THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

DOM
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: MR KIMARIO

COURSE NAME: PHYSICS PRACTICALS

COURSE CODE: PH126

NATURE OF WORK: INDIVIDUAL LAB REPORT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: /05/2019

SUBMISSION DATE: 0/06/2019

NAME OF STUDENT: ZEBANGA ARISEN F,

REGISTRATION NUMBER: T/UDOM/2017/15902

DEGREE PROGRAMME: BSc EDUCATION

EXPERIMENT 01: THE OSCILLOSCOPE

PAGE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER2: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………. .4

CHAPTER3: THEORY………………………………………………………………..5

CHAPTER4: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………. 8

CHAPTER5: DATA COLLECTED…………………………………………………10

CHAPTER6: DATAANALYSIS………………………………………………...........12

CHAPTER7: DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………17

CHAPTER8 :PROBLOME SOLVING…………………………………………………18

CHAPTER9:CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..19

CHAPTER10: REFERENCE………………………………………………………….20
CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION

Oscilloscope is an the electronic instrument widely used in making electronics measurements it

is mainly used to graph an electrical signal as it varies over time .most scopes produce a two
dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis.

Example of oscilloscope graph display (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on the
horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis.

In addition to those fundamental features may scopes have measurement tools which help to
quickly quantity frequency, amplitude, and other waveform characteristics, In general
oscilloscope measure both time based and voltage based characteristics .

In time characteristics there is frequency and period where frequency is defined as number of
times per second a waveform takes. While period is time taken to complete one wave circle.

In voltage characteristics there is example amplitude which measure of the magnitude of the a
signal. There are variety of amplitude measurements include peak to peak amplitude which
measure the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak
amplitude on the other hand measure how high or low a signals.

CHAPTER5: THEORY
Oscilloscope is essentially a cathode ray tube (CRT) combined with appropriate circuitry so that
it may be used as voltmeter , to measure an unknown voltage applied to the horizontal plates .

Consider on the structure of oscilloscope below

The combined effect of the time varying vertical deflection and horizontal sweep is a voltage
against time plot on the screen. therefore when you turn the knobs on the oscilloscope that
are marked VOLTS ∕DITV (VERTICAL DISPLAY) and TIME ∕ DIV (HORIZONTAL DISPLAY ) this
amounts sets up the voltage at vertical and time in horizontal axes as one would plot a voltage
against time graph on graph paper.

Consider AC sinusoidal signals in this part in which voltage signal is characterized by voltage
amplitude V M , a peak to peak voltage v p − p which is twice the amplitude, a period T which is
the time for one complete cycle and a frequency f which is the number of cycles per second
measured in hertz.

Also theoretically voltage root mean V rms is related to voltage amplitude Vm as

Vm
V rms =
√2
 Where

v P− P=2V M

1
T= f Therefore when there is need to uncover information like frequency noise
amplitude and any other characteristic that might change over time you need an oscilloscope.
For example below is the displaying signal voltage oscilloscope from where these properties
can be found

Also the main purpose of oscilloscope is to graph an electrical signals as it varies over time
where most of the scopes produces a two dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and
voltage on the y- axis as follow
CHAPTER 6: METHODOLOGY

APPARATUS USED

Oscilloscope (v ), resistor (R) , Square signal generator(SSG) , digital Multimate (DMM),

capacitor ( C ), Ground (GND)

APPARATUS SET UP

Diagrams

PROCEDURES

.Procedures 1 the oscilloscope was set in such the way that sweep generator ( Time/Division
knob) was connected to H IN or X-Y followed by setting volt /Division knobe to 2volts per
division and ground.

.Then an oscilloscope was turned on by turning variable knobs on the Time /Div and volts /Div
clockwise until when they gave click into position.

. In part 2 measurement of a DC VOLTAGE the circuit was set in such that DC power supply was
connected to 10Ω resistor by setting voltage to DC at about 4voltage with oscilloscope above.

.Then the voltage across R using DDM was recorded then after ground GND was deselected
and again resistance was measured across R. also the polarity of voltage across R was reversed
and observations was made to see what could happen to the signal on the DMM and
OSCILLOSCOPE

In measurement of AC voltage in part 3 sine square wave generator SSG was located while off
and output terminals of SSG was connected to the DMM and to the voltage in put terminals of
oscilloscope, this was done while the negative side of SSG was was connected to the ground
terminal of the oscilloscope.

From the set AC circuit the highest possible level range of frequency was selected to be 100HZ
when the output voltage all the way down was zero.

By then the sine square wave generator SSG was turned on and observation was made to
output voltage ,from this observation peak to peak voltage was recorded of the voltage signal
using the oscilloscope together the voltage was recorded by DDM.

From there the sweep generator was taken off of X-Y and Time /Div knob was increased while
signal displayed. And the period was recorded
In last part 4 square wave voltage was applied to RC circuit where resistor R was supplied by a
decade resistance box set at the 1000Ω and Capacitor was supplied by capacitance box set at 2F

Then the SINE/ SQUARE Switch on the SSG was set to square and the frequency set to 100HZ
and the time variation of the capacitor was observed.

Finally the frequency and the capacitance were varied and the effect was observed on the
capacitor voltage the same applies when the resistance was varied the effect was observed at
capacitor voltage.

.
 CHAPTER 7: DATA COLLECTED

Part 2 measurement of a DC voltage

Voltage at resistor V Voltage when ground Voltage when reversed V

removed V
4 4 -4

Part 3 measurement of a AC voltage at 100HZ

Peak to peak voltage Vp-p (V) at capacitor Voltage V M amplitude

10.8 5.57

Part 4 square wave voltage applied to an RC circuit at 1000Ω, capacitance C= 2Fand frequency
=100HZ

Voltage obtained µV at capacitor Time period s

4.35 57.65

When frequency 50HZ and capacitance 1F voltage and time period were

Voltage obtained µV at capacitor period s

17.63 1.955

At varying resistance to 500Ω , capacitance 2F and frequency 100HZ

Voltage V rms Voltage V M Period s

25.134µV 35.06µV 55.66s

VM
From V rms =
√2
ButV M =¿ 35.066 µV experimentally

35.06
Therfore V rms = =25.13 µV
√2
 DISCUSSION

From the experimental results obtained using oscilloscope the experiment part two
measurement of DC voltage was achieved when using digital multimeter DDM and oscilloscope
and it was of the same value this implies that both multimeter and oscilloscope can be used to
measure voltage as they can function as one thing when they are used in experiment one can
use either to have the same result .Also it was observed that when frequency f and
capacitance were reduced the voltage was increased at capacitor this it was due to the factor
that voltage is proportional to the capacitance Xc where this capacitance increases with
decrease of the frequency as it was obtained experimentally in this experiment part four. Again
in decreasing resistance to half of the original the voltage at capacitor decreased because
voltage is proportional to the resistance as proposed by ohms law

Note finishiiNOTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
 CONLUSION

Generally oscilloscope plays a lot of functions in experiments concern the behavior of signals
such as frequency, voltage, time period and in graphing voltage in y-axis and time in x-axis there
fore the experiment done using oscilloscope here was successively because the way
oscilloscope was used it led to the expectation of what intended that oscilloscope and
multimeter function as the same and oscilloscope was used to obtain voltage across capacitor
when frequency was set at given level although this was successively but there should be some
improvement such as using digital oscilloscope which can be handled well when performing
experiment and there should be highly acute of experimenter when performing experiment
because to use oscilloscope needs care on setting signals and observation of voltage and time
unless otherwise one can record wrong data and hence to failure to achieve intended values