MECHANGER-2007
PRATIK A. PARSANIA
MECANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
V.V.P ENGG. COLLEGE ,RAJKOT
E-Mail:-pratik_me007@yahoo.co.in
• ABSTRACT:-
"Nothing is impossible" this has
been proved by the development of new
technology & by proper adaptation of
nature. When we see birds flying, the
length of the wings to the body weight is
perfect according to a laws of aero
dynamics and based on these calculation
we have developed our technology. The
sky car is one of the best example. The
term sky car it self means a car which
could touch a new horizons of the sky.
The seed for the foundation of the sky car
was laid in 1950 by FELIX WRANKLE
by building up the wankle rotary engine.
However with later modification in the
engine developed the freedom engine. The
main purpose of engineering is not just to
make new inventions but is to prove how
these engines are better then already
VIJAY SADHWANI
MECANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
V.V.P ENGG. COLLEGE ,RAJKOT
E-Mail:-vijay_me040@yahoo.co.in
existing ones. The sky car has proved this
by its V.T.O.L.(Vertical Take Off And
Landing). OUTBOARD MARIN
CORPARATION was the only company
in U.S. to develop these types of engine
and spending about 200 million$ for its
modification. Only this engine reduces the
total emission by over 90%.
The wankle rotary engine model was taken
by freedom motors on the new engine
developed was freedom Rota power from
time to time the technology changed and
following was the improvement made in
sky cars………
 The best & most useful property of the
sky car is that it can work on any kind
of fuel in including non fossil fuel.
 It has only few (2 to 3) moving parts.
 The cost is reduce to large extent
 It is vibration free.
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  The sky car has high power to weight
ratio
 Moreover it is easily available in wide
range of power required.
M-400 sky car
A M-400 model sky car has the 375 mph
maximum speed 750mile range & 36000
foot ceiling of high performance aircraft
and is more flexible then any helicopter.
The most important factor for any
engineering model is safety and in sky cars
it achieved as follows.
At the time engine failure due to bird
ingestion the sky car is completely
controlled by multiple computers & by its
VTOL technique it can land suddenly in
small area.
 Check fuel indicator are provided to
provide appropriate warning.
 It is aerodynamically stable & has
good glide slope
 The pilot has to give only direction
undesired movement due to wind is
prevented.
 The best part is that the performance of
this car is better than any light weight
helicopter.
 Speed of this sky car is 3 times faster
than helicopter.
 It is safer potential.
 It has few parts so less maintains is
required
The |FAA company has certified M-400
sky car under the power lift normal
category & has also established power lift
pilot license
The maximum no. of passenger
permitted by FAA name M-400 is 4. yet
FAA has not purchased it.
• INTRODUCTION :-
Nothing is impossible this
has been proved by the development of
new technology and proper adaptation of
nature. We see the birds flying in the sky.
The body of the birds is perfect
aerodynamically. Men adopted this
balanced structure from the nature &
invented machines which could fly. Aero
plane, helicopter etc. One who has tried to
eat the peas with knife can easily tell the
requirement of the correct instrument the
right job. THE SKY CAR Is one of the
best example. The terms sky car it self
means a car which could touch the new
origins of the sky.
The places where helicopter
are not able to reach the flexibility is
achieved by the sky car during nature
calamities the relief can be made available
easily. No sick and irritating traffic
problems have to be faced. It’s like having
a charter plane of own with more
compatibility.
2

The car is similar to the normal car & can
be stored in a normal size garage. THE
SKY CAR is made so safe that it is like
being at home. The most attractive feature
of M-400 model of sky car is multi
computer control & 8-Rota Power engine.
The new model of the sky car introduced
are M-150, M-400, M-600, & M-800.
License is providing by FAA for driving a
sky car. The name of license is “Powered
Lift” pilot’s licenses. THE SKY CAR
would be available from 31st December
’08. The best part of sky car is it can run at
any kind of fuel.
• HISTORY:-
The seed for the growth of the fruitful tree
SKY CAR was laid by Felix Wankel.The
Freedom engine is based on the Wankel
rotary engine, which was patented in the
late 1950's by Felix Wankel. Why is the
Freedom engine poised to capture a return
on a $3 billion investment, 1500+ patents
and 30+ years of Wankel engine
development, application and experience?
Proven, Inexpensive Technology
The core technology was acquired from
Outboard Marine Corporation who
produced the only Wankel rotary engine
ever manufactured in volume in the US.
OMC spent over $200 million (in today's
dollars) developing their rotary engine
technology. They produced over 15,000
engines for their snowmobile line in
anticipation of the demise of the two-
stroke piston engine. These engines,
collectively, have accumulated millions of
hours in operation. Manufacturing cost
comparisons performed by OMC validated
the ability to produce their rotary engine at
a competitive cost with their own two-
stroke engine.
The Freedom engine, through its licensed
patents on wear coatings, port design, and
lubrication system, combines the
demonstrated reliability and fuel economy
of the expensive rotary engines, with the
low cost but less fuel-efficient OMC
design. The Company acquired the entire
OMC rotary engine technology and then
developed new proprietary elements to
reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
The Freedom engine reduces the total
emissions by over 90% when compared
with many industrial four-stroke piston
engines and most two-stroke engines.
• PRINCIPLES:-
Any discovery is based on certain
principles, similarly SKY CAR is based on
the wankel rotary engine. Fundamental
hardware differences between a 4-stroke
piston and a Wankel rotary
• The Rotor replaces the piston engine's
piston.
• The Eccentric Shaft replaces the piston
engine's crankshaft and connecting rods.
• The Rotor Housing replaces the piston
engine's cylinder.
• Intake and Exhaust Ports in the housings
replace valves, camshafts, rocker arms,
springs, lifter rods, and timing belts.
4 - Stroke Piston vs. 4 - Stroke Rotary
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• TECHNOLOGY
Freedom's Rotapower engine has all the
inherent advantages of existing Wankel-
type rotary engines. In addition, it
improves the Wankel-type engine
performance as follows:
Emissions and fuel consumption
Uses our proprietary low cost lean burn
combustion process together with our
patented combustion surface coating and
pre-heated incoming fuel-air charge to
greatly reduce both emissions and fuel
consumption. This technology has the
potential to eliminate both the lubrication
and cooling systems.
Long engine life in a low-cost design
Uses a new proprietary rotor and rotor
cooling technology to reduce rotor weight
and related mechanical stresses throughout
the engine. Uses new apex seal material
and proprietary plasma sprayed internal
coatings.
Maximum power with minimum weight
and size
Uses our proprietary porting design and
advanced component development to
generate twice as much power for its
weight as most four-stroke competitors.
Modular design allows low cost power
growth
One- and two-rotor versions of the Rota
power 650 Series engine provide scalable
power for applications with requirements
from 75 to 150 horsepower.
Ability to operate on any fuel
Proprietary technology developed to lower
emissions and fuel consumption also
allows the use of any type fuel with
modest changes in the fuel injection
system for operation with diesel fuel.
While all of the above advantages make
the Rota power engine attractive, the
ultimate advantage of this engine is its
ability to generate very low emissions.
Freedom's Rota power engine has all the
inherent advantages of existing Wankel-
type rotary engines. In addition, it
improves the Wankel-type engine
performance as follows:
Emissions and fuel consumption
Uses our proprietary low cost lean burn
combustion process together with our
patented combustion surface coating and
pre-heated incoming fuel-air charge to
greatly reduce both emissions and fuel
consumption. This technology has the
potential to eliminate both the lubrication
and cooling systems.
Long engine life in a low-cost design
Uses a new proprietary rotor and rotor
cooling technology to reduce rotor weight
and related mechanical stresses throughout
the engine. Uses new apex seal material
and proprietary plasma sprayed internal
coatings.
4
Maximum power with minimum weight
and size
Uses our proprietary porting design and
advanced component development to
generate twice as much power for its
weight as most four-stroke competitors.
Modular design allows low cost power
growth
One- and two-rotor versions of the Rota
power 650 Series engine provide scalable
power for applications with requirements
from 75 to 150 horsepower.
Ability to operate on any fuel
Proprietary technology developed to lower
emissions and fuel consumption also
allows the use of any type fuel with
modest changes in the fuel injection
system for operation with diesel fuel.
While all of the above advantages make
the Rota power engine attractive, the
ultimate advantage of this engine is its
ability to generate very low emissions.
• PERFORMANCE:-
Freedom Rota power Engine
Performance Advantages
• High power to weight ratio
-More than 2 HP per pound of installed
weight in high-performance versions
-Compares with .6 HP/lb. to 1 HP/lb.
for 2-strokes and .3 HP/lb. to .65 HP/lb.
For 4-stroke pistons.
• High power to volume ratio
-(Power Output / Volume) > 100 HP
per cubic foot of installed volume
-Compares with 36 HP/ft³ to 50 HP/ft³
for 2-strokes and 10 HP/ft³ to 20 HP/ft³
for 4-stroke piston engines.
• Few moving parts
-Moving Parts - only 2 for single rotor
engine.
-Compares to 7 parts for 2-stroke and
25 parts for 4-stroke piston with same
instantaneous output torque.
• Solid fuel economy
-Specific Fuel Consumption < .45
lb./HP-hr ~ (stratified charge). Expect <.4
lb./HP-hr when both stratified charged
and turbo-charged
-Compares to .65 lb./HP-hr for 2-
strokes and ~ .4 lb/HP-hr for the best 4-
stroke piston.
• Proven multi-fuel performer
-Demonstrated on gasoline, natural gas,
alcohol and propane
-Spark-ignited diesel, kerosene and jet
fuel
• Very low emissions levels
-See Emissions Performance
• Enhanced energy at exhaust
-Exhaust temperatures > 1500 °F
-Acts like a naturally occurring thermal
reactor
-Ideal for turbocharge/co-generation
applications
• Low vibration levels
-Hard mounted engine can be used as
part of the structure
• Modular design
-Stacking of rotors easily extends range
of available power
• SAFETY:-
Any new discovery before it reaches to the
common man the most important thing to
be considered is SAFETY. No matter how
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well an engine is designed it has the
potential to malfunction at some point
during its lifetime. The possibility also
exists that something outside the pilot's
control, like bird ingestion, could cause an
engine or lift fan to fail. If the proposed
VTOL aircraft is to be a practical size, it
must use a propulsion system with fairly
high fan or disc loading, which is also
necessary for good cruise efficiency. A
more highly loaded fan (>30 LB/ft.) is not
capable of auto-rotation. Therefore, any
aircraft using higher disc loading will need
a back-up system or systems to ensure
passenger survival in case of a critical
component failure. Great care was taken
developing a production model volantor
which would provide safety and comfort
as well.
The most important issue in aviation is
safety. So, the following safety features
were designed into our volantor to help
provide a safe alternative to ground
transportation:
• Dual Engines
-- In the unlikely event of an engine failure
sufficient power remains to ensure a safe
and comfortable landing. Since the M400
has eight engines, one or more can fail and
the Sky car will still operate safely. Unlike
any light helicopter or airplane, the M400
Sky car has four engine nacelles; each with
two Rota power engines. These computer-
controlled engines operate independently
and allow for a vertical controlled landing
should one engine fail.
• Redundant Computer Stabilization
Systems
-- The Skycar has redundant, independent
computer systems for flight management,
stability and control. Should a computer
problem occur backup systems would take
over seamlessly. M400 has multiple
independent computers for flight
management and the design prevents a
single-point failure from adversely
effecting the performance of the aircraft.
• Redundant Fuel Monitoring
-- Multiple systems check fuel for quality
and quantity and provide appropriate
warnings.
• Aerodynamically Stable
-- In the unlikely event that insufficient
power is available to hover, the Sky car’s
aerodynamic stability and good glide slope
allows the pilot to maneuver to a safe area
before using the airframe parachutes.
• Automated Stabilization
-- Since computers control the Skycar
flight during hover and transition, the only
pilot input is speed and direction.
Undesirable movement of the Skycar due
to wind gusts is automatically prevented.
• Inherent Simplicity of the Engines
-- Rotary engines have very few moving
parts and therefore require very little
maintenance and have little opportunity
for breakdown and wear.
• Enclosed Fans
 Each nacelle fully encloses the
engines and fans, greatly reducing
the possibility of injury to
individuals near the aircraft. The
volantor's VTOL lift is obtained
via airflow through the four ducted
fan propulsion nacelles which is
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 edirected downward by deflection
vanes during vertical takeoff.
• ADVANTAGES:-
Low noise is clearly necessary for a
Skycar to operate near or within highly
populated areas. The Sky car’s multiple
ducted fan arrangement is designed to
generate low fan noise by using modest
thrust loading and tip speeds. Hover tests
in the earlier M200X demonstrated a noise
level of 85 decibels at 50 feet, less than
30% of the noise level produced by a
Cessna 150 during take-off. The
company's on-going work in mutual noise
cancellation is expected to reduce the
M400 Skycar noise level sufficiently to
eventually allow urban usage.
The Rota power engine produces little
NOx, the most difficult pollutant to
eliminate. In addition, using a stratified
charge combustion process greatly reduces
the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide emitted.
The absence of unprotected rotating
components such as propellers and rotors
makes the Skycar friendlier to both users
and by-standers.
The Sky car’s fuel-efficient engines and
ability to run on regular automotive
gasoline result in low fuel costs. The
Skycar is significantly more fuel efficient
in passenger miles per gallon than the tilt-
rotor V22 Osprey, helicopters or many
commercial jet airplanes.
Vehicle purchase price is a dominant
factor in determining overall cost of
ownership. For example, the Sky car’s
purchase price per passenger seat is
projected to be 10% of that for the 30
passenger V22 Osprey. Mechanically
complex machines like the V22 Osprey
and large helicopters are unlikely to
undergo significant reduction in
manufacturing costs since mass-
production of such a large and expensive
aircraft is unlikely.
In addition, the Sky car’s operating profile
is especially attractive given the user's
ability to determine his or her own specific
departure time and destination, a great
advantage over other mass transportation
systems.
• APPLICATION:-
Cost Effective Performance
From its inception the M400 Skycar
volantor has been designed to minimize
both direct and indirect costs. The Skycar
uses an engine that can burn almost any
fuel from diesel to natural gas so that
worldwide refueling can be accommodated
by what is locally available. Using
gasoline, the M400 can be expected to get
over 20 mpg. With a range of 750 miles,
the logistics associated with refueling the
shorter-range helicopter can be eliminated.
The Rota power engines have only two
major moving parts, weigh less than 80
pounds and occupy less than one cubic
foot. The bulk of the remaining technology
is electronic and replaceable in modules as
the onboard redundant systems identify a
failed or failing component.
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Vehicle size greatly affects ground
mobility and parking space required. The
Skycar, with its compact size, can be
stored in a space the size of a standard
single car garage. The landing gear on the
vehicle makes roadability possible for
short distances.
Initially introduced as the M400, four-seat
model, the Skycar technology has the
ability to be both scaled up to a six
passenger, M600, or scaled down to a one
passenger, M100. This allows a cost
efficient vehicle size to accommodate a
variety of military, paramilitary, and
commercial transport missions.
Time Critical Performance
The Sky car’s combined VTOL and speed
capability make extremely rapid response
possible. Search and Rescue, Emergency
Medical, Drug Interdiction, Surveillance,
or Critical Personnel Transport are
examples where minutes saved can
literally mean the difference between
success and failure, life and death, or
thousands of dollars. Helicopters have
traditionally offered the flexibility
necessary in these applications allowing
for ingress and egress into a limited space
where fixed wing aircraft do not have
access. The performance penalties for
using helicopters as compared to fixed
wing aircraft have been a low maximum
cruise speed of approximately 125 mph, a
limited range of around 300 miles, and a
restricted operational ceiling of less than
15,000 ft.
A M400 Skycar, by utilizing its VTOL
capability, has the flexible access of the
helicopter. In addition, it has the 375 mph
maximum speed, 750 mile range, and
36,000 foot ceiling of a high performance
aircraft. The M400 can also climb at more
than a vertical mile per minute.
• M-400 MODEL OF SKY CAR:-
The New M400 Design
The production configuration of the M400
Skycar has gone through a few
perturbations as many hours of wind
tunnel testing showed ways to improve the
aircraft's performance. One of the long-
term goals has been to find a way to
operate the Skycar in hover in the same
configuration as when operating on the
ground. This would allow it to land and
hover in a much smaller area, for example
on the median strip of a highway as might
be done during a roadside emergency
medical mission.
The present M400X came close to
achieving this but because the wing/tail is
so far back the lift/drag ratio is only 7.5
and the dead-stick gliding speed is high,
making an un-powered landing very
difficult. We have now found a way to
move the wing forward and add sweep so
that together with tail extensions on the
wing, we achieve a lift/drag ratio of 12.5.
In addition to being able to hover with the
wings folded, the under carriage wheels
are farther apart for increased ground
stability. This new configuration has less
airflow interference between front and rear
nacelles, better visibility from the cockpit
for improved ground and air operations,
and dead-stick gliding speed that is
substantially lower.
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Passengers: 4 • M-150 SKYCAR
SPECIFICATIONS
Top speed @ 13,200 ft: 375 mph
Cruise speed @ 20,000 ft: 275 mph S.I. U.S. AVIATION
Maximum rate of climb: 6,000 fpm Passengers 1 1 1
Maximum range: 750 miles 604 375
Maximum Speed 326 knots
Payload excluding fuel: 750 lbs km/hr mph
Operational ceiling: 36,000 ft 539 335
Cruise Speed 291 knots
km/hr mph
Gross weight: 2,400 lbs
386 850
Engine power (2 min. Gross Weight 850 lbs
1,200 hp kg lbs
rating):
254 560
Fuel consumption: approx. 20 mpg Empty Weight 560 lbs
kg lbs
Fuel: Ethanol
19 45
19.5' x 8.5' x km/l mpg 39 Nmi/gal
Dimensions (LxWxH): Max. Mileage
7.5'
(Gasoline/Alcohol)
Takeoff and landing area: 35 ft dia 13 30 26 Nmi/gal
km/l mpg
Noise level at 500 ft
65 dba 1,086 675
(Goal):
km mi 587 Nmi
Vertical takeoff and Range
yes (Gasoline/Alcohol)
landing: 725 450 391 Nmi
Emergency parachutes: yes km mi
Take-Off
0m 0 ft (VTOL)
Distance
• M-150 SKY CAR MODEL:- Landing Distance 0 m 0 ft (VTOL)
3.7m, 12'x
M150 Skycar The Moller M150 Skycar Dimensions
2.4m, 8'x 12'x 8'x 5'
was designed for single person VTOL. The (LxWxH)
1.5m 5'
picture show a prototype of the M150 that
was displayed at a motor show in Essen,
Germany.
• CONCLUSION :-

From all the above topics we can say

that nothing is impossible when men
sees a dream it means it is his ability to
full fill it.