1. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. 4.

4. If it has not been the valiant efforts of Sher Singh, his brother Kunwar
Bassanio Be assured you may would not have survived. Justify with reference to the story, 'Journey by
Shylock I will be assured I may : and, that I may be assured, I will Night' [16]
bethink me. May I speak with Antonio?
Bassanio If it please you to dine with us.
Shylock Yes, to smell pork; to eat of the habitation which your
prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into. I will buy with
you, sell with you talk with you, walk with you, and so Class x
following but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray 1. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
with you. What news on the Rialto? Who is he comes here? Still more fool I shall appear
Enter Antonio By the time I linger here
(i) Where are Bassanio and Shylock at this time? What is the purpose of With one fool's head I came to woo,
their meeting? [3] But I go away with two
(ii) What reply does Shylock give to Bassanio's invitation for dinner? [3] Sweet, adieu, I'II keep my oath,
(iii) What doe sShylock say 'aside' about Antonio when he enters the Patiently to bear my wroth
scene? (i) Who is the speaker of these lines? In what context, were these lines
(iv) What Biblical allusion does Shylock make while speaking to spoken [3]
Bassanio in the extract? (ii) What oath had the speaker taken? [3]
(v) Why does Bassanio say, "Be assured you may"? What has Shylock (iii) What impression do you form about the speaker? [3]
said earlier about Antonio's ventures? (iv) Whom had the speaker come to woo? Was he successful in his
2. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. venture? Why? [3]
"Without either sign or sound of their shock, (v) Why is the speaker saying that he come with one fool's head and was
The waves flow'd over the Inchape Rock; leaving with two? [4]
So little they rose, so little they fell, 2. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
They did not move the Inchape Bell" "Must be fatigue", he weakly smiled. "I must be getting old"
(i) Name the poem and the poet. Describe the movement of the waves as I see the sun is shining bright and yet I' am feeling cold.
presented in the above lines. [3] We climbed the hill, two hundred strong, but as we cleared the crest,
(ii) How does the Inchape Bell warn the sailors during a storm? [3] The night exploded and I felt this small pain in my chest"
(iii) Who cut the Bell and why? [3] (i) What does the soldier say in these lines? [3]
(iv) Why did ships face shipwreck near the Inchape Rock? [3] (ii) Explain the line, "The night exploded and I felt this small pain in my
(v) Describe the legend of the Inchape Bell [4] chest" [3]
3. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. (iii) What is happening to the soldier? [3]
"In conclusion may I say that I do particularly ask that no reader of this (iv) Do you think the solder is a brave man? Why? [3]
book will be careless enough to leave this copy round where it might be (v) Even though it was early morning and the sun was shining bright, the
seen by Major Todd, of the University Club Montreal" soldier felt cold. Why? [4]
(i) Who is Major Todd? Why does the speaker mention him? [3] 3. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
(ii) Why does the speaker not want Major Todd to read this? "When the banker had read this he laid the page on the table, kissed the
(iii) Which movement did the speaker want to start? strange man on the head, and went out of the lodge, weeping"
(iv) Earlier, the speaker mentioned about 'a rather painful thought' that (i) What had the banker read? What was his reaction? [3]
disturbed him. What was the thought? (ii) What was written on the page? Describe in brief. [3]
(v) Why had the speaker lent a dollar to Major Todd? did he expect him (iii) Who was the strange man in the lodge? Why was he in the lodge? [3]
to return his dollar? [4]
 (iv) How did the banker feel after reading what was written on the page?
[3]
(v) What had the banker done fifteen years ago that he was lamenting at
the present? [4]
4. 'God Lives in the Panch' is a strong that tells us about how justice prevails
in front of personal feelings and narrow prejudices. It teaches that justice
must be done even if your best friend is at fault. Describe how the virtues of
truthfulness and justice were upheld in the story. [16]
CHAPTER TIPS
1. There are two types of glands: exocrine and endocrine. .
2. An exocrine gland is that gland which pours its secretion either
directly to its target or by means of ducts for performing a particular
metabolic activity e.g. mucous glands, salivary glands, digestive
glands.
3. An endocrine gland does not have a duct, therefore, also called
ductless gland.
4. A ductless or endocrine gland pours its secretion into circulatory
system of the body for sending to the target cells.
5. There are certain glands which have both endocrine and exocrine
parts. Some of their secretions are poured into circulatory system
while others are carried to target organs through ducts e.g. pancreas.
6. Secretions of endocrine glands are called hormones.
OR
Justify the title of the story, 'My Lost Dollar'. What prompts the speaker to
start a 'Back to Honesty' movement?
11. The system made up of different endocrine glands of the body and
their functioning is called endocrine system. As the endocrine system
operates through hormones, it is also called hormonal system.
12. Like nervous system, the endocrine or hormonal system takes part in
controlling and coordinating the functioning of different organs and
systems of the body.
13. Hormones control, coordinate and integrate the functioning of
various organs of the body.
14. Principal endrocrine glands are hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal,
thyroids, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, gonads and
gastrointestinal mucosa.
15. Hypothalamus represents floor of diencephalon, a part of the brain. It
contains nerve cells or neurons capable of secreting hormones. The
important releasing hormones produced by hypothalamus are:

7. Hormone is a chemical other than nutrient which is secreted by a (i) TRH or thyrotropin releasing hormone
ductless or endocrine gland generally in one part of the body and is (ii) SRH or somatotropin releasing hormone
translocated to another through circulatory system for triggering one (iii) GRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone
or more physiological activities.
(iv) Corticotropin releasing hormone.
8. Hormone is required in very low concentration e.g. 0.003 for
adrenaline. (v) PRH or prolactin inhibiting hormone

9. Hormone is also called chemical messenger, information molecule or (vi) Somoatostatin

chemical regulator. 16. Pituitary gland or hypophysis is a small pea-shaped (weight 0.5-0.6
10. The branch of biology dealing with the study of endocrine glands, gm) endocrine gland which occurs inferior to hypothalamus. It is
hormones and their effect is known as endocrinology. connected to hypothalamus by means of a stalk or infundibulum.
17. Pituitary gland has three parts: anterior, intermediate and posterior.
18. Hormones secreted by the anterior lobe are: 30. Parathyroid glands are four small, oval endocrine glands which are
1. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) situated close to the back of thyroid lobes, two to each lobe. The
glands secrete a hormone calleci parathormone (PTH).
2. TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
31. Parathyroid tetany is a condition of muscular hypersensitivity where
3. GH or STH (Growth hormone or somatotropic hormone) even a milu stimulus produces cramp and spasms of muscles
4. FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) belonging to larynx, face, hands and feet. It is caused by very low
5. LH (Luteinising hormone) level of plasma calcium due to deficient secretion of parathormone.

6. Prolactin or LTH (Lactogenic hormone)
7. MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone)
19. Under secretion or over secretion of growth hormone
(=Somatotropic) causes three types of disorders: dwarfism, gigantism
and acromegaly.
20. Hormones of posterior lobe are: oxytocin and vasopressin (or ADH,
Antidiuretic hormone).
21. Diabetes insipidus is a disorder caused by the deficiency of
vasopressin or ADH.
22. Pineal body or gland is a small, rounded structure present on the tip
of a stalk or pineal stalk that arises from roof of diencephalon or
epithalamus, behind the anterior choroid plexus.
23. Pineal gland produces two hormones—serotonin and melatonin.
24. Thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of human adults.
25. Thyroid gland produces thyroxine which is iodine containing amino
acid hormone. Another hormone produced by thyroid is calcitonin. It
is secreted by interfollicular cells.
26. The deficient secretion of thyroxine is known as hypothyroidism.
32. Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a disorder involving softening of bones,
formation of cavities inside bones and deposition of calcium inside
soft tissues including kidneys. The disorder is caused by increased
secretion of parathormone.
33. Thymus is a flat lobulated gland which is found in children behind
the sternum fir between the two lungs and extending upwards to
thyroid. In adults, no trace of thymus is found.
34. Thymus secretes hormones that may help in growth in children and
produces immunity by stimulating lymphocyte production. Recently
an anti-allergic drug has been extracted from thymus
35. Adrenal glands are a pair of flat, conical glands which occur on the
upper ends of kidneys like caps.
36. Each adrenal or suprarenal gland consists of two parts: outer cortex
and inner medulla.
37. Adrenal cortex secretes hormones called mineralocorticoids e.g.
aldosterone.
38. Aldosterone deficiency, promotes Addison’s disease (dark
pigmentation, nausea, vomitting, diarrhoea, low blood pressure, low
blood sugar, muscular weakness and electrolyte upset).

27. The over secretion of thyroxine is termed as hyperthyroidism.
28. Hypothyroidism produces three types of disorders: cretinism,
myxoedema and iodine deficiency goitre.
29. Hyperthyroidism gives rise to Grave’s disease or exophthalmia.
39. Excess secretion of aldosterone causes aldosteronism
(=Corn’s syndrome) rise in blood volume, blood pressure Without
oedema, renal failure, muscular Weakness, Na+ -K+ imbalance.
40. Middle layer of adrenal cortex secretes hormones called
glucocorticoids rag. cortisol, cortisone.
41. Inner layer of adrenal cortex secretes hormones called sex corticoids harmonious working of the body reactions of the body mainly
androstenedione, dihydroepiandrosterone. concerned with digestion
42. Adrenal medulla constitutes the core of adrenal glands.
SIMPLE GOITER EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE
43. Adrenal medulla produces two hormones: adrenaline (= epinephrine) (a) Simple goiter is caused by the (a) Exophthalmic goiter is
and nonadrenaline (=norepinephrine). deficiency of iodine in the diet. caused by the overactivity of
thyroid gland.
44. Pancreas is a heterocrine gland.
(b) In simple goiter, the thyroid (b) In exophthalmic goiter, the
45. The endocrine part is represented by islets of Langerhans also called gland is slightly enlarged. thyroid gland is considerably
pancreatic islets.  and -cells of the islets secrete respectively enlarged producing a big
glucagon and insulin hormones. Insulin and glucagon maintain sugar swelling in the neck region.
balance of the body. (c) Simple goitre can be cured by (c) Exophthalmic goitre can be
adding iodised salt‘ to the diet. cured either by killing
46. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder produced by deficient secretion of thyroid cells by X-rays or by
insulin. removing a portion of
thyroid gland.

DIFFERENTIATE INSULIN GLUCAGON

ENDOCRINE EXOCRINE GLANDS (a) Insulin is secreted by beta cells (a) Glucagon is secreted by the
(a) Endocrine glands have no ducts. (a) They have ducts of Islets of Langerhans. alpha cells of Islets of
Langerhans.
(b) They secrete chemical (b) They secrete proteninaceous
substances called hormones substances called enzymes (b) It is responsible for the storage (b) It is responsible for the
of glucose in the liver. release of glucose from the
(c) These glands bring about the (c) These glands by their liver.
chemical coordination of the secretion fasten the
body biochemical reaction of the (c) It lowers the blood glucose by (c) It raises the blood glucose
body utilizing glucose for the release level.
of energy.
HORMONES ENZYMES DIABETES INSIPIDUS DIABETES MELLITUS
(a) Hormones are secreted by (a) Enzymes are secreted by (a) Diabetes insipidus is caused by (a) Diabetes mellitus is caused
endocrine glands. exocrine glands the deficiency of antidiuretic by the deficiency of insulin.
hormone.
(b) They are carried by the blood (b) They are carried by the ducts.
stream (b) In this, large quantity of dilute (b) In this, glucose is excreted
urine is produced but it does along with the urine
(c) They are the chemical (c) They are biocatalysts which not excrete glucose in the
substances responsible for the fasten the biochemical urine.
 DWARFISM GIGANTISM
(a) Dwarfism is caused by the (a) Gigantism is caused by the
deficiency of somatotropic over secretion of STH in
hormone (STH) in children. children.

(b) It is characterised by the (b) It is characterised by growth

stunted growth and arrested of bones at the joints,
sexual development. resulting in abnormal height.