PATHOLOGY II- INFLAMMATION

1. cell that engulf and destroy Leukocytes 13. After 2–3 days, neutrophils Monocyte-macrophages
bacteria, tissue debris, and other are replaced mainly by
particulate material
14. most prominent Lymphocytes
2. cardinal signs of inflammation Rubor inflammatory cells in many viral
Dolor infections
Calor
Tumor 15. are the predominant Eosinophils
Functio Laesa inflammatory cells in allergic
reactions and parasitic
3. refers to heat caused by Calor infestations
increased blood flow
16. most prominent cell in Lymphocytes
4. pain due to increased pressure Dolor chronic inflammation
exerted by the accumulation of
interstitial fluid and to mediators 17. are sources of histamine Mast cell and basophil
such as bradykinin
18. is the passage of Emigration
5. swelling due to an Tumor inflammatory leukocytes
extravascular accumulation of between the endothelial cells
fluid into the adjacent interstitial
tissue
6. redness caused by dilation of Rubor
vessels 19. occurs as leukocytes localize Margination
to the outer margin of the blood
7. loss of function Functio laesa flow adjacent to the vascular
endothelium
8. what are the 3 adhesion Selectin
molecules? Immunoglobulin 20. occurs as leukocytes line the Pavementing
Integrin endothelial surface

9. selectin are molecules induced TNF. IL1 21. rolling (or tumbling) is Endothelial selectin loosely
by ___ and ___ mediated by the action of binding to leukocytes

10. Types of Selectin 22. occurs as leukocytes adhere Adhesion

- are expressed on neutrophils L-selectin to the endothelial surface
and bind to endothelial mucin-
like molecules such as GlyCam-1 23. is the movement of Transmigration
- are expressed on endothelial E-selectin and P selectin leukocytes across the
cells and bind to oligosaccharides endothelium
such as sialyl-Lewis X on the
surface of leukocytes. 24. is the process by which Chemotaxis
- stored in endothelial Weibel- P selectin leukocytes are attracted to and
Palade bodies and platelet alpha move toward an injury
granules
25. is the ingestion of particulate Phagocytosis
11. What is vasoactive changes? changes begin with a brief period material by phagocytic cells
of vasoconstriction, followed
shortly by dilation of arterioles, 26. most important phagocytic Neutrophils and monocytic-
capillaries, and postcapillary cells are macrophages
venules
27. This process facilitates Opsonization
12. This results in leakage of increased capillary permeability phagocytosis.
proteinaceous fluid, which
causes edema. 28. it immobilize the particles on Opsonin
the surface of the phagocyte
13. are the most prominent neutrophils
inflammatory cells in foci of Oxygen-dependent microbial
acute inflammation during the 29. is the most important killing
first 24 hours. intracellular microbicidal
process.
IgG, c3b
29. most important opsonins are
30. mediates the increase in
capillary permeability associated
with the contraction of
endothelial cells in postcapillary
venules that occurs with mild
injuries
31. activates and aggregates
platelets, with the release of
histamine and serotonin;
32. Histamine is liberated from
33. It is liberated from platelets,
along with histamine, during the
release reaction.
34. stimulates the release of
arachidonic acid from membrane
phospholipids
35. metabolism of arachidonic
acid proceeds along two
pathways:
36. cyclooxygenase pathway is
inhibited by ___ and ___
37. is a powerful vasoconstrictor
and platelet aggregant
38. is a powerful vasodilator and
inhibitor of platelet aggregation
39. cyclooxygenase pathway
yields ___ and ___
40. lipoxygenase pathway yields
41. HETE is a chemotactic factor
for
42. 5 HPETE also give rise to
leukotrienes
- a chemotactic factor for
neutrophils
- potent vasoconstrictors,
bronchoconstrictors, and
mediators of increased capillary
permeability
43. are sometimes jointly
referred to as the slow-reacting
substance of anaphylaxis
44. inhibit polymorphonuclear
neutrophils and eosinophils and
also activate monocytes and
macrophages.
histamine 45. are mediators of Cytokines
immunologic response
46. cytokines that induce acute IL1 and TNF
phase reactions
47. kinin system is initiated by Hageman factor (factor XIIa)
PAF activated
48. mediates vascular Bradykinin
permeability, arteriolar dilation,
Mast cell, basophil, platelet and pain
Serotonin 49. this system consists of a Complement system
group of plasma proteins that
participate in immune lysis of
cells and play a significant role in
Phospholipase A2 inflammation
50. This system converts Kinin system
prekallikrein to kallikrein.
Cyclooxygenase pathway,
Lipoxygenase pathway 51. are anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a
Aspirin 52. the membrane attack C5b-9
Inflammatory drugs complex, is a lytic agent for
bacteria and othercells
Thromboxane A2 53. mediate degranulation of C3a and C5a
basophils and mast cells with the
release of histamine
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
54. activates the lipoxygenase C5a
pathway of arachidonic acid
Prostaglandin metabolism
Thromboxane
55. This is a cavity filled with pus Abscess
Hydroperoxyeicosatetraecoic
acid (HPETE), and its derivates 56. This is the loss of surface Ulcer
suc as 12 HPETE in platelets and epithelium.
5 HPETE and 15 HPETE in
leukocytes 57. This is an abnormal Fistula
communication between two
Neutrophils organs or between an organ
and a surface.
58. This is the final result of tissue Scar
destruction, with resultant
LTB4 distortion of structure and, in
some cases, altered function.
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
59. this defect has been Myeloperoxidase deficiency
associated with a marked
increase in susceptibility to
infections with Candida albicans
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
60. This autosomal recessive Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
disorder is characterized by
neutropenia, albinism, cranial
LXA4 and LXB4 and peripheral neuropathy, and
a tendency to develop repeated
infections.
61. is associated with recurrent
bacterial infections and is caused
by the deficiency of β2-integrins
62. is also associated with
recurrent bacterial infections
and results from mutations in the
gene that codes for
fucosyltransferase
63. 2 major patterns of chronic
inflammation
64. granulomas, which are
nodular collections of specialized
macrophages referred to as
65. granulomas are usually
surrounded by rim of
66. This type of inflammation is
mediated by the interaction of
monocytes–macrophages with
lymphocytes.
67. This type of inflammation is
characterized by granulomas.
68. Scarring and distortion of
tissue architecture is
characteristic of this type of
inflammation
69. Caseous necrosis is often
characteristic of this type of
inflammation
70. non caseating pulmonary
granulomatous disease is caused
most often by
71. cell that has nuclei arranged
in a horseshoe-shaped pattern
about the periphery of the cell
72. These cells divide actively
throughout life to replace lost
cells. They are capable of
regeneration after injury.
73. these cells undergo few
divisions but are capable of
division when activated; that is,
they can regenerate from G0
cells when needed.
74. These cells have been
considered to be incapable of
division and regeneration.
LAD type 1 deficiency
(leukocyte adhesion deficiency)
LAD type 2 deficiency
(leukocyte adhesion deficiency)
chronic nonspecific
inflammation,
granulomatous inflammation
epithelioid cells
lymphocytes
chronic nonspecific
inflammation
granulomatous inflammation
chronic nonspecific
inflammation
granulomatous inflammation
sarcoidosis
Langhans giant cell
Labile cells
Stable cells
Permanent cells
75. is a competence factor that PDGF (platelet derived growth
promotes the proliferaive factor)
response of fibroblasts and
smooth muscle cells on
concurrent stimulation by
progression factors
76. is a progression factor that EGF (epidermal growth factor)
promotes the growth of
endothelial cells and fibroblasts,
as well as epithelial cells
77. PDGF promotes the synthesis Collagen
of
78. PDGF is chemotactic for Monocytes
79. promote the synthesis of Fibroblast growth factor
extracellular matrix protein
(including fibronectin) by
fibroblasts, endothelial cells,
monocytes, and other cells
80. promotes angiogenesis (new Fibronectin
vessel formation)
81. It is chemotactic for Fibronectin
fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
82. it is also a chemotactic factor tGF-β
for macrophages and fibroblasts
83. promote the proliferation of macrophage-derived growth
fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, factors (Il-1 and tnF)
and endothelial cells
84. is highly vascular, newly granulation tissue
formed connective tissue
consisting of capillaries and
fibroblasts; it fills defects created
by liquefaction of cellular debris
85. collagen is produced by fibroblast
86. inflammatory cells seen in neutrophils
pus
87. mediators of inflammation complement proteins
facilitates chemotaxis, cytolysis,
and opsonization at the site of
inflammation
88. are mediators of chronic lymphocyte and plasma cells
inflammation and provide
antigen-specific immunity to
infectious diseases
89. forces that regulates balance hydrostatic pressure
of vascular and tissue fluids oncotic pressure
include (4) osmotic pressure
lymph flow
90. cytokines is primarily Tnf-a 103. causes relaxation of Nitric oxide
involved in the pathogenesis of vascular smooth muscle cells and
direct vascular injury in patient vasodilation of arterioles at the
with septic shock? site of myocardial infarction

91. he has an impaired ability to NADPH oxidase

generate reactive oxygen
species. This patient most likely
has inherited mutations in the
gene that encodes which of the
following proteins?

92. she has a deficiency of C1 Hereditary angioedema

inhibitor, an esterase inhibitor
that regulates the activation of
the classical complement
pathway. What is the diagnosis?

93. excess of plasma cells and Chronic inflammation

scattered lymphoid follicles is
evidence of which condition?

94. mediators of inflammation is Lysosomal enzyme

primarily responsible for
secondary injury to alveolar
basement membranes and lung
parenchyma

95. inhibits fibrinolysis, activation A2 macroglobulin

of the complement system, and
protease-mediated damage

96. mediates tranendothelial cell Integrin

migration and chemotaxis

97. mediates initial adhesion of Selectin

leukocytes to endothelial cells at
site of inflammation

98. blanching of the skin around Constriction of precapillary

the wound is due to arterioles

99. most powerful stimulator of Leukotrienes

bronchoconstriction and
vasoconstriction in asthma

100. Phagocytic cells in patient’s Myeloperoxidase

affected lung tissue generate
bacteriocidal hypochlorous acid
using which of the following
enzymes?

101. mediators of inflammation Thromboxane A2

plays the most important role in
stimulating platelet aggregation
at the site of injury following this
minor surgical procedure?

102. platelet degranulation is Serotonin

associated with release of