UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HERITAGE STUDIES

COURSE TITLE: MARKETING HERITAGE RESOURCES

COURSE CODE: HM 306

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DR. RICHARD BIGAMBO

DEGREE PROGRAMME: BACHELOR OF ARTS IN HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

NO NAME REG.NO

01 BAKARI, FATUMA 2017-04-05741

02 MOHAMED, MASHAKA 2017-04-11560

QUESTION; with elaborative examples define the following terms

a) heritage

b) cultural heritage and natural heritage

c) tangible and intangible heritage

d) heritage tourism

a) Heritage
 It is defined as the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had part of its

character (Oxford, 2015). Also according to Kashaga (2007) define heritage as everything

that has been handed down to us from the past. Heritage is considered as precious and

irreplaceable resource with collective identity and self respect (Smith, 1995).

Kershaw (1958) define heritage as the sort of inheritance of properties that passed down to

the current generation both in term of culture, traditions and physical artifacts. Also Hassan

(2014) define heritage as an inheritance, legacy from the past and what have to be pass to the

future generation.

UNESCO (2003) define heritage as our legacy from the past, what we live with today and

pass to the future generation.

According to Timothy (2006) heritage are categorized in considerations with the dual

manifestations in term of

i. Cultural heritage and natural heritage

ii. Tangible heritage and intangible heritage

iii. Movable heritage and immovable heritage

iv. Organic heritage and inorganic heritage

Also according to Henry (1989) heritage is categorized due to the sense of ownership and

control as it range from;

i. Family (clan) level

ii. National (state/ country) level

iii. International level.

And the elaborative examples of heritage from the family (clan) level includes;

i. The Makonde carvings (sculptures)

The art styles of carvings are strictly recognized throughout the globe as belongs to the Makonde

tribe, hence make it a part of their clan heritage.

ii. Iron smiths family

The technology were recognized by only few accepted at a certain family, others were strictly

forbidden even to get close to furnaces were iron smith activities took place.

iii. Traditional healers

iv. Witch craft

v. The miji kenda kaya forest in Kenya (now one among the world heritage site)

b) Cultural heritage & natural heritage

Cultural heritage refers to monuments, group of buildings and sites. Monuments consists of

architectural works, work of monumental sculptures, paintings, archaeological objects,

inscriptions, cave dwellings and other features that are of outstanding universal value from the

point of view of history, art or science. Group of buildings entail group of separate or connected

buildings which because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in landscape are

of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science. Sites include the

work of man or combined work of nature and man. And areas includes archaeological sites

which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or

anthropological point of view (UNESCO, 1972).

Cultural heritage are also viewed as cultural resources consisting of manifestation of human life

representing the particular evidence of the history including the materials things such as

monuments and sites which are physically represented in the landscape (Sullivan, 1995).

Examples of the cultural heritage includes Olduvai gorge, Laetoli, Amboni caves, Tongoni ruins,

Caravan serai, Kaole ruins, Zanzibar stone towns, Engaruka ruins and the ruins of kilwa and

songo mnara as to mention the few.

 Natural heritage

Are the natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or group of such

formations which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of

view. Also on the point of geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated

areas which constitutes the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding

universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. It also includes natural sites or

precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of

science, conservation or natural beauty ( UNESCO, 1972).

Natural heritage is also an important part of a society heritage encompassing the country side and

the natural environment, including the flora and fauna scientifically known as biodiversity as

well as geological elements and paleontological aspects scientifically known as geo-diversity

(and recently Ngorongoro conservation area has given new UNESCO status as Ngorongoro –

Lengai UNESCO geo-park), these kinds of heritage often serve as an important component in

attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally (Theobald, 1998).

Example of the natural heritage found in Tanzania includes the Ngorongoro crater, Serengeti

national park, mount Kilimanjaro, Amani nature reserve, Ruaha national park, Udzungwa

national park, Mikumi national park and Maswa game reserve as to mention the few

( Kakakuona, 2016).

Natural and cultural heritage in Tanzania are recently supervised and controlled by the ministry

of Natural Resources and Tourism and the ministry has got several department as to foresee the

national heritage resources including Antiquities department, wildlife department (division),

forest and bees department and tourism department (Kakakuona, 2016).

c) Heritage tourism

It refers to the set of activities of persons travelling to and staying in place outside their usual

environment for not more than one consecutive year and whose main purpose of travel is other

than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited (Lwoga, 2011).

It is also defined as visits by persons from outside the host community motivated wholly or in

part by interests in an enjoyable, to experience and educational way towards the historical,

cultural attractions, nature, artistic, scientific or lifestyle offered by a certain heritage at a

particular place (Henry, 1989).

There are many types, forms and classes of tourism designated on the basis of purpose of tourists

visit including leisure tourism, business tourism, adventure tourism, dark tourism, rural tourism,

sports tourism, health tourism, sex tourism as well as heritage tourism as to mention the few,

hence there are exists as many types of tourism as there diverse tourists purposes and activities,
tourism marketers, developers and tour operators are always innovate and creates special interest

tourism packages and name or brand them according to the targeted customers (Lwoga, 2011).

Then, heritage tourism is a form of tourism that enables visitors to experience authentic culture

in combination with nature, scenery, folklore, ceremonies, dances, rituals, tales, art, handicraft

and hospitality giving a unique insight into the way of life of the people while also enjoying

wildlife presence, scenic beauty and beaches ( Kashaga, 2007).

Heritage tourism is also termed as Diaspora tourism as a branch of tourism oriented towards the

cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring once it undertake travelling to

experience the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represents the stories and people

of the past( Timothy,2006).

Example of the heritage tourism includes the story and history of Great Zimbabwe, the pyramids

in Egypt, Olduvai gorge in Tanzania. Also the most notable architectural spectacles which

became the wonders of the world by then including, the great pyramids of Egypt, the great

lighthouse in Alexandria (Egypt), the colossus of Rhodes (Greece), the hanging gardens of

Babylon ( Mesopotamia, today Iraq), the statue of god zeus at Olympia (Greece), the great

temple artemis at Ephesus (Turkey) and the tomb of mausolus (Turkey).

d) Tangible and intangible heritage

Intangible heritage is intermingled with tangible heritage in the form of buildings, everyday

objects with costumes and presented in the heritage centres, ethnic cultural villages, museums

and along the heritage trail or routes ( Ivanovic, 2008).

According to Smith (1995) intangible heritage consists of non physical aspects of a particular

culture maintained by social customs, practices, aesthetic, spiritual believes, artistic expression,

language and other aspects of human activities.

Intangible heritage also stands to means practices, representations, expressions,, knowledge,

skills, instruments, artifacts and cultural spaces associated there with communities, groups or

individuals as their part. And hence intangible heritage comprises from the point of oral

traditions and expressions, performing arts, social practices, rituals and festive events,

knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe also the traditional craftsmanship

( UNESCO 2003).

Example of the intangible heritage includes the mwanahiti fertility doll of the Zaramo, body art

for the Makonde, the story of the great Lwanda Magere for the Luo in the Luo kingdom, the

narratives of ng’wanamalunde (mwanamalundi) for the Sukuma.

 Tangible heritage

The term tangible heritage refer in general to all the material traces such as archaeological sites,

historical monuments, artifacts and objects that are significant to a community, a nation and

humanity. And the term tangible is often used to distinguish such heritage elements from

intangible heritage (Hassan, 2014).

According to Hassan (2014) tangible heritage resources comprises attributes like buildings,

monuments, landscapes, beaches, work of arts and artifacts but also the flora and fauna which are

of ecological importance and stands as unique in a particular ecosystem at a certain destination

( for Tanzania we can point the plants like ebony (mpingo) and sandal wood, also animals like
black rhinoceros as to mention the few). And the above mentioned species of plants and animals

were on the 1994 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) of threatened species

on the red list including other mammals like African hunting dog, African elephant, leopard and

cheetah (Roodt, 2005).

Generally heritage and its associated matters in terms of cultural heritage, natural heritage,

tangible and intangible heritage should preserved and protected with utmost considerations due

to the value they hold in term of economic, social, cultural, aesthetic and even political values as

they promote superiority, prestige and identity. Apart from its significances there are several

challenges including natural and human challenges like earthquakes, floods, rise of oceanic level,

modernization in construction activities, staged authenticity, culture commodification and

negative attitudes toward tangible cultural heritage like graves which are also associated with

intangible perceptions.
REFERENCE

Harris, M. (2001). The Rise Of Anthropological Theory; A history of theories of culture.

Altamira press. Spain.

Hassan, F. (2014). Tangible heritage in archaeology. Encyclopedia of global archaeology.

Springer. New York.

Henry, F. (1989). Archaeological Heritage Management In The Modern World. Unwin hyman.

London.

Ivanovic, M. (2008). Cultural Tourism, Conceptual Analysis Of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia.

Kakakuona Tanzania wildlife magazine (2016).

Kashaga, A. (2007). Community Participation; conservation of cultural heritage. DUP. Dar es

salaam.

Lwoga, N. (2011). Tourism, meaning, practices and history. DUP. Dar es salaam.

Oxford advanced learners dictionary, 9th edition (2015).

Roodt, V. (2005). Travel And The Field Guide Of Serengeti National Park. Papyrus publications.

Pretoria.

Smith, J. (1995). Tourism Analysis. Longman group ltd. London.

Sullivan, M.A. (1995) Cultural Heritage. New Media.

Theobald, W. (1998). Global Tourism. Oxford; butterworth-hainemann. London.

Timothy, D. (2006). Tourism, Religion And Spiritual Journeys. Routledge. London.

UNESCO, (1972) . Recommendation concerning the protection at National level of the cultural

and natural hertage.

UNESCO, (2003). Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. Paris.