper one
third height)
b) Design of vertical stem for cantilever action
Intensity of horizontal pressure at base of stem = 72.00 kN/m2
Intensity of load at 1.75 m from base of stem = 55.85 kN/m2

BM in stem base due to triangular loading = 114.20 kNm

Since the moment is distributed non uniformly across the width slab. For design, max moment intensity (in the
middle region) it is calculated as 2 times the average value

Design max BM = 65.25 kNm/m

Overall depth of stem at base = 600.00 mm

Width of stem = 1000.00 mm
Provide Clear cover = 75.00 mm
Assume dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Effective depth of stem at base = 517.00 mm

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.24 MPa

For percentage of steel

= 0.06%

Check percentage of steel

Provide minimum
reinforcement of
Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.06% 0.12%

Ast required = 293.51 mm2/m

Ast min = 720.00 mm2/m

Ast provided = 720.00 mm2/m

Dia of rebar = 16.00 mm
Spacing required = 279.25 mm
Provided spacing = 275.00 mm
Provide 16 mm dia (vertical) rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing on both faces of stem throughout the height of
stem

iv) Design of Interior Counterfort

Design Assumptions for Interior Counterfort
a) Counterfort acts as a T beam of varying section cantilevering out of the base slab
b) The design should include provision for beam action, provision for horizontal ties against separation from stem,
provision of vertical ties against separation of base

a) Design of counterfort for T beam action

Thickness of counterforts = 500.00 mm

Clear spacing of counterforts = 3.50 m
Span of T beam = 7.20 m
Depth of flange for T beam = 600.00 mm
Effective width of flange will be least of
bf = lo/6 + bw + 6*Df = 5300.00 mm
and bf = bw + clear span = 4000.00 mm

Each counterfort receives earth pressure from a width of, l = 4.00 m

Intensity of pressure at base of stem with partial FOS = 72.00 kN/m2
Design BM, Mu = 2488.32 kNm
Design SF, Vu = 1036.80 kN

tanѲ = 17.51 °
Dbase = 1907.36 mm

Overall depth of T-beam = 1907.36 mm

Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Rebar dia = 25.00 mm
Effective depth = 1819.86 mm
Approximate requirement of tension steel is given by assuming lever arm "z" to be larger of
z = 0.9 d = 1637.87 mm
z = d - Df/2 = 1519.86 mm

Therefore, Lever arm, z = = 1637.87 mm

 Ast required = 3492.50 mm2

No of bars = 8.00
Provide in 3 layers
Effective depth = 1769.86 mm
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df
The moment capacity is given by
Mu= = 32837.61 kNm
The section is singly reinforced and the NA lies within the flange

R=Mu/bd^2 = 0.20 MPa

For percentage of steel

= 0.05%

Check percentage of steel

Therefore, percentage of steel = 0.05%

Ast required = 3262.33 mm2

Ast min = 1504.38 mm2

Ast provided = 3492.50 mm2

Dia of rebar = 25.00 mm
No of bars = 8.00
Provide 8 nos of 25 mm dia rebar in 3 layers throughtout counterfort with 25mm dia spacer bar

b) Design of horizontal ties

Horizontal ties in counterfort serves as shear reinforcement against flexure shear in the counterfort and also as ties
resisting the separation of the stem from the counterfort due to the lateral pressure

AT BASE
Shear Reinforcement Requirement
Vunet = Vu - Mu*tanѲ / d = 593.32 kN
Nominal shear stress, Tv = Vunet / bd = 0.67 N/mm2
Percentage of steel, pt = 0.44%

Design shear stress in concrete, Tc = 0.465 N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement is provided for a shear force of

Vus = 181.42 kN
Assume 2 legged 10 mm dia stirrups
Required spacing = 666.59 mm
Provided spacing = 300.00 mm

Tie connection requirement

The tension resisted by the tie reinforcement is given by the lateral pressure on the wall multiplied by the tributary area.
At base the tensile force is given by
Direct tension, T = 288.00 kN/m
Reinforcement area required to resist this direct tension = 662.07 mm2/m
Assume 2 legged 10 mm dia stirrups
Required spacing = 237.26 mm

Final provided spacing = 225.00 mm

Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia horizontal ties @ 225 mm c/c

AT ONE THIRD HEIGHT FROM BASE

Ast required = 441.38 mm2/m
Assume 2 legged 10 mm dia stirrups
Required spacing = 355.88 mm
Final provided spacing = 300.00 mm
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia horizontal ties @ 300 mm c/c above one third height

c) Design of vertical ties

The connection between the counterfort and the heel slab is designed to resisit the tension arising out of the net
downward pressure acting on the heel slab. Considering 1m strip from free edge,
The average downward pressure is = 147.10 kN/m2
The average tensile force intensity, T = 588.40 kN/m
Reinforcement area required to resist this direct tension = 1352.64 mm2/m
Assume 2 legged 12 mm dia stirrups
Required spacing = 167.22 mm
Final provided spacing = 150.00 mm
Provide 2 legged 12 mm dia vertical ties @ 150 mm c/c upto 1m from the free edge
Increase the spacing of vetical ties to 175 mm c/c beyond 1m
coefficient from 1.5-2

Pa

H/3
ge for heel slab

< 1.4 Not Okay

provide shear key

> 1.4 Okay

OKAY
OKAY
Provide minimum
reinforcement of
0.12%

Provide minimum
reinforcement of
0.12%
Provide minimum
reinforcement of
0.12%
 FINAL DIMENSIONS OF COUNTERFORT WALL
Thickness of counterfort = 0.50 m
Clear Spacing of counterforts = 3.50 m
0.40 2.20

W3
7.05

W1

W2

W5
0.75 W4 0.60

2.15 2.60

4.75

REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED

1. AT TOE SLAB
Provide 20 mm dia rebar @ 200 mm c/c spacing at the bottom of the toe slab
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 200 mm c/c spacing at the top of the toe slab
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 200 mm c/c spacing at the top and bottom of the toe slab as transverse
reinforcement

2. AT HEEL SLAB
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 150 mm c/c spacing at top of heel slab for 1.75 m from free end

Provide 12 mm dia rebar @ 150 mm c/c spacing at top of heel slab throughtout after 1.75 m from free end
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing at bottom of heel slab throughout

Provide 12 mm dia rebar @ 150 mm c/c spacing at the bottom of the toe slab as transverse reinforcement
Provide 16 mm dia rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing at the top of the heel slab

3. AT VERTICAL STEM
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 250 mm c/c spacing on REAR face of the stem
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing on FRONT face of the stem (upto one third
height above base)
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 300 mm c/c spacing on both faces of the stem (in the middle one
third height)
Provide 16 mm dia (horizontal) rebar @ 300 mm c/c spacing on both faces of the stem (in the upper one
third height)
Provide 16 mm dia (vertical) rebar @ 275 mm c/c spacing on both faces of stem throughout the height of
stem

4. AT COUNTERFORTS
Provide 8 nos of 25 mm dia rebar in 3 layers throughtout counterfort with 25mm dia spacer bar
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia horizontal ties @ 225 mm c/c
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia horizontal ties @ 300 mm c/c above one third height
Provide 2 legged 12 mm dia vertical ties @ 150 mm c/c upto 1m from the free edge
Increase the spacing of vetical ties to 175 mm c/c beyond 1m