Those polyamides,which have aromatic six carbon rings in polymeric chain Main types of aramid fibers Technora (made by Teijin of Japan) Conex (made by Teijin) Kevler (made by Dupont) Nomex (made by Dupont) Good Qualities of fibers Good heat resistance High tenacity & modulus of rigidity Non flammability Greater sticking temperature Aramid dominate over glass fibers,and carbon fibers in all over the world market Stiffest &Toughest than even carbon and steel High modulus five times greater than polyester Excellent in tension Good chemical resistance Compactness and solidity of molecular structure In dry air,at 260C Aramid shrink only 2% By Sputter etching, depth of shade increased considerably DISADVENTAGES No substantivity to dyes No environment friendly Poor UV resistance Rapid loss of strength with flexing ,folding &flogging Low light fastness,even spun dyed yarn Very expensive Poor in compression than glass Main physical properties Melting poit371C Tenacity 5.3gm\den at 65%RH&70F Specific gravity of fiber is 1.38 Tg 275C Dying of nomex with Basic dyes Fiber (2dtex\50mm) Fabric form GSM (265g\m Washing Nomex in fiber form are washed in Vald henriksen FBK MACHINE. In fabric form,Walter Franke dying apparatus Recipe for washing Nonionic surfactant 1g\l Trisodiun phosphate dodecahydrate1g\l Liqour ratio 30:1 Washing condition Start at 40C &temperature raised to80C for 30 min Rinsing with hot and cold for 10 min Dying procedure Polycolor zeltex AG machine, used for dying Resipe Dye 2% o.w.f (Special dye, CI Basic 41) Sodium nitrate 20g\l Career benzyl alcohol 70 g\l Acetic acid 2.5g\l (60%) Liqour ratio 20:1 After treatment process Materials are treated with 2g\l nonionic surfectant for 20 min at 95C Acetic acid added to maintain PH to 3 Hot &cold rinsing Fixation was carried out fir 30sec at 200C Dyeing of Technora and conex with disperse dyes Three commercial disperse dyes are used 1)Terasel yellow3GW(CI Disperse yellow54) 2)resolin red FB(CI Disperse Red 60) 3) Resolin blue FB (CI Disperse blue56) DYING CONDITION Temperature 190 &time 60 min Dying machine Mini –colour (Texam GIKEN) Recipe Disperse dye (4-24%o.w.f) Dispersing agent (Disper VG) Nonionic surfectant 0.5g\l Acetic acid 0.2g\l & PH to4.2 Liqour ratio15:1 Dying temp is raised at 2degC\min Maintaining temp to 190C for 60 min Reduction clearing is carried out twice Dyeing of Nomex type430filament yarn Three commercial basic dyes are use for dying CI Basic blue54 (CIBB-54) CI Basic red29 (CIBR-29) CI Basic redGL22(CIBR22) Dyeing Procedure Weight of skein of yarn(2.5) Infinite Liqour ratio140:1 Commercial dyestuff (10% o.w.f) Using no career Temperature of dying range of 80 to 100C Approaches to improve dyebility of aramid fibers More polar solvent Pretreatment of liquid ammonia Using benzyl alcohol as carrier Pretreatment with liquid ammonia Pretreatment fibers with liquid ammonia,substantivity towards basic dye increase quite significantly Condition of pretreatment process Immersing 2.5g m-aramid in 100ml liquid ammonia Time 10 min &at 40 C Rinsing with hot and cold water Dependence of light fastness properties on pretreatment & dyeing procedure CI Basic fastness to light A B C Yellow 28 3 3-4 4-5 Orange 22 1 3 4 Red46 1 2 3 Red29 1 4 4-5 Blue 49 1 3-4 3-4 A : Without pretreatment, dyed without career B : Without pretreatment,dyed with 70 g\l benzyl alcohol C : Pretretment with liquid ammonia,dyed without carrier Conclusion Pretreatment of aramid fibers with liquid ammonia can not only increase substantivity for basic dyes,but also light fastness properties, as comparing with those of fibers dyed conventionally with basic dyes using career benzyl alcohol Effect of polar solvent on dyebility of aramid fiber These are three high polar solvents Dimethyl formamide Dimethyl acetate Dimethyl sulfoide
These solvents provide chemical energy to
fibers,permitting rearrangement of the polymer chain through breakage and reformation of interchain hydrogen bonding Factor of changing solvent diffusion in nomex fiber
1)Molecular volume
Mol vol = Mol.wt\r * 10 24\N
Where r is density N is Avogedro number 2)Temperature of corresponding to onset of shrinkage. Exhaust dyeing of treated nomex yarns Exhaustion of CIBB54 at 100C At 30 min Attaining max degree of structural modification Order of increasing exhaustion rate DMF<DMAc<DMSO In DMF,90% of dye liquor being exhausted after 4hours In DMAc&DMSO leads to very rapid exhaustion 95% of dye liquor being exhausted in 45 minutes Untreated yarns dyed according to commercial dying procedure in presence of Dymex career resulted in low exhaution45% of dye liquor Temperature dependence of exhaustion rate With DMF A slight decrease in rate occurs when treatment temperature decreases from 100 to 50C Considerable larger decrease in rate occurs on reducing temp of treatment to further to 40C With DMAc major change in exhaustion rate occurs between samples treated at 82.2&75C Influence of treatment time on exhaustion rate An increase in treatment time, leads to faster exhaustion rate Temp from 30 sec to 30 min,solvent diffusion And polymer interaction are considerably faster But exhaustion rate is unaffected Structural modification changes also depends on treatment time Conclusion Optimum condition of dying 100c and 30 minutes then substrate is readily dyeable in atmosphere pressure After solvent treatment ,loss of polymer chain orientation and \or formation of void takes place Solvent treated fabric leads to attain greater dyebility at expense of initial modulus and tensile strength Elimination of larger amount of careers Lower dyeing temperature and shorter dyeing time (significant benefit) Effect of varying liquid ammonia pretreatment time &dying temp pretreatment Dying K\S Wash fast- time temp VALUE -ness inC 0.2 130 12.1 3-4 5 130 12.4 3-4
10 130 10.8 3-4
30 130 11.0 3-4
30 100 10.6 3-4 Method of removing ammonia Rinsing Rinsing &drying Evaporation without rinsing Treatment Tensile strength Extension step mN\tex (%) A 270 48 B 230 64 C 213 47 D 222 27 E 243 43 A Raw fiber B; Pretreatment 15 min in liquid ammonia C; Pretreated fiber dyed with basic dye D; Untreated fiber dyed with basic dye using benzyl alcohol E; Untreated fabric dyed with basic but without career( Effect of pretretment and dying method on fiber strength and extension) Influence of sputter etching in shade of dyed fabrics The aramid fabric Technora dyed with CI Disperse54 etc, are treated by sputter etching and argon low-temperature plasma Sputter etching is effective I increasing color depth of dyed Technora As a decrease of L* for blue and red dyeing and considerable increase in C*for all three colors These effects on dyed Technora are slightly less with low temperature plasma treatment No significant effect on CONEX FABRIC Basic purpose of sputter etching is to produce deeper shade deeper and \or more vivid colors on dyed aramid fabric without actually increasing concentration dye Technora caused by sputter etching is thought to be due to formation of Microcrates during treatment that severely restrict the reflection of incident light Name of device used for sputter etching, Shinku-kiku RFS-200 Depth of shade is measured with colorEye MS2020 Spectrophotometer under illuminant D65 AND WITH 10 OBSERVER Spectrophotometer calculate value lightness L* and color difference E in CIELAB color space CONDITION OF SPUTTER ETCHING Pressure of 20 pa Power rating of 100 Wt Time of treatment from 30 to 300sec References JSDC Volume111 Mach 1995,page72 JSDC Volume 111 March 1995 ,page 111 TRJ April 1986, page 254 JSDC Volume 110 July\Aug , page228,1994 Encyclopedia of textile finishing by H.K.ROUETTE Man made fibers, page408 By R.W.Moncrieff www.dupont product.com