Islamic Studies Notes

Seerah of The Holy Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬ 3

As a model for an individual 3
As An Educator 7
As a Peace Maker 7
As a Military Strategist 7
Rolemodel for Diplomats 8
Concept of Islam 10
Deen vs Religion 11
Islamic Concept of Worship 11
Salaat 12
Saum 12
Belief in the Hereafter 12
Tauheed 12
Risalat 12
Angels 13
Human Rights 13
Women In Islam 13
Human Rights 13
Rights of Minorities 14
Dignity of Men and Women 14
Islamic Culture, Civilisation 14
Impact of Islam on the West 15
Important Muslim contributions 16
Current Scenario/Application to Pakistan 16
Impact of Islam on the West 17
Contemporary Challenges 17
Muslim World Today 17
Terrorism, Extremism and Fundamentalism 18
Sectarianism 18
Jihad 19
Public Administration and Governance in Islam 19
 Islamic Studies Notes
Islamic State Versus Modern State 20
Governance Structure in Islam 20
Revenue: 21
Legacy: 21
Application to Pakistan 22
Islamic Code of Life 23
Salient Features of Islamic System 23
Economic System 24
Revenue System in Islam 26
Social System in Islam 26
Political System in Islam 28
Judicial System of Islam 28
Legislative System in Islam (Sources of Muslim Law) 31
Deen and Religion 32
Islam and Modernity 33
Apostasy 33
Blasphemy 34
Acronyms 38
 Islamic Studies Notes

Seerah of The Holy Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬

Bio: Born Muhammad bin Abdullah in A.D.570 to Amina bint from her deceased husband
Abdallah ibn Abdul Mutalib of the Bani Hashim clan of the Quraish. He was not formally educated,
was a gifted archer and spent his youth grazing cattle or conducting trade caravans. At a time of
Arab ‫ جاھلیة‬he was known for his trustworthiness and truthfulness but otherwise had a largely
mundane, even though charming, charismatic and virtuous life till the age of forty when he formally
took up his mission as the final Prophet of Allah.

His last 23 years of life, 13 in Mecca and 10 in Madina are role models worth emulating by all
Muslims and non-Muslims alike due to the balance and beauty of his character and personality.

Not only is Prophet Muhammad worth following voluntarily, his obedience and emulation is also a
Koranic injunction (33:36) and a part of faith for every Muslim believer, be it a man or a woman.
This is precisely why the Quran stresses that the Prophet PBUH is very similar to common people
and his example can be emulated. It also stresses that the example of the Prophet is closer to
believers than their own selves (33:6)
Rotec
AS A MODEL FOR AN INDIVIDUAL

1 As a person:

Morality —
(Lings) — Sādiq & Amīn even before Islam — No allegations of wrong doing on him
Honesty —
(Naumani) — Khutba Abu Qubays —
His example followed by Sheikh AbdulQadir Jilani
Preach what you practice

Strong personal health and hygiene —

() — Miswaak — oiled hair — clean clothes — no projecting belly — healthy eating habits
Reputation —
(Farkhanda) — Neutrality and reliability — belongings of even enemies — Hajr Aswad
Sacrifice —
Feeding the poor — Shi’ib e Abi Talib
Articulation —
 Islamic Studies Notes
(2:83) — People would end up in tears when ‫ رسول ہللا ﷺ‬spoke about Islam —
Khutbaat —
Fortitude —
Taif — Abu Jahl in Mecca; he placed camel intestines on ‫’رسول ہللا ﷺ‬s back
during sajdah
Pleasant demeanour —
Quotation of Ali, et al.
Patience —
Jewish Medinan woman — Preaching in Mecca for 13 years
Perseverance —
“The best deed is one that is done consistently”; a Muslim “never loses hope”; 4 Marriages
Kareemi —
Sought mercy for even the hypocrites and did not reveal anyone’s hidden evil unless the
other manifests it

2 As a family person:

With his wives —

Equality of all wives, sought their permission, helped in household chores, consulted with
him, had healthy and loving marital relations, spent time with them and considered their enjoyment
and happiness, obeyed their advice out of affection. Eg: Ayeshaؓ and the funfair

With his children —

Love and affection, good upbringing and instruction, share in inheritance and fulfilment of
paternal responsibilities. Eg. Standing up for Fatimaؑ; lengthening sujood for Hussain; letting
Hasnain ride on his shoulders for Eid. Cried on the death of Ibrahim.

With his cousins, relatives, etc. —

Helped bring up Ja’far and Ali — arranged for education — Mawakhāt Incidence — Cried
on the deaths of Ja’far and Hamza.
With his slaves:
Treated them as he would treat family; equal privileges to himself; Eg: Kept Zaid so close to
himself that he adopted ‫’رسول ہللا ﷺ‬s name till Quran forbade adoption of surname

In his household:
Helped with work, groceries, sent all due payments, took care of expenses and carried out
repairs himself; shared the burden of maintenance and did not assert dominance or ruthlessness;
was caring, understanding and helpful
 Islamic Studies Notes

3 As a friend:
‫ رسول ہللا ﷺ‬was particularly fond of his companions — kept an eye out for them
and inquired if they suffered from any woes — Discussed personal as well as public matters
Eg: In Cave of Thaor;
Visiting others when they are sick is an act of charity

4 In society:

Protection of tradition —
Preserving old power structures, traditions as long as they did not conflict with Islam —
Custodianship of the Kaaba — tribal leaders etc.
Harbinger of innovation and dynamism
New Eid festivals — new approaches to POWs — women’s and slave’s rights — minority
rights — peaceful resolution of disputes — application of law to war
Just and fair —
Equality before law — everyone agrees to his decisions
Deference to Law —
Applied the law equally to himself as he did to others; did not seek special rights or
exceptions. Eg. Hadith about bringing his daughter Fatima to court; Case: Ali vs. Jew
Standing-up against peer pressure —
Did not give in to social pressure for acts that did not seem right to him; did not listen to
rumours, gossip or backbiting. Eg: Hazrat Ayesha Calumny
Maximiser of social utility over personal utility —
Sacrificed personal gain for social gain;
Fraternity with the whole society:
Shared economic woes with the rest of the society; no hoarding or utilisation of privilege;
joining everyones joys and bereavement and participating in communal events like building
the Masjid an-Nabawi
Acceptance of diversity:
Co-existence with Jews as one Ummah
Ready to protect his country and defend his nation —
‫ — حرب الفجار‬Ghazwaat —
Openness to dialogue and discussion —
Priests of Najrān — Jewish tribes — Quraysh at Hudaibiyya

6 As a professional:
 Islamic Studies Notes
Commitment:
Led all ghazwāt from the front; Taif; Did not abort his mission; migration; Hadith of Shi’ib
Abi Talib “If they place the Sun in my right hand and the Moon in my left…”
Consultation:
Salman Farsiؓ in Ahzaab
Consensus Building:
Badr — Bait Rizwan —
Equality of labour:
Ahzaab — Masjid Nabawi —
Equality of opportunity
Bilal

7 As a human:

EQ — Cared about the emotional sensibilities of governed minorities, disenfranchised and

marginalised groups — declared smiling an act of charity
Love —
Empathy to all living being — Reacted with anger at maltreatment of animals — declared planting
trees for birds acts of charity
Forgiveness —
() — Medinan old woman — Taif — Meccans after conquest — Hinda
Humility —
() — No palace and no protocol — Humble living conditions that seemed impoverished
even when he had plenty — No firewood and no extravagance
Fatimaؑ had no maids — Humility of the Rashidun
Mercy —
POW; Quraysh at Conquest“Today I will say to you what Yousuf said to his brothers”
Recognition of individual responsibility —
(4:84) —a person is only responsible for his own actions — one should do good whether
someone listens to him or not

8 As a Muslim

Moderation — Hadith I
Practiced what he preached
Perfect example in action — Quran Natiq
 Islamic Studies Notes
AS AN EDUCATOR
Ummi — 4 purposes [Recite, Explain, Practice & Correct]
Actions: Established schools like Dar Arqam and Suffa — encouraged secular study as well —
released POWs after getting children taught — linguistics and symantecs — Three causes of
arrogance — learning from foreigners —
Teaching Style: Easy language — repetition — Pauses — In accordance with mental level —
Halqa bandi — Use of diagrams — Hikmah —
Schools: Mosque Schools — House Schools [Arqam] — Hifz and Writing
Quran: Al-Alaq — Al-Rahman — ‫ربی زدنی علما‬
Ahadith: ‫( العالم و المتعلم شریکان فی االجر‬The teacher and the taught are both partners in the reward)
“Who does not consider the right of the scholar is not from my ummah”
“Death in the pursuit of knowledge is martyrdom”
Seek knowledge, even if the pursuit takes you to China”
“The ink of a scholar is more sacred than a martyr’s blood”

AS A PEACE MAKER
"If enemies incline to peace, you should also incline to it.”
MECCA vs MEDINA
Conflict avoidance Diplomacy
Fortitude against persecution Constitution-making
Non-Violence [Shi’ib e Abi Talib] Laws of War
Forgiveness [Taif]

Levels: Peace for the Individual — Within the family — In the Community — In the society — In IR
Basis of for peace-making: Treaties; Good Faith, Equity, Humility, Honesty (Anfal)
Jus ad Bellum: Justification of War [Fi Sabil Allah] —
Jus in Bello: Combatants [No use of fire] — Hors de combat [Ali] — POWs — Non-combatants
Jus post Bellum: Return of Corpses —
AS A MILITARY STRATEGIST
Laws of War:
Before the Prophet: Human Shields, Water Terror, No rules in war, massacres, Extremes
Today: IHL that is as good as the laws already laid down by Islam
Jus Ad Bellum: (2:190) Self-Defence; Eradication of Mischief; Against oppression (4:75)
Jus in Bello: (2:190) Restraint; 4 facets of IHL;
Jus post Bellum: (9:1) Restoration of Peace at first chance; (5:8) Justice;
Stance of the Prophet (S) about War and Peace
War is a necessary evil; the greatest victory is peace; war must be avoided at all costs
except the price of principles
Military Strategy:
 Islamic Studies Notes
Before the War: Preparation, Consultancy, Preemption, Advantage of Insight, Espionage
In the Battlefield: Troops’ organisation, military discipline, order and compassion, rules of
conduct; rules of non-combatants, rules for injured and dead, rules for the environment
[Hazrat Ali at Battle of Jamal]
After the Battle: POWs. Conclusion of Peace, Retribution and Restitution, Allies
Concepts:
Cantonments, guest houses and stables; effective line of communication
Principles:
No-first strike, unless in preemption — No undue reprisals — No selfish motives [Ali] —
Minimum suffering — Minimum loss of life — No environmental damage
Other Salient Features:
Military Positioning: Of the Prophet [Sufuf, Muqaddimah, Qalb, Maimana, Maysara, Saqqa]
Of Khalid Bin Waleed against Byzantines

Aarif 10
Naqeeb 100
Ameer 1000
Quaid 10000
Salaar All the Troops

Morale of Troops: Rijz

ROLEMODEL FOR DIPLOMATS

Diplomat (8:61)
The History of Diplomacy (before the Prophet) and diplomacy today
- Rules of War
- Rules of Peace
- Collaboration
- Realpolitik
“Muhammad might have come in the Arabs of the 7th century, but his diplomacy was indeed modern in all its aspects: its
focus on peace building, winning allies and encouraging collaboration”

Biography of RasulAllah as a Diplomat

Hilful Fudhul — Harbul Fijar — Migrations — Taif — Aqabah [Look before you leap] — Madina —
Meethaq — POWs — Hudaybia — Severing Hudaybia — Conquest of Mecca — Aamul Wufood

Aspects of His Diplomacy:

Dialogue over conflict —
Hudaibiyyah -
Internal Coherence and Consensus in Foreign Policy —
 Islamic Studies Notes
Bait e Rizwan — Khyber —
Positioning and Manoeuvring —
Fath e Mecca and show of power to elicit fear and subservience
Focus on Foreign Affairs —
Aam ul Wufood — [‫ وحی القلبی‬to Heraclius; ‫عبدہللا بن حزیفہ‬to Khusrau; ‫امر بن امیہ‬to Negus;
‫حاطب‬to Muqawqis]
Searching commonality and good speech:
Letter to Herqul and Muqawqis (Let us come to a word common to you and us that we
worship none but Allah) VS. Letter to Khusrow )Accept Islam as your religion so that you
may live in peace) VS. ٰ
Letter to Negus ( ‫عیسی ابن مریم روح‬ ‫اشہد ان‬
‫)ہللا‬
Meritocracy in Appointment:
Oration, Languages, Islam, World Affairs, Negotiation Skills, Patience, Personality

Norms Established by RasulAllah

Treatment of Diplomats — Pacta Sunt Servanda — Jure Bellum — State Responsibility — Darul
Zeyfan — Gifts & Respect

Heraclius Dahlia Kalbi

Negus

Maqawqis Hatib

Khusro Abdullah bin Salmi

Oman/Bahrain/Sham/Yemen Shuja and Muhajir

The Quran about ‫ رسول ہللا ﷺ‬:

(3:31) (4:80) (21:107) (33:36) (53:3-4)
(3:132) (4:84) (33:6) (33:40) (68:4)
(4:65) (8:61) )33:21) (33:45) (94:4)

Quotes on ‫رسول ہللا ﷺ‬:

Michael Hart — “My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world’s most influential persons
may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history
who was supremely successful on both the secular and religious level.”
 Islamic Studies Notes
Mahatma Gandhi — “When I closed the second volume (of the Prophet's biography), I was sorry
there was not more for me to read of that great life.”

Washington Irving — “His military triumphs awakened no pride nor vain glory, as they would have
done had they been effected for selfish purposes”

Dr. Ramakrishnan Rao — “There are so many aspects to the personality of Muhammad that one
can hardly understand them all”

Islam was spread by the efforts of proselytizers, not the sword. The image of an Arab fighter with
the Quran in one hand and a sword in the other is quite imaginary — J.W. Arnold

References

Martin Lings — Muhammad: His life based on the earliest sources

Khalid Alvi — Insān i Kamil
Shibli Naumani — Seerat un Nabi ‫ﷺ‬
Allama Waqidi — Futooh ash-Shaam
Ibn e Hisham — Seerah of the Prophet (S)

Concept of Islam

Definition of Islam Lexicology of “Islam” Opposite of Islam

“Indeed it is in the remembrance of Allah alone that the hearts of men find peace” — Quran

Characteristics of Islam Concepts in Islam

Universality [Temporal & Geographical] Tauhid & Risalat

Unity of Message Worship out of love
‘Sovereign Guarantee’ of Protection Qadr and Independence
Moderation Inherent/Inviolable vs Voluntary
Practicality & Balance of dunya & akhira Freewill
Belief & Action must work together Submission to the Supreme Will
Complete Manifestation of faith through 5 pillars
Original still preserved Reward & Punishment
Rational
Easy

ٓComplete: ‫ولقد صرفنا فہ ھذا القرٓان للناس من کل مثل‬

“Undoubtedly we have explained in this Quran every kind of similitude for man”
 Islamic Studies Notes
Accountability: “And whosoever has done an atom’s weight of good shall see it and whosoever has
done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it”
Perfection: 5:3
‫انا نحن نزلنا الذکر و انا لہ لحفظون‬
“It is we who have sent down the Quran and we who shall protect it”

DEEN VS RELIGION

Deen: Honour/Obedience/Judgement

Why do we need religion? Purpose — Order — Sociability — Coherence —a Continuity —

Guidance — Prayer — Morality — Knowledge — Accountability — Justice — Hope — Equality

Deen Religion
Dominant, elevated, supreme law An often private belief in spiritual things
Unique and the only way of life Man-made
Divine Commonplace and amendable
Targets both this world and the next focuses exclusively on one of the two
Develops reason & intellect Hostile to science as it proves it wrong
Monotheisitic Polytheistic
Responsibilities Only benefits
Power to challenge fate, life Fatalism

“Let there be no compulsion in the deen” (2:256)

“Verily the deen with Allah is Islam” (3:19)

)‫و من یبتغ غیرہ السالم دینا فلن یقبل منہ (ال عمران‬
”And whosoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted from him“

ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF WORSHIP

Worship = Ibadat: Defintion and Lexicology
Need — Purpose — Prerequisites — Methods
Distinguishing Features of Islamic Worship:
No intermediates (Ghashiya) — All-embracing (Smile & Wife) — Intentions Matter (Bukhari)
Flexible — Present across geography, time & space — Not restricted — Unified in Practices —

Quran:
And we have no created the Jinn and the Men for any purpose other than our worship.

Hadith:
‫ انما االعمال بالنیت‬i Verliy Actions are judged by intentions.

SALAAT

Definition — Lexicology — Importance — Legal Injuctinon — Timings — Differences —

 Islamic Studies Notes
Benefits and Impacts [Personal, Secular, Spiritual, Moral, Social, Political, National, Global]

Quran: 2:43 2:45

Hadith: Prayer is the Mairaj for a Momin Prayer is the key of heaven
The distinction between a Muslim and a Disbeliever is that of prayer

SAUM
Definition — Lexicology — History — Injuction for Muslims — Context — Purpose
Benefits and Impacts [Psychological — Moral — Empathetic — Medical — Philosophical — Social
(Honesty, Unity, Sympathy)— Economic — Political — Spiritual (Introspection, Commitment, Piety,
Restraint)]

Quran: Baqarah 183-4

BELIEF IN THE HEREAFTER

For the trained mind, death is but the next great adventure.
Need — In various other cultures & religions —

Quran: Maun
“How can you disbelieve when he gives you life and then takes it away and then resurrects you”
Hadith: “You will have to die like you sleep and you will have to get up as you awake”

TAUHEED
Definition — Lexicology — 3Types [Fizzaat in person; Fissifaat in attributes; Filafa’al in actions] —
Benefits — how it distinguishes Muslims

Quran: 2:163 And your god is the One God;

Hadith:
Quotes: ‫وہ اک سجدہ جو تجھ پر گراں گزرتا ہے‬ ‫ہزار سجدوں سے دیتا ہے ٓادمی کو نجات‬

RISALAT
Definition — Lexicology — Istafa — Finality

Distinct Qualities
Humanity: Kahf Teaching Ability:
Knowledge: Najm Leadership:
Authority: “Whosoever obeys the Model: 33:21
Messenger, obeys Allah” Oration:
Bounty: Ascribed, not achieved Judgement: Ahzab
[Anam 124] Humility: Wahington Irving
Infallibility:

Characteristics of Finality
Universality of Last Prophet Protection of the message [15:9]
Perfection of Message [5:3] Zenith
Anulment of previous laws [3:85]

Quran: 33:40
“Allah knows best whom to entrust with this mission and how to get it conducted”
Hadith: “I am the seal of the Prophets and there is no Prophet after me”

ANGELS
 Islamic Studies Notes
Jibrael Israfeel Kiran Katibin Ridhwan
Mikail Izrael Munkir Nakeer

Human Rights

WOMEN IN ISLAM
No religion has the compendium of women that have proved their mettle other than Islam.

Legal: Equality before law — Testimony —

Social: Marriage — Divorce — Dowry —
Political: Khadija — Ayesha —Zainab — Opinion — Vote — Freedom of Expression
Spiritual: Fatima — Rabia — Chastity — Respect — Honour
Economic: Transaction — Ownership — Property — Trade — Inheritance
Educational:

Historical Analysis: India — Athens — Romans —Jahiliyyah — English — America —

Demonisation of Eve in Christian Thought — Expectation of sacrifice in Hindu thought

The Western Paradox: Waves of Feminism: 1848-1919; 1960-1980; 1990-2010

Similar or equal? Implications of that decision
Dual Labour
The Islamic Alternative: They are garments for you and you are garments for them

Sunnah: Love for Fatima — Teaching them — Discussions — Marital life

Roles of Women in Islam: Child — Sister — Wife — Mother —

Legitimate Restrictions on Women in Islam: Leading prayers — Emotionality — Menstruation

Violations of Women Rights by Muslims: FGM in Egypt — Karo Kari, Wani, Quran se Shadi —
Afghan women — Saudi ban on driving and travel —

Relevant Legislation in Pakistan: Constitution [25 (2)] — Hudood Ordinance 1984

HUMAN RIGHTS
Definition — Types [Huqooq Allah & Huqooqul ‘Ibad] — Principles: Sacred —

Evolution in the World: Romans — Magna Carta — Enlightenment — Secularisation — 1776,

1948 — Myopic — Individual — Rights Without Responsibility (Pursuit of Happiness) —Amendable

Evolution in Islam: Meccan Era: Freedom of Expression

Meethaq of Medina: Freedom of religion; multiculturalism; plurality
Hujjatul Wida: Unity of Humanity; Equality; Welfare;
Rights: Own Body, Dependents, Poor, Property, State
Sunnah: Innocence until proven guilty
Caliphal Period: Welfare; Relief;

Human Rights: Equality (Nisa 1) — Life (5:32) — Property (Khutba) — Pursuit of

Happiness — Freedom of Religion (Kafirun) — Freedom of Conscience (2:256) — Justice and Fair
Trial (Quran)— Equality Before Law (5:8)— Right to Protest (Nisa) — Right to Privacy — Right to
Self-Governance

Human Rights in Pakistan:

 Islamic Studies Notes
RIGHTS OF MINORITIES

Definition: Religious — Ethnic — Cultural — Racial —

In Islam, only religious minorities qualify for minority status
Types: Contractees — Conquered — Zimmis

Rights: Life — Trade — Movement — Religious Practice — Property — Exemption from Military
Duties: Jizya — Loyalty and Duty to the State

DIGNITY OF MEN AND WOMEN

Honours:
Crown of Creation (Isra 70; Tiin) — Khilafat (Isra 70) — Amanat — Fitrah [Social Animal] —
ٗ
Ilm ((‫اسما کلھا‬ ‫ — و علم ٓادم‬Masjood e Malaik —

Responsibilities:
Obedience — Amanah — Duty and Responsibility —

Islamic Culture, Civilisation

Definition of Culture: Cooley

Categories: Ideology / Beliefs — Values — Accepted Customs — Rituals — Traditions and
Motivation — Language (Chief Vehicle) — Manners — Cuisine — Dress — Social Etiquette —
Music & Arts — Education — Habits
Characteristics: Learned, Abstract, Dynamic, Shared, Pervasive, Set and Cognizable
Culture is dynamic and evolving but to be considered a continuation, it must be palpably similar to its predecessor
Diversity:

Definition of Civilisation: Durant

In the myopic sense, a typical civilisation lasts 128 years as per the theories of Ibn Khuldun but
great civilsations may last longer. The Islamic civilisation has lasted longer — even after 1439
years it is continuing in some way or another whereas most of its contemporaries (Sassanian,
Byzantine, Coptic, etc.) have disappeared beyond recognition.
Constituents: Economics, Politics, Morals, Pursuits of Knowledge and Arts

Basis of Islamic Culture and Civilisation:

Tauhid — Hidayat from the Quran is for 1 .‫یوئمنون بالغیب‬. In Person 2. In Characteristics 3. In Worship
Universality — ‫“ — رب العالمین‬for all times and people” —
Pluralism — There is no Vatican, no authority — Religion is adaptable to the local within the frame
Eternal — “till the day of Judgement”
Brotherhood — Equality and Unity — Asabiyah
Conformity — Mutabiqa
Democracy — Raye Aama — Concept of Raiiyat
 Islamic Studies Notes
Devolved — Several levels of social structures [primary, secondary, tertiary]
Notion of Halal and Haram
Sovereignty and Property of God — Trust [Amanah]
Universal Vigil
Simplicity
Humanism
Major Examples: Modesty (Hijab)— Humility (Sajda) — Freedom (No Sajda Ma’boodi to
anyone other that Allah) — Homogeneity (Arabic as the common medium of prayer) — Deference
to Rasul Allah (Sunnah in matters of grooming, like beard) —

IMPACT OF ISLAM ON THE WEST

Throughout the ages:
1. Historical passageway
2. Preservation of Ancient Knowledge [Dar ul Hikmah, Bait ul Hikmah, Dar ul Tarjuma]
3. During Crusades
4. Through Andalus and Constantinople
5. Through Colonialism
In fields
1. Sciences: Astronomy [Circumference, Navigation], Mathematics [Decimals, Algebra], , Biology,
Chemistry, Philosophy, Poetry, Literature [1001 Nights; Gulliver’s Travels; Dante]
2. Academics: Regalia, Degree awarding (Fez to Oxford)
3. Governance: Welfare — Minority Rights —
4. Art and Architecture
5. Inventions: Paper — Gunpowder — textiles — Rice and Coffee — Water and Wind Mills —

IMPORTANT MUSLIM CONTRIBUTIONS

Field Person Books Contribution

Medicine Ibn Sina Kitab al Shifa; Kitab al Tareef

Kitab al Hikma;
Qanun fi Tibb
Astronomy Al Battani

Alhazen (Ibn Haytham)

Sociology and Economics Ibn Khaldun Muqaddima

Philosophy Al Farabi

Ghazali

Ibn Rushd Kitab Tahafa

 Islamic Studies Notes
Field Person Books Contribution
Al Kindi

Chemistry Jabir Bin Hayan

Al Razi

Mathematics Omar Khayyam

Musa Al Khwarizmi

Geology and Geography Al Biruni Kitab al Arz

Ibn Battuta

Optics Ibn Haytham

Ibn al Arabi — Mansur al Hallaj — Bayezid Bistami — Wahdat (al Wujood and al Shuhood)

CURRENT SCENARIO/APPLICATION TO PAKISTAN

We worry more of our life and other’s death; it should be the other way around

The Quran:
2:255 Ayat ul Kursi
3:110 ‫کنتم خیر ام ٍة‬
112 “Say He is Allah, the One. Allah the Eternal. He begets not nor is He begotten and there is
none comparable onto Him.
Nisa 1 ‫نفس واحدہ‬
ٍ ‫خلقکم من‬
Hujurat 10 ‫ انما المومنون اخوة فاصلحوابیں اخویکم‬The believers are but brothers, so make peace between
your brethren.
Hadith and Sunnah
Muslims:
“Two things in a Muslim may be kufr: one is to ridicule someone on their family genealogy. The
other is to bewail loudly the dead.”

Quotation:
Quaid e Azam: “It is a dream that Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. [We
belong to] different religious philosophies, social customs and literatures. They neither intermarry
nor interdine together and indeed they belong to two different civilisations which are based mainly
on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different…they derive
their inspiration from different sources of history. Very often the hero of one is the foe of the other.”

References:
 Islamic Studies Notes

IMPACT OF ISLAM ON THE WEST

Throughout the ages:
1. Greeks:
2. Early European traders
3. Colonialism
4. Contemporary World:

In Fields:
1. Education
2. Politics
3. Economics
4. Governance: Secularism
5. Culture:
6. Media

Contemporary Challenges

MUSLIM WORLD TODAY

Three types of Muslim community: All three face similar and different challenges
Daarul Islam — Daarul Ahd — Daarul Harb
Challenges:

Internal:

External:

Solutions:

Solution: (Ra’ad 11)

TERRORISM, EXTREMISM AND FUNDAMENTALISM

Definition: Terrorism vs Extremism vs Fundamentalism

Nature of Islam: Legitimate and Illegitimate Terror — Fundamentalism in moderation, peace and
piety — Extremism is forbidden in all cases Quran: (2:190) — (5:32) — (Kafirun) —

History of Terrorism in Islam: Lone Wolf Attacks [Hz Umar] — Rogue Elements [Ibn Muljim] —
State Sponsored Terrorism [Karbala — Harra] — Political Scoring [Umayyad End]
Medieval [Assasins — Mercenary Armies]
Modern Terrorism [Jewish Terrorism — Palestinian Use of Terror — Asymmetric
Warfare Against Western Imperialism — Homegrown Terrorism]
History of Extremism in Islam: Hazrat Usman — Hazrat Ali‫[ ٴ‬Jamal & Nahrawan — Takfeer and
Khwarij] — Modern Extremism [Scripturalism — Anti-colonialism — Arab
 Islamic Studies Notes
Nationalism — Soviet and American Interests — Impact of the Jewish Lobby —
“Radical Islam” — Fidai Attacks — Radical Definition of “Enemy” — No Rules War ]
History of Fundamentalism in Islam: Very strong — Grew Weak — Revived after events like:
Karbala (Practice) — Ghazali (Metaphysics) — Mujadid Alf Thani (Belief) —
Creation of Pakistan — Islamic Movements [Ikhwan/Tableeghi Jamaat/Dawat
Islami]
Causes: (Benazir)
Impact: Individuals: Loss of life, property and peace of mind
Families: Loss of livelihood
Communities: Minorities
Country: Economic downturn; law enforcement; breach of human
rights;
Interfaith perceptions: “Radical Islam” and “Islamophobia”
World: Rescinding globalisation
Solutions: As individual Muslims
As Muslim Society
Duties of Scholars: Publicising the understanding of the Quran (2:190)
Duties of the State Internally
Duties of the State Externally
Duties of the World Community: Constructivism, not realism or liberalism

SECTARIANISM
Like political parties in the US, developed out of political beliefs that eventually embraced local values

(3:103) “You do not have anything to do with them” (3:105) (Rum)

A. Caliphal Dispute
B. Jamal & Siffin
C. Karbala and Mukhtar Thaqafi
D. Jurisprudence
E. Imperial Politics and Impact on Sectarian Development
F. Colonial Divide and Rule based on Sects
G. Contemporary Geopolitics and the perverse exploitation of sects

Various Islamic Sects and Breakaway Religions

1. Khariji
2. Shia: Zaydi/Ithna Ashari/Ismaili Nizari/Ismaili Bohra/Ismaili Alawi
3. Sunni: Madhahib
4. Ashari vs Mu’tazili
5. Ahmadiyyah/Qadiyani
6. Bahai

Sectarianism in Pakistan:
1. British Legacy
2. Anti-Qadiani Riots of 1950s
3. Radicalisation in anti-Shia sentiment against Bhuttos
4. Zia era Radicalisation [Gilgit Massacre/Sharia Laws]
5. Iran-Iraq War, Iranian Revolution and the Divergence of Interests [TNFJ, ISO]
6. End of the Soviet and Kashmiri Jihads: Rise of Siba Shaba, LeJ, Sipah Mohammad

JIHAD
“Armed struggle against oppression, waged legally and officially in the name of Allah”
Types: 1. Bin Nafs 2. Bil Maal 3. Bil Qalam 4. Bis Saif
Israr Ahmed talks of a fifth: Jihad bil Quran, that is all encompassing
 Islamic Studies Notes
Jihad with the Sword is the last option — even when it is waged, it is to be averted for as long as
possible. Although in history we only get to read about wars that Muslims fought, it is often
overlooked that war even when an army had been dispatched, they presented three / four options:
1. Accept Islam 2. Pay Khiraj 3.Evacuate (If they were posing a threat) 4. Fight

Legal Basis: Treaty requirements or severance — Emancipation of oppressed or threatened

Muslims — Self-defence — Preemptive Strike Sanction: Islamic government

Principles: Islamic laws of war will apply — Human Rights will not be abused — Civilian, Non-
Combatant and Hors de Combat will not be targeted — Plunder will not be a motivation — Last
Resort — Diplomatic Immunity — Minimise Damage

Argument of the Terrorists:

Refutation of the Argument: Harabah, Fitna and Jihad

Nuance between Haraba (Violent and Tangible) and Fasaad (Social and Intangible)
Hiraba: Terrorism — Rape III — Highway Robbery — Dacoity — Interest Taking
Fasaad: Slander — Rumourmongering — Disorder — Rebellion —

Public Administration and Governance in Islam

Public administration is the science of management applied to state affairs. In Islam duties involve
formulation of public policy, implementation, ensuring upholding of Shari’a, social cohesion
(‘asabiya) and law of the land, by implementing swift justice and effective punishment. It’s
principles include Khilafat, Shura, Trust, Justice, Accountability and Dispute Resolution and
duties of the Chief Executive (Khalifa) include: (Haj 41) including social equality, religious freedom,
public Shariah laws, impartial justice (5:08), Rights of the oppressed (Nisa 75), simplicity.

Khilafa (Leadership): Khilafat & Malookiat — Umar to Salman — Abubakr’s First Sermon
Shura (Concensus): “Consult them in Affairs” —
Hasbah (Accountability and Universal Vigil): A) Before Allah B) Before the people — record
keeping, open courts at hajj, Muzalim courts and Secret investigations; public can challenges
holders of public office
Methods: Criticism or Complaint — Dismissal — Financial Punishment — Individual
Amaanat (Trust): Umar to governor of Yemen; Abu Bakr and clothes of Muhammad; focus on
welfare — Excellence (Muslim)
Massaleh (Dispute Resolution): Zaid and Zainab
Adalat (Justice): Ali before court
Other Characteristics:
Power Tree and Devolution of Power from Individual to God ((‫راع‬
ٍ and men like tazkiyatu shahud

ISLAMIC STATE VERSUS MODERN STATE

 Islamic Studies Notes

Islamic State Modern State Exemple Gratis

Sovereignty Belongs to Allah Belongs to the People People can be fallible;

Legislative Authority Legislative Body, under
the strict discipline of the
Quran and Sunnah
Popular Mandate Constitutionalism,
through vice-regency of
the masses
Evolution Possible but ordered
the Sovereign can’t
Legislative Body alone “The British Parliament
has every power, even to
declare a man a woman
and a woman a man”
Majoritarianism through
vote
Superfluous

Criteria for Public Strict character and Popular mandate

Office ability judgement (largely)
Creation/Ideological Divine Westphalia, other wars
Roots and human pacts
Minority Rights Secured and protected Only in line with majority Holocaust etc are
will possible in the western
system, but not in the
Islamic one
Accountability Public and Judicial Ombudsman

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE IN ISLAM

WGI Characteristics: SC- Rule of Law - Efficiency of Government - Quality of Regulation -
Accountability and Voice
Characteristics of the Early Islamic State: Simple — Dynamic — Adaptable — Vigorous

REVENUE:

Central subject collected by Aamil and maintained by Khaazin; variable depending on conditions
[major breakthrough]
Sources: Zakat, Ushr, Khums, Jizya, Fai, Kharaj

LEGACY:
Before Islam: Fighting tribes — No Rule of Law — Tribal Security — Limited Alliance
Islam: Constitution — Permanent Federation — Ideology — Sovereignty to Allah
RasoolAllah — Meritocracy, Taqwa and Capability as a Dual-Standard, Consultation, Conflict
Resolution, Financial Institutions, Rules of War and Peace, Diplomatic Norms, Military Expediency,
Role of the Mosque, Secretariat, Education as a State responsibility

Imam Ali — Naila, Jamal (656), Siffin (

 Islamic Studies Notes

Abubakr — Advisory Council, Constitutionalism, Rigidity in collection of Zakat, Writ of State,

Secretariat (Ali, Usman, Zaid bin Thabit, Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah, Umar, working at the mosque),
institution of Mosque and Minbar strengthened, Federalism [Provinces: 10 Arab - Madinah,
Makkah, Taif, Sana, Hadramaut, Khaulan, Zubaid, Jund, Bahrain and Najran; 3 Iraqi, 4 Syrian],
Continuation of Policies [Laskar e Osama, Yamama, Zakat]Governor head of religion and
administration with ‘Amil, Qazi.

Umar —
Judicial Reform: [Institutionalisation]
Executive Reform: Oath taking [Turkish horse, fine clothes, sifted flour, porter and locks],
Bureaucracy Reform: Caliph - Wali - Katib - Katib Deewan - Sahibul Khiraj/Ahdath/Baitul Mal -
Qadhi, Mazaalim courts,
Military reform [Regular and Temporary/Reserved; Cantonments of Kufa, Basra and Fustat;4/4
formula for vacations]
Social Reform [punishment for alcohol abuse, welfare, pension, tax collection, Ghazali],
Other Reforms: Communication Revolution, Expansion, Calendar and measures standardisation,

Usman — Chosen from 6; died on 18th Zilhaj 35 — Expansion to Merv, Tus — Navy —
Infrastructure — Uprisings —

APPLICATION TO PAKISTAN

The Government has lost its writ in terms of religion and must regain it. The infrastructure,
authority, popular opinion, ideological and political leverage are all present — but to realise the
dream of a fort of Islam, Pakistanis must be dynamic in relating Islamic principles and duties to the
modern state.

For example:

The Executive Must lead matters of faith (Ameer ul Momineen)

The Judiciary Justice must be prompt and punishment should meet its 3 goals
The Exchequer Must focus on redistribution; must oppose circular, national or conditional debt
and utilise the existing resources of the state; taxation must get precedence
over national debt
The Parliament Laws should be in accordance with Islam: the problem is that law makers are
not experts, parliamentary committees are also not experts and the council of
Islamic Ideology is neither democratic nor empowered
The Media Right to information is a fundamental right of every citizen in the muslim state
Bureaucracy Devolution of power (‫)كلكم راع وكلكم مسئول عن رعيته‬
 Islamic Studies Notes

The Quran:

Tauba:5 ‫فاقتلواالمشرکین۔۔۔فان تابوا و اقاموا الصلوة و اتوا ازکوة فخلواسبیلہم‬

And kill the disbelievers…unless they repent and establish pryer and pay Zakaat; then let
them go.
Haj 41 And there are those who if We give them authotity in the land they establish prayer and give
zakat and enjoing what is right and forbid what is wrong.

Hadith and Sunnah

Bukhari:
• “”‫راع و کلکم مسئول عن رعیة‬
ٍ ‫ کلکم‬Each one of you is a shepherd or guardian and you will be asked
about your flock”
• When sending Muaz bin Jabal to Yemen, Rasul Allah said, “You are going to the people of the
Book, so invite them to the Kalima, after that prayer and after that Zakat, which will be taken from
their rich and given to their own poor (and not send elsewhere)
• ‫“ لیس بینھم بین ہللا حجاب‬The madhloom has no hijab separating him and Allah”
•
Quotation:

• Abubakr Siddiq: “If I do something according to the Quran and Sunnah then follow me
and if I get detracked then make me right”
“Hudood…
• Ali (to Malik Ashtar) “Let me remind you once again that you are made responsible to guard the
rights of the poor and to look after their welfare.”
• Iqbal: Juda ho deen se siyasat tou reh jati hai changezi

References:

Islamic Code of Life

 Islamic Studies Notes
SALIENT FEATURES OF ISLAMIC SYSTEM

Amanat — the concept of trust: Everything is a trust: government, power, authority, property
even our time and our body are a trust from Allah. We are accountable for them.

Universal Vigil: Everyone is a ra’i and will be asked about their dependents and subordinates

Work is worship! A man can have nothing except what he strives for. There is no conception of
an isolated monk or sage in Islam. Even a saint or a sufi has to stay within society and contribute.
[Story of the man who prayed in the Mosque of the Prophet]

ECONOMIC SYSTEM
At the Golden Mean —
The rich are entitled to earn and profit, but also mandated to spend and contribute more than
others towards the circulation of wealth in the society

Taxes are only applicable on free and sane adult Muslims who are solvent. This is in sharp
contrast to the modern ways of taxation in which tax is deducted as long as the taxpayer is not
broke.
Taxation is not progressive, so it does not discourage savings and growth, but it has a nisab
requirement which makes it poor-friendly. They are deductible at source.

PUBLIC Vs PRIVATE
Governmental Revenue Property, Investment, Labour

Zakat (2:40) and (9:60)

growth and purification; Wakf: Endowments for equitable
right of poor; Five pillars of Islam; distribution of wealth and protection

Nisab: 7.5 tola gold; 52.5 tola silver;
after 1 year, on non-personal items
Ushr: 1/10th of agricultural produce
Two types of produce
Nisab: 1 ton
Khums:1/5th on spoils, minerals
and treasures
Fai: Land and wealth taken from non-Muslims
Kharaj: Lease revenue [Khyber and Misr]
Fixed and proportional types
Half of all produce
Jizya: Compensation tax for protection and
citizenship rights by Dhimmis
For adult non-Muslim males who do not
fight on behalf of Islam
Exemptions: Females; kids; old; sick; priests;
slaves; poor; insane; military servants
Not applicable if Muslim State fails to protect
In lieu of zakat and military service
Others: Nawaib; Umarian Import Duties;
Revenue of public enterprises or properties
owned by the Baitul Mal and Waqf properties
Licence income, income from enemy or rebel
property
Can a Modern State levy Islamic Taxes?
Can an Islamic State levy Modern Taxes?
Types of modern taxes: Customs, Gift, Wealth, Property, Capital Gains
Criteria for collection: Just Need — the tax must not be exploitative or wasteful
Emergency
Islamic Studies Notes
of charitable, academic and socially
responsible efforts
Charity: Sadqah, Khairat, Hadiya
Wealth: Wealth is created by labour
not by interest / speculative investment
Property: All property belongs to Allah
and is a trust bestowed by him which is
why is must be handled responsibly
redistributed according to Islamic law
Terra Nullis is owned by whoever
harvests it
Unproductive Wealth Generation:
Usury is forbidden by law and called
“War against God and His Apostle”
Loans must be interest free or against
collateral
Responsibility to Earn: (Najm)
Duty to Spend: (Baqara 3)
Restrictions: Riba — Hoarding —
Theft — Khayanat — Usurpation
 Islamic Studies Notes
Just Application
Inadequacy of Zakat etc. to solve a particular issue
Permissibility: Quranic requirements of 1. The State 2. The Rich 3. Spending of ‫عفو‬
(Superfluous wealth); Umar’s expansion of Zakatable items to include horses

The Quran:
9:60 The alms are only for the poor and the needy and those who collect them and those whose
hearts are to be reconciled, and to free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah,
and (for) the wayfarers…..”
2:219 And they ask you what they should spend. Say: Superfluous wealth

Hadith and Sunnah

Nawaib — esp at Tabuk
Umar’s expansion of Zakat to include horses

Quotation:

References:

REVENUE SYSTEM IN ISLAM

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

SOCIAL SYSTEM IN ISLAM

Social System: The complex interaction of individuals, groups and institutions forming a congruent
whole body politic with their own specific social fabric.
 Islamic Studies Notes
Islamic Social System: A system where sovereignty belongs to Allah and law is received directly or
inspired from divine revelation. It’s characteristic principles include: equality, justice, dynamism,
cohesion, fulfilment of duties, encouraging good and forbidding evil.

Objectives: Role allocations [social, economic, gender, institutional]; regulating the family
as the building block of society and first point of a child’s socialisation; mutual rights and duties.

Family - the Building Block: A group of persons related by blood or legal commitment of
matrimony. Give me good mothers was started by Islam [Ali and Umul Baneen]. Marriage is a
matter that is simultaneously legal and divine — it is the only relationship that creates a bond as
strong as blood ties, or even stronger. Parenting has two aspects — being a child and being a
parent. Parents must be respected and kids must be loved and brought up well. No concept of old-
age homes and leaving the homes of the parents. Child’s right of Azaan, Aqeeqa, education,
necessities of life and inheritance. Neighbourly and Kin Relations are the basis of community
living: 40 houses of neighbours and first right of near of kin. Rights of the People ‫ حقوق العباد‬are
sacred and a trust bestowed by Allah.

The Quran:

(2:208) “O you who have believed, enter Islam completely.”

(5:2) “And cooperate in righteousness and piety and do not cooperate in matters of sin
and aggression”
(9:71) “And the faithful men and women are friends of each other”
(49:10) “Surely the faithful are but brothers…”
(49:13) "Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you”
(17:23) “And your Lord has commanded … goodness to your parents. If either of them
reach old age with you say not to them (even) “ugh”… speak to them a generous word”
(Teen 4)
Bani Israel 70

Hadith and Sunnah

- ‫ال یدخل الجنت قاطع۔‬

- Muslim:
- “The best among you is the one who is best to his family and I am the best among you to my
family”
 Islamic Studies Notes
‫ومن رائ منکم منکر فلیعیرہ بیدہ‬ -
And whosoever from amongst you sees an act of evil, stop it with your hand; and if that is not “ -
possible then with your tongue and even if that is not possible then in your heart, and that is the
”weakest degree of faith

- Tirmidhi:
- “Charity given to a poor person is an ordinary charity but chairty given to a relative serves two
purposed: one is charity and second is act of upholding kinship”

- Abu Dawood:
- “Allah did not make anything lawful more abominable to Him than divorce”

- Bukhari:
- Three times mother
- “He is unfortunate!” “Who gets his parents in old age and yet cannot make a place for himself
in heaven.”
- I know of no other deed that brings people closer to Allah than kind treatment and respect
towards their mother.”

- “Anyone whose neighbour is not safe from his misdeeds is not a true believer”

Quotation:

References:

POLITICAL SYSTEM IN ISLAM

Unity of Politics and Religion — Ideology is the cornerstone —
STATE SOCIETY
Caliph — Shurah — Judiciary —
Governors —

Method of Selection of the Caliph: Common denominator = B’ayet

1. Abubakr: Consensus [Like the contemporary selection of Secretary General of the UN]
2. Umar: Nomination [Like internal selection in political parties, like Liaquat Ali succeeded Jinnah]
3. Usman: Parliamentary Vote [like Presidential Election in Pakistan]
 Islamic Studies Notes
4. Ali: Popular Support [like modern elections]

The Quran:
Yusuf — (Tiin:8) —
Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF ISLAM

Key tenet — Eternal — Essence: There is no need for people to dispute when Allah and His
Messenger retain the right to settle their disputes justly
Justice is:
A characteristic of God, and hence a priority for the Vicegerent of Allah
A trust upon the State, the Judge and the individual
Divine Theory + Prophetic Injunctions + Practical Demonstration + Years of Jurisprudent Practice =
Islamic Law

Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence— Innocence until proven guilty; difficulty of proving guilt and
severity of punishments
Removal of causing factors in order to discourage crime in the first place

Evolution: Ādam —> Musa —> Bani Israel —> Muhammad Rasul Allah —> Judges [Utab bin
Asyad, Muaz bin Jabal and Ali] —> Caliphate and Separation of Powers by Umar —> Jurists —>
Abbasids and Office of Chief Justice —> Muslim Judicial System

Jurisdiction: Universal but enforceability in Muslim ruled lands on matters pertaining to Muslim
interest. Internal matters of other religions dealt by their own courts and laws eg. Millet System of
Ottoman Empire

Types of Islamic Law: Sharia: Hadd, Qisas, Ta’zeer —

Quarters: Rituals, Sales, Marriages, Injuries
Islamic Criminal Law: Apostasy, Blasphemy, Gambling, Zina but also Fitna and Harabah
Sins, crimes against Muslims, crimes undermining society
 Islamic Studies Notes
Hudud: Zina, Theft, Qisas, Defamation — Requires: Confession or
Witnesses Equivalent to US Determinate punishments and Constitutional
Law
‘to deter, not to carry out’
Ta’zeer: The judge under Islamic Law is not bound by precedents, rules, or
prior decisions as in common law.
Qisas: For retribution; can only be claimed by the wali; can be replaced with
Diyyat
Types of Murder: Civil Crime — Crime Against the State — Crime Against God (hadd)
Punishment: 5 characteristics for deciding punishments:
Deterrence and Retribution, Incapacitation and Rehabilitation, and Restitution.

5 features of implementing punishments:

Intense — Consistent — Prompt — Popularly Upheld — Discourage Escape

Judicial Qualification: Maturity — Health — Lack of Vested Interest — Insightful — Learned

in Religion and Logic, History and Judgment — Prestigious and Revered — Impartial — Sane —
Free — Muslim — Male [Abu Hanifa] —

Precedents: Ali appearing before court — Hajj open courts by Umar — Provincial Judges —
Separation of powers

Pakistan: Hybrid — Islamic: Constitution, Intentions and Manifest Popular Will, Criteria of judges
and public office holders (Article 62, 63), theoretical equality
— Un-Islamic: Alternative rules available to circumvent Sharia — Sharia courts are
an auxiliary body whereas the mainstream judicial system is not Sharia bound — Speed of justice
— Cost of justice is too high — Practical inequality before law —
Qisas & Diyat Act 1990

Suggestions: Qisas for Acid Attack but not as Vani or Sawara

The Quran:

2: “There is no compulsion in religion”

4:16 And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you punish them both
 Islamic Studies Notes
4:141 “Allah will never grant the disbelievers a way over the believers”
5 :42 “Judge between them with justice. Verily Allah loves those who act justly”
5:45 “Eye for an eye” except with Qisas
16:89 “The Book explaining all things”
18:54 “We have explained in detail in this Quran, for the benefit of mankind, every kind of
similitude”
36:58 “So judge between the people in truth and do not follow desire as it will lead you astray”
[JS

Nahl 90 “Indeed, Allah orders justice and good conduct and giving to relatives”
Kafirun: “To you your religion and to us ours” [JS

Hadith and Sunnah

• Muaz bin Jabal
• “Seek refuge of Allah from the rule of children and the leadership of children”
• Narrates Amr ibn al-‘As:
• “If a judge gives a judgement using his best judgement and is correct then he
receives a double reward. If he uses his best judgement but makes a mistake then he
receives a single reward”
• Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be
worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas
for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts
from Islam (apostate) and leaves the Muslims.”
• Qisas: Daughter of Al-nadr’s incisor
• Abudawood: No Qisas for blasphemer — Jewess and the slave-girl
•

Quotation:

References:
Mohammad Al-Ewa of Egypt
 Islamic Studies Notes
Ibn Taymiyya’s take on Tazeer

LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM IN ISLAM (SOURCES OF MUSLIM LAW)

Quran:

Sunnah:

Ijmah: “to resolve to firmly so something, especially doing it together” — “it is the agreement of all
the mujtahids of the muslims in a particular age after the death of Messenger (PBUH) upon a
scriptural ruling regarding a particular occurrence” —
Hanafi and Shafi’i allow it — Malikis restrict it to residents of Madina and Hanbali restrict it to the
companions of the Prophet.
For Hanafis it is binding

Ijtehaad: Striving “reasoning or the exercise of judgement” Legality: Muaz bin Jabal
History: Sahaba — Caliphs — Ayesha and Ibn Abbas —
Madhahib: Hanafi: Qiyas is the 4th source and based on the Quran
Shafi: Based on Sunnah
Malik: Based on the Mawatta and practice of the Madinans
Hanbali:Based on the Musnad
Restrictions: Only things not mentioned in the Quran or clearly established in the Sunnah
Closing of Ijtihad: To save the Sharia from disintegrating
Methods: Qiyas (Analogy) — Istihsan (Equity) — Istislah (Public Goods) — Istidal (Inference)
Examples:
Qualifications of a Mujtahid: Adult Muslim who is an expert of Quran, Sunnah, Tafsir, Fiqah and
technical aspects of contemporary matters

Modern Proposals:
Parliament — World Islamic Ijtehad Council [modelled on the ILC] — Academy of Islamic
Jurisprudence — Codification of Modern Juridical Opinions [Like Academic Journals]

References:

Deen and Religion

Dark Ages and Jahiliyyah are marked by a separation of ‘aql and dīn; we see the same thing today
If knowledge doesn’t teach you acceptance of the abstract then it has failed.

The Quran:
3:19 ‫انا الدین عند ہللا االسالم‬
Verily the religion with Allah is Islam
 Islamic Studies Notes
3:85

5:3 Today I have perfected my favour upon you, completed my favour upon you and chosen for
you Islam as your Deen

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:
“Religion is not against Nature, but man’s musings might be” — Martin Luther
“Religion is a belief in spirituality” - E B Taylor
“When man answers all the questions of science, he comes to the more important questions and
realises that human intelligence and spiritual cannot be satisfied without religion” — Ghamidi

References:

Islam and Modernity

Dark ages and the modern age have one commonality: the divorce of ‘aql and dīn
Worship, Oration and Love have all become shallow
Fig [100] Progression of the intellect

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:
Syed Qutb: Islam and Crisis of the Modern World

APOSTASY
 Islamic Studies Notes
“the wilful renunciation of Islam or fundamental tenets of Islam”
No apostasy case between Ridda Wars and 11th century CE
Apostasy = High Treason; hence reprehensible
Modern Debates:
Apostasy vs Fitna’ Apostasy vs UDHR and Freedom of Conscience
Muslims charged with Apostasy: Al-Hallaj — Ibn Taymiyya — Dara Shikoh — Salman Taseer —
Iqbal — Jinnah
The Quran:
5:33 The punishment for war against Allah and His Apostle is execution or crucification or
incapacitation or exile
Surah Ghashiya: So remind! You are only a reminder. You are not a controller over them. He who
turns away and disbelieves, Allah will punish him with Azaab al Akbar.
Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:
Wael Hallaq, Cambridge University - Book on Sharia

The Quran:
5:33
Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:
Ibn Hazm: Rape is also Hiraba

BLASPHEMY
Is as old as Islam itself.
Was earlier by Kufaar and then the Jews of Medina —
 Islamic Studies Notes
Cases: Abu Lahab & his wife — Medinan old woman — Medinan trash woman — Slave girl
(Qisas) — Hallaj —
In Pakistan: 1300 cases since 1987; zero convictions

The Quran:
Surah 33: Azaab in this world and the next — kill them all
Hadith and Sunnah
• Abudawood: No Qisas for blasphemer — Jewess and the slave-girl
Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:
 Islamic Studies Notes

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:
 Islamic Studies Notes

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:

The Quran:

Hadith and Sunnah

Quotation:

References:
 Islamic Studies Notes

Acronyms

SCLERA: Characteristics of Good Governance