Earth Sciences

for
Civil Engineering (2)

Prof. Javed N. Malik

Department of Earth Sciences
Email: javed@iitk.ac.in
 Course content
 Natural Hazard related impact on environment
 Active Faults and related hazard in India
 Civil Engineering applications – geological considerations in dams,
tunnels

 Tsunami and related hazard

 Cause/process, case study, mitigation…

 Landslides:
 Cause, classification, zonation and protection; Land subsidence
 Floods:
 Streams and rivers-hydrology; types of floods, nature and extent
of flood hazard, flood hazard zoning - flood control and protection
 Groundwater:
 Case studies: Geological hazards
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 Text Books:

 Bell, F. G. Environmental Geology

 Keller, E.A. Environmental Geology
 Horn & Scott, Geological Hazards
 Aswathanarayana, U., Geoenvironment: an introduction

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Natural Processes
Geological Hazards
NATURAL HAZARDS:
 Natural Hazards are the naturally occurring processes which are
dangerous to human life and property
 Earth surface is susceptible to a variety of natural/geological
hazards
 These events can happen anywhere

 Atmospheric hazards  Geologic hazards

 Climate Change  Earthquakes
 Fog  Slope failures
Tropical Cyclone/ Floods


Hurricane/Storms
 Snow and ice  Droughts
 Tornado  Volcano
 Thunderstorm  Tsunamis
 Wild land fire
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Cyclone Vardah
 Cyclone Vardah
• Developed over SE Bay of Bengal
(BOB), in the afternoon 6th Dec. 2016
• Moved westward
• Crossed Tamil Nadu coast near
Chennai on 12th December 2016.
• After the landfall, it moved SW and
weakened
• 18 killed in Tamil Nadu
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 a

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Cyclone Vardah

Peak Intensity
130 km/h
 The Kaikoura, New Zealand earthquake
(Magnitude 7.8); depth of 22 km; 70 km ruputre
(36km on land and 34km under the sea)
Background
A M 7.8 earthquake occurred
on 13 November 2016
Paptea Fault

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Kekerengu Fault

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 Geological hazards
 Earthquakes
 Tsunamis
 Slope failures
(Landslides)
 Cyclones/storms
 Floods

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 Geological hazards
 Earthquakes
 Tsunamis
 Slope failures
(Landslides)
 Cyclones/storms
 Floods

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 Geological hazards
 Earthquakes
 Tsunamis
 Slope failures
(Landslides)
 Cyclones/storms
 Floods

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 Geological hazards
 Earthquakes
 Tsunamis
 Slope failures
(Landslides)
 Cyclones/storms
 Floods

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Usual flood alerts in Bihar…

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 General Background of Natural Hazards
 Many developing countries of the Asia and
Pacific are situated in the world’s hazard
belts and are subjected to floods, cyclones,
earthquakes, windstorms, tidal
waves/tsunamis, landslides, etc.

 The major natural disasters that occur

periodically in this region are largely due to
climatic and seismic factors. The region has
suffered 50% of the world’s major natural
disasters

 Vulnerability to disasters has increased due

to the increased aggregation of people in
urban centers, environmental degradation,
and a lack of planning and preparedness.

 Vulnerability to natural hazards has

increased in many coastal areas due to the
loss of coastal habitats such as mangroves
and coral reefs that provide natural
protection from marine flooding and even
tsunamis.
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