ARBE4102: Lecture 7|

Introduction to Building Services and

ARBE4102
HVAC
2020

Dr Sittimont Kanjanabootra
2020

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Building services
L7
1. HVAC
2. Vertical transport
3. Water systems
4. Fire protection
5. Electrical
6. Integration
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Objectives
L7
1. The purpose of having HVAC
2. Natural and mechanical ventilation;
3. Thermal load or cooling load estimation;
4. The principles of air conditioning and
chiller;
5. HVAC design guide for high rise building
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Content
L7
1. Why HVAC are needed?
2. Ventilation;
3. Thermal load or cooling load;
4. Air conditioning and chiller;
5. HVAC plants design guide; and
6. Tutorial question
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Why HVAC are needed?
L7

To provide comfortable indoor environment

1. Indoor air quality; and
2. Thermal comfort: Thermal comfort is affected by
heat conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporative
heat loss. Thermal comfort is maintained when the heat
generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate,
thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the
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surroundings. (Woollett & Rimmer 2014)

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Indoor air quality
L7
Why is IAQ important?

On average, people spend

more than 70% of time indoors
eg. Office Home School
Commuting. Those heat and
smell that our bodies release
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into the air need to be taken

out.
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Indoor air quality
L7
Good IAQ can: Poor IAQ may lead to:

• Safeguard our health • Discomfort and ill health

• Contribute to comfort and • Higher absenteeism & more sick
well-being leave
• Improve productivity at work • Lower work performance
• Increased staff turnover
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Indoor air quality
L7

Acute effects Chronic effects

• Irritation of the eyes, nose, (exposure for years)
and throat
• Allergies • Respiratory diseases
• Headaches
• Heart disease
• Dizziness
• Cancer
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• Fatigue
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Two main broad categories
L7
Sick Building Syndrome Building Related Illnesses
(SBS) (BRI)
•Non-specific symptoms:
Irritation and itching of eyes, •Clinically diagnosed illnesses
nose, & throat
•Allergic reactions:
Running & congested nose
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Flu-like symptoms
Headaches caused by fungi
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Poor concentration •Legionnaires’ disease

•Long-term cancer risk
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•Symptoms disappear
once leaving the building.
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What causes Indoor Air Problems?
L7
1. Indoor pollution sources release gases or
particles into the air.
2. High temperature and humidity levels
increase concentrations of some pollutants.
3. Inadequate ventilation increases indoor
pollutant levels.
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Ventilation
L7
• Natural ventilation
• Mechanical ventilation
• Hybrid ventilation
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Natural ventilation
L7
Some concepts
• Natural ventilation is ventilation
without the assistance of fans or other
mechanical air moving equipment.
• Natural ventilation uses no energy or
little energy therefore reduces building
running costs. Simmonds, 2015

• Two effects (to produce pressure

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difference) must be considered in

natural ventilation – wind effect and
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stack effect.
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Natural Ventilation – Wind Effect
L7 Wind establishes a pressure difference across the building – higher pressure at the windward side
and lower pressure at the leeward side
Air entering through openings in the windward walls, and leaving through openings in the leeward
walls
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Stack effect – Chimney effect
L7
Air moves naturally due to the buoyancy effect when a temperature
difference exists and less dense air rises. This is called the stack effect.

How to enhance chimney effect ?

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Guidelines help to improve natural ventilation:
L7
1. shallow plan forms are better than deep ones
2. an airtight building envelope minimizes unwanted air
infiltration
3. trickle ventilators provide controllable background
ventilation
4. openable windows provide controllable and draught-
free ventilation
5. precise control of local ventilation should be allowed
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to the building occupants (Simmonds, 2015)

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Barriers of natural ventilation
L7
•Noise from outdoor
•Dust and air pollution
•Draught prevention
•Knowledge of the users about how to take the
best advantage of natural ventilation
•Fire control regulations
•Problems with automatic controls in openings
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•lack of suitable, reliable design tools

• etc
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For Australia, are there any other barriers?

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Mechanical ventilation
L7
Concept: Mechanical or forced
ventilation is the process of supplying
and removing air by means of
mechanical devices, such as fans. It
may be arranged to provide either
supply, extract or balanced ventilation
for an occupied space.
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Supply Ventilation System
L7

Fresh air is supplied to a space

from outside as shown below;
this air provides oxygen for
breathing and ventilation for
occupants. The room is
“pressurized” by the fan so air
exhaust to the outside
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Binggelli, 2016 p 237

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Extract ventilation system
L7
The principal function of an
extract ventilation system is
the removal of an unwanted
contaminant, whether it is
solid, gaseous or thermal.
Air is extracted from the
space and replaced by fresh
air entering from outside; the
space is under negative
pressure; therefore air is
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naturally drawn into the

building as shown below.
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Binggelli, 2016 p 237

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Balanced Ventilation Systems
L7
A balanced system enables full control of ventilation to be achieved by the use of separate
mechanical supply and extract systems. Usually the supply air is a little more than the extract air
to maintain a slightly higher pressure inside than the outside. This minimises infiltration which
reduces the likelihood of draughts.
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Duct work
L7

Design guides
• Distance
• Size
• Shape
• Direction
• Equipment
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http://panelduct.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Range-Layout-1024x695.png
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Duct work
L7
Rectangular duct
• Occupy a small space (height)
• Can be fabricated on-site
(relatively easy fabrication)
Circular duct
• Low flow loss (friction)
• Better rigidity and strength
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• Large space needed for

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installation ( > diameter)

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Diffusers
L7 It is difficult to supply or extract air
at low level in rooms because
draughts may result from low-
level supplies and vertical
ductwork in rooms is not generally
feasible.

Therefore it is a usual practice to

supply or extract air from the
ceiling, but this means that air
velocities at diffusers must be
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sufficient to ensure adequate

mixing within the space otherwise
short-circuiting of grilles may
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occur.
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Filter
L7
Regular cleaning or replacing is needed
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Individual versus centralize system
L7
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Types of ventilation fan: small
L7
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Fantech.com
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Types of ventilation fan: large
L7
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Fantech.com
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Fan selection
L7
Fan Power Output

Fan power output is the power delivered to the

air by the fan. It is a function of the fan air
volume flow rate and the fan total pressure.
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Wf(W) = QΔPt/ηf
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How do we know?
L7
1. How much air do we have to take out / put
into the building?
2. How big is the duct?
3. How big is the diffuser?
4. How big is the fan?
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Ventilation Rates
L7
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See detail in tutorial material

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Recommended ventilation rates
L7 Ventilation requirements for fresh outdoor air (ASHRAE 62)
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Ventilation plant room
L7
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Ventilation plant room
L7
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Ventilation plant room
L7
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Thermal load or cooling load
L7
Load Estimation
Thermal load: The amount of heat that must be
added or removed from the space to maintain the
proper temperature in the space
When thermal loads push conditions outside of the
comfort range, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) systems are used to bring the thermal
conditions back to comfort conditions (mainly in
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terms of temperature and humidity).

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Load Estimation
L7
Load Estimation is to:
• Calculate peak design loads (cooling/heating)
• Estimate likely plant/equipment capacity or size (duct size, fan, etc)
• Provide information necessary for HVAC design e.g. load profiles
• Form the basis for building energy analysis

In load estimation, we need to consider:

• Building characteristics (components, materials, height, location,
orientation, external shading, etc)
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• Pattern of use and efficiency of services (how the building is used)

• Weather data and outdoor design conditions
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• Indoor design conditions (variables to be controlled in a permissible

range)
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Load Estimation
L7
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Load Estimation
L7
• UAΔT formulation
• Numerical method
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Load Estimation
L7
Positive value means heating is needed
Negative value means cooling is needed (heat need to be removed)
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Load Estimation – heat loss (for heating)
L7
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Load Estimation – heat loss (for heating)
L7
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Load Estimation – heat loss (for heating)
L7
Another example: A simple building is 4m long by 3m wide by 2.5m high. In
the walls there are two windows, each 1m by 0.6m, and there is one large
door 1.75m by 0.8m.

The construction has the following U-Values in W/m2.K: windows 5.6; door
2.0; walls 2.5; roof 3.0; floor 1.5.

The inside environmental or comfort temperature is maintained at 18 C while

the outside air temperature is 6 C.
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The volumetric specific heat capacity of the air is taken to be 1300J/m.K.

There are 1.5 air changes per hour (ACH).
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Calculate the total rate of heat loss for the building under the above
conditions.
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L7

(1) Fabric heat

losses:
Pf UA T
Element U-value Area (m2) Temperature Rate of heat
W/m2.K difference (K) loss (W)

Windows 5.6 1.2

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Door 2.0 1.4

Walls 2.5 35-2.6=32.4
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Roof 3.0 12
Floor 1.5 12
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Total rate of fabric heat loss
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L7

(1) Fabric heat

losses:
Pf UA T
Element U-value Area (m2) Temperature Rate of heat
W/m2.K difference (K) loss (W)

Windows 5.6 1.2 12 80.64

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Door 2.0 1.4 12 33.6

Walls 2.5 35-2.6=32.4 12 972
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Roof 3.0 12 12 432

Floor 1.5 12 12 216
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Total rate of fabric heat loss 1734.24W
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(2) Ventilation heat loss
L7
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(2) Ventilation heat loss
L7
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Load Estimation – Heat Gain
L7 The previous analysis on heat loss is for heating load estimation. For cooling purpose, Eq. (3)
and (4) become heat gains, as the outside temperature is higher than the inside (heat is
transferred from the outside to the inside)
In addition heat conduction through the fabrics and heat transfer via ventilation, solar
radiation (particularly through windows), heat release from occupants /electronic devices
also contribute to heat gains.
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Load Estimation – Heat Gain
L7 Heat gain through windows –
Depends on the latitude, orientation, season, cloud conditions, angle between the sun and the
building surface, nature of the building materials.
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Load Estimation – Heat Storage Effect
L7 Nature of the building materials affects the heat gain of the buildings.
Concepts of thermal admittance and thermal mass(related to thermal storage)

The thermal storage effect

is considered in cooling
load estimation using the
cooling load temperature
difference method (CLTD) –
data from handbooks.
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Thermal mass
L7 Thermal mass is a term to describe the ability of building materials to store heat
(thermal storage capacity). Building materials that are heavyweight is able to
store a lot of heat and thus is said to have a high thermal mass.
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Load Estimation –
Heat Gain
L7
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Load Estimation – Heat Gain
L7
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Principles of air-condition and chiller
L7
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https://image.slidesharecdn.com/allabouthvac-160211174059/95/all-about-hvac-system-created-by-mg-cooling-solutions-11-638.jpg?cb=1455212599
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Typical AC units – Window type
L7
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AC unit – split type
L7
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AC unit – split type
L7 Small capacity modular units of direct expansion
type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
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Centralized Air-conditioning
L7
system equipment

1. Chiller / Condenser
2. Chiller water pumps
3. Colling tower
4. Air-cooled chiller
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5. Air handling unit / fan-

coil unit
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Binggelli, 2016 p 237

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For large or tall buildings
L7
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Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant (50
– 250 TR)
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For large or tall buildings
L7
We need bigger system and the complication
begins
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For large or tall buildings
L7
We need bigger system and the complication
begins
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Air conditioning for high-rise building: Chiller
L7
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghDJRVp2l
Ho&list=PL3E245D9208CE1E5A&index=3
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Chiller / condenser
L7
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Size and how many units is determine by engineer.

Don’t forget electrical/ water/ ventilation service provision to chiller plant

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Weight is also important

http://blog.pes-solutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Waterchiller-e1421340771703.jpg
63 Chiller water pumps and pipes
L7
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Size and how many units is determine by engineer.

Don’t forget electrical/ water/ ventilation service provision

Weight is also important

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Colling tower
L7
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Size and how many units is determine by engineer.

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Don’t forget electrical provision

Weight is VERY VERY important

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Air-cooled chiller
L7
Size and how many units is
determine by engineer.

Don’t forget electrical provision

Weight is VERY VERY important

Air Cooled Chiller - How they work,

working principle, Chiller basics
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https://youtu.be/Ic5a9E2ykjo
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Air-cooled chiller
L7
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http://webmanuals.lennoxeurope.com/out%20of%20produ
ction/Chillers/Air_cooled_chillers/ECOLOGIC_(WA)/Install
ation%20and%20op.%20manual%20%20(IOM)/CHILLER
%20AIR-IOM-1106-E.pdf
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Air handling unit / fan-coil unit
L7
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But duct work for air-

conditioning system has
to be insulated - space
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is crucial
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Air handling unit / fan-coil unit
L7
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Assessment of Refrigeration
L7
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Assessment of Refrigeration
L7
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Assessment of Refrigeration
L7
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Assessment of Refrigeration
L7
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Assessment of Refrigeration
L7 Remember we talked about
cooling load calculation
earlier and the unit is Watt
(W)

You can convert that (W) to

TR by using this converter

http://www.unitconversion.or
g/power/watts-to-tons-
refrigeration-
conversion.html
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So we can find Q
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Assessment of Refrigeration
L7

For accuracy,
this details will
be determined by
engineer
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HVAC Systems and Plants Design guide
L7
1. Prepare space / (rooms) schedule (tables)
2. Determine each space / (rooms) requirement
a) What is the function à what is ventilation requirement à What is Air
Condition requirement
3. Calculate all ventilation load in each space
4. Calculate all heating/cooling load in each space
5. Determine type of ventilation equipment according to 2.a
a) Determine space for each ventilation equipment
b) Determine associate ventilation system power provision
6. Determine type of heating and cooling equipment according to 2.a
a) Determine space for each heating and cooling equipment
b) Determine associate heating and cooling system power provision
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c) Determine associate heating and cooling system water provision

d) Determine associate heating and cooling system ventilation provision
7. Inform associate project team members regarding your requirements.
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Considerations for Assignment
L7
What NEED to be discussed in the assignment 3 about HVAC
included;
• Ventilation system for resident units, what type of system?,
where will they be located?
• Ventilation system for common area ground floor, basement,
what type of system?, where will they be located?
• Air conditioning / heating for resident units, what type of
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system?, where will they be located?

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Considerations for Assignment
L7
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Air conditioning and chiller
L7
Air conditioning principles
1. How air conditioning work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MiQCBIx1mM&feature=fvwrel
2. Graphic presentation of the refrigeration cycle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSmaXrj6u9A&feature=related
3. Air conditioning principles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghDJRVp2lHo&list=SP3E245D9208CE1E5
A
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Further Reading
L7 Articles and web resources
o Woollett, J. and Rimmer, J., 2014. Active and Passive Beam o Wood, A. and Salib, R., 2013. Natural Ventilation in High-rise
Application Design Guide. Brussels: REHVA-Federation of European Office Buildings: An Output of the CTBUH Sustainability Working
Heat ing, Vent ilation and Air Conditioning Associations. Group: CTBUH Technical Guide. Routledge.
o Simmonds, P.E.T.E.R., 2015. ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, o Binggeli, C., 2016. Building systems for interior designers.
Supertall, and Megatall Building Systems. American Society of John Wiley & Sons.
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta,
GA, USA.
o Santamouris, M. and Wouters, P. eds., 2006. Building ventilation:
the state of the art. Routledge.
o Kavanaugh, S.P. and Rafferty, K.D., 2014. Geothermal heating and
cooling: design of ground-source heat pump systems.
o HOWELL RH, S.H., 1998. Principles of heating ventilating and air
conditioning.
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 End of Lecture
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Thank you for attending!

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