COVERAGE 16.

ISL
PRIORITY 17. PRESCRIPTION
1. HUMAN SECURITY ACT 18. JUVENILE JUSTICE
2. TERRORISM FINANCING 19. TRUST
3. DANGEROUS DRUGS 20. ESTAFA
4. ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES 21. ANTI CATTLE RUSTLING
5. CRIMES AGAINST INT HUM LAW 22. FORFEITURE
6. BP22 23. CODE OF CONDUCT
7. ANTIGRAFT 24. PD 46 GIFTS
8. ANTI MONEY LAUNDERING 25. CUSTODIAL
9. OBSTRUCTION 26. ANTI-HIJACKING
10. ARSON 27. USE OF ALIASES
11. ANTI-FENCING 28. ANTI DRUNK
12. PLUNDER 29. BANK SECRECY LAW
13. ANTI-CARNAPPING ACT 30. FOREIGN DEPOSITS ACT
14. ANTI-PIRACY 31. GOVT PROCUREMENT
15. ANTI FENCING 32. MENTAL HEALTH
33. DEVICE REGULATION
34. ANTI-ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION
NOT SO MUCH

legend
STEPH
KATH
BEDA
 LAW ELEMENTS
HUMAN SECURITY ELEMENTS: (AFP)
ACT (RA 9372) 1. Offender commits an Act
punishable under any of the
cited provisions of the RPC or
SPL (predicate crimes)
2. Commission of the predicated
crime sows and creates a
condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic
among the populace
3. Purpose is to coerce the
government to give in to an
unlawful demand.
PREDICATE CRIMES
1. Under the RPC (PReCK-MD)
a. Piracy and Mutiny
b. Rebellion/Insurrectio
n knowledge of the crime and
c. Coup d’etat
d. Kidnapping/serious
illegal detention
e. Murder
f. Crimes Inv.
Destruction
2. Under the SPL
a. Illegal Possession of
Firearms
b. Law on Arson
c. Anti-Piracy and Anti-
Highway Robbery Act
d. Atomic Energy
Regulatory and
Liability Act
e. Toxic Substances and
Hazardous Waste
f. Anti-Hijacking Law
PUNISHABLE ACTS/PERSONS GENERAL NOTES
LIABLE (Penalty/Distinctive Provisions/ISL APPLICABLE? )
PERSONS LIABLE (PCAA) IMPORTANT
1. PRINCIPAL 1. Before a charge for terrorism may be filed under RA
2. CONSPIRATOR- two or 9372, there must be a PREDICATE CRIME first actually
more persons come to an committed.
agreement together 2. Extraterritorial application of this ACt (Art 2, RPC)
concerning the commision 3. No person suspected/convicted shall be subject to
of the crime and terrorism extrajudicial rendition to any country unless his/her
and decide to commit the statement is needed for terrorist related investigations
same in that country.
3. ACCOMPLICE-Any person
who, not being a BENEFIT OF PAROLE UNDER ISL? - NO. - 40 years
principal/conspirator, imprisonment.
cooperates in the execution
of either the crime of SURVEILLANCE/INTERCEPTION/RECORDING OF COMM
terrorism or conspiracy to GR: ONLY UPON WRITTEN COURT ORDER (Sec 7,8)
commit terrorism by Exc: lawyers and clients; doctors and patients, journalists and
previous simultaneous acts sources and confidential business correspondence shall not be
4. ACCESSORY- who having allowed.
GROUNDS:
without participated 1. probable cause to believe based on personal
therein takes part in the knowledge of facts/circumstances that said crime of
following manner terrorism/conspiracy to commit terrorism has been
a. PROFITING committed, is being committed, or is about to be
HIMSELF/assisting committed.
the offender to 2. Probable cause that evidence essential to
profit by the effects conviction will be obtained
of the crime 3. No other effective means readily available for
b. CONCEALING or acquiring the same.
DESTROYING the EFFECTIVITY: 30 days, may be extended for another 30 days.
body of the INADMISSIBILITY: If obtained in violation of this act.
crime/effects/instr CRIME: Unauthorized/Malicious Interceptions and Recordings
uments in order to against police/law enforcement officer who violates said
PREVENT provisions.
DISCOVERY
c. Harboring/conceali PROSCRIPTION OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS- Any
ng/assisting in the organization not organized for terrorism but actually uses
escape of the acts to terrorize/coerce government= may be declared as
principal/conspirat terrorist/outlawed organization upon application with RTC.
or (Sec 17).
PERSONS NOT LIABLE
(EXC TO EXC: SEC 6: Still liable as PERIOD OF DETENTION [penalty for violation]
accessory by profiting/assisting 1. Without Judicial Warrant: Must deliver persons
the offender to profit) [SAD-LeRa] arrested before proper judicial authorities within 3
1. Spouses days. [10-12 years imprisonment]
2. Ascendants 2. Actual/Imminent Terrorist Attack- suspects may
3. Descendants not be detained for more than 3 days without
4. Legitimate, natural, adopted written approval from Human Rights
siblings Commission/judge/justice nearest place of arrest.
5. Relatives by affinity within [municipal,city,provincial, regional, CA]
the same degree a. If Sunday/holiday- bring to the residence of
the aforementioned people
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. Terrorism RIGHTS OF PERSONS IN INTERESTS/SUSPECTS/ACCUSED
2. Conspiracy to commit 1. ACCUSED STILL ENTITLED TO CUSTODIAL
terrorism RIGHTS. [10 years 1 day-12 years]
3. Failure to deliver suspect to 2. NO TORTURE OR COERCION IN INVESTIGATION
proper judicial authority AND INTERROGATION (SEC 24) [12 yrs, 1 day-20
4. Violations of the rights of years]
detainee 3. Bail (evid not strong)
5. Threat, intimidation, 4. Limited right to travel within city/municipality
coercion or torture in where he resides or get permission from court. (Sec
investigation and 26)
interrogation of a detained
person EXAMINATION OF BANK RECORDS/DEPOSITS
6. Unauthorized/malicious 1. person charged with or suspected of crime of
examination of a terrorism/conspiracy to commit terrorism
bank/financial ins 2. Any judicially declared and outlawed group of
7. Defiance by bank persons
officer/employee to court 3. Any member of said organizations
authorization How issued: Only upon ex parte application with CA and an
8. False, untruthful order will only be issued if they are satisfied of the existence
statements/misreps of of probable cause,
material facts in joint Penalty for Bank Officials/Employees Defying Court
affidavits Authorization: 10 years, 1 day-12 years imprisonment.
9. Unjustified refusal to
restore seized properties SEIZURE/SEQUESTRATION
10. Loss, misuse, of said ● Accused may withdraw amount needed to meet the
properties needs of family/services of counsel/medical needs
11. Infidelity in custody of of family upon approval of court
detained persons ● NATURE: Held in trust by bank/financial ins. during
12. Unauthorized revelation if pendency of investigation.
classified materials ● FOUND INNOCENT: Released to him without need
13. Furnishing false evidence of further action on his part. + LIQUIDATED
DAMAGE (500K a day for period in which his
properties were seized [lol????])

TERRORISM ELEMENTS OF Financing of
FINANCING terrorism-
PREVENTION AND a. Any person who, directly or
SUPPRESSION (RA indirectly, willfully and
10168) without lawful excuse,
b. possesses, provides, collects
or uses property or funds or
makes available property,
funds or financial service or
other related services, by any
means,
c. with the unlawful and
willful intention that they
should be used or with the
knowledge that they are to
be used, in full or in part:
(a) to carry out or facilitate the
commission of any terrorist
act;
(b) by a terrorist organization,
association or group; or
(c) by an individual terrorist
PERSONS LIABLE: (no express list
in Beda/book; compiled based on
provisions of the law)
(1) PRINCIPAL
a. Any person who finances
terrorism
b. Any person who organizes
or directs others to commit
financing of terrorism
(2) ACCOMPLICE:
a. Not a principal/conspirator
b. Cooperates in execution of
either crime to commit
financing/conspiracy to
commit financing
c. By previous/simultaneous
acts
(3) ACCESSORY
a. Have knowledge but
without participating
therein
b. Takes part subsequent to
its commission by
● CONVICTED: confiscated In favor of the State.
PROSECUTION UNDER THIS ACT SHALL BE A BAR TO
ANOTHER PROSECUTION UNDER THE RPC/SPL
When a person has been prosecuted under a provision of this
Act, upon a valid complaint or information or other
formal charge sufficient in form and substance to sustain
a conviction and after the accused had pleaded to the
charge, the acquittal of the accused or the dismissal of the
case shall be a bar to another prosecution for any offense
or felony which is necessarily included in the offense
charged under this Act. (Sec. 49)
DAMAGES FOR UNPROVEN CHARGE OF TERRORISM (50):
entitled to the payment of damages in the amount of Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) for every day that
he or she has been detained or deprived of liberty or
arrested without a warrant as a result of such an accusation.
APPLICABILITY OF RPC: Provisions of Book 1 (Sec 52)
GOV AGENCY: ANTI-TERRORISM COUNCIL (ATC)
IMPORTANT NOTES:
1. FOR PURPOSES OF THIS ACT, knowledge or intent
may be established by direct evidence or inferred
from the attendant circumstances.
2. To constitute violation, it shall NOT BE NECESSARY
that the funds were actually used to carry out
terrorist acts.
3. Financing of terrorism, attempt and conspiracy to
commit financing and dealing with the property and
funds of designated persons, being accomplices and
accessories in said crimes shall be PREDICATE
OFFENSES TO MONEY LAUNDERING. (p.432)
4. NOTWITHSTANDING THE BANK SECRECY
LAW/FOREIGN DEPOSIT ACT, the AMLC is
authorized to inquire into/examine deposits with
any banking institution/non-banking financial ins.
WITHOUT A COURT ORDER (SEC. 10)
TERRORISTS- natural person / if organization: TERRORIST
ORGANIZATION (Sec 3 (i/k))
(1) who commits/attempts/conspire to commit
terrorist acts by any means, directly or indirectly,
unlawfully/willfully
TERRORIST ACTS: [34-ADS-ST)
1. Any act in violation of Section
3 (Terrorism) or Section 4
(conspiracy to Commit
Terrorism) of the Human
Security Act of 2007;
2. Any other act intended to
cause death or serious bodily
injury to a civilian, or to any
other person not taking an
active part in the hostilities
in a situation of armed
conflict, when the purpose of
such act, by its nature or
context, is to intimidate a
population, or to compel a
government or an
international organization to
do or to abstain from doing
any act;
3. Any act which constitutes an
offense under this Act, that is
within the scope of any of the
following treaties of which
the Republic of the
Philippines is a State party
(Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of
Aircraft; Suppression of Unlawful Acts
against the Safety of Civil Aviation;
Prevention and Punishment of Crimes
against Internationally Protected Persons,
including Diplomatic Agents;
International Convention against the
Taking of Hostages; Physical Protection of
Nuclear Material; Unlawful Acts against
the Safety of Maritime Navigation;
International Convention for the
Suppression of Terrorist Bombings et.al)
i. profiting/assisting
principals to profit
ii. Concealing/destroyin
g effects of crime to
prevent discovery
iii. Harboring/concealing
/facilitating escape of
principal.
(4) CONSPIRACY: Conspiracy to
commit financing
(5) Attempt to commit financing
(6) Any person WHO NOT BEING
AN ACCESSORY/ACCOMPLICE
in relation to any property or
fund
a. deals directly/indirectly, in
any way and any means
with any property he
KNOWS/REASONABLE
GROUND TO BELIEVE is
owned/controlled by
designated
persons/organizations
b. Makes available any
property/funds/financial
services to a designated
and/or identified person,
organizations et.al
IF COMMITTED BY A JURIDICAL
PERSON, the penalty shall be
imposed upon its responsible
officers, as the case may be,
(1) Who participated in,
(2) Or allowed by their gross
negligence the commission
of the crime
(3) Who shall have knowingly
permitted
(4) Or have failed to prevent its
commission.
The court may also
suspend/revoke the license of the
business.
(2) Participates, as a principal or as an accomplice, in
terrorist acts
(3) Organizes or directs others to commit terrorist acts
(4) Contributes to the commission by a group of persons
acting with a common purpose where the
contribution is made intentionally and with the aim
of furthering the terrorist act/with knowledge of
intention of the group to commit a terrorist act.
DESIGNATED PERSONS (Sec 3 (e))
(1) any person or entity designated and/or identified
as a terrorist, one who finances terrorism, or a
terrorist organization or group under the
applicable United Nations Security Council
Resolution or by another jurisdiction or
supranational jurisdiction;
(2) any organization, association, or group of
persons proscribed pursuant to Section 17 of the
Human Security Act of 2007; or
(3) any person, organization, association, or group of
ipersons whose funds or property, based on
probable cause are subject to seizure and
sequestration under Section 39 of the Human
Security Act of 2007.
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE RPC: BOOK 1 ALSO
APPLICABLE. ; apply suppletory (Sec 21)
EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION (ART 2, RPC, p. 433).
GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS:
(1) AMLC- Anti Money Laundering Council: Upon its
own initiative/request of ATC,
a. it is authorized to investigate
i. Any property/fund related to
financing of terrorism or acts of
terrorism
ii. Property/funds of any
person/persons in relation to
whom there is probable cause to
believe that such person/persons
are
committing/attempting/conspiring
to commit/participating or
facilitating the financing of
IF COMMITTED BY AN ALIEN, terrorism/acts of terrorism.
In addition to the penalties provided b. May enlist the help of any branch of
herein, he shall be deported government including GOCCs.
without further proceedings after c. Authority to FREEZE without delay
serving the penalties provided. DURATION: 20 DAYS, may be extended up to a period
of 6 months upon order of the CA provided
that 20 day period shall be TOLLED upon
OTHER PUNISHABLE filing of petition to extend.
ACTS/ELEMENTS i. Property/funds that are in any way
(7) Organizing or directing related to the crime of
others to commit financing financing/acts of terrorism
of terrorism ii. Property/funds of any
(8) Attempt to commit person/persons in relation to
financing terrorism and whom there is probable cause to
dealing with property or believe that such person/persons
funds of designated are
persons (2 degrees lower) committing/attempting/conspiring
(9) Conspiracy to commit to commit/participating or
financing/dealing with facilitating the financing of
property or funds which terrorism/acts of terrorism.
shall be penalized by the d. May also freeze any property/funds of
same penalty for designated persons/associations to comply
commission. with binding terrorism-related resolutions
(10) Failure by (UN Security Council et.al)
responsible officer to i. DURATION: till basis of issuance
comply with freeze order have been lifted
issued by AMLC. ii. REMEDY: within 20 days, file with
CA a petition to determine the basis
PENALTY: of freeze order.
(1) Financing of Terrorism- iii. IF FOUND RELATED TO
Reclusion temporal in max FINANCING/ACTS OF TERRORISM
to reclusion perpetua + fine IN THE PHILIPPINE, subject to
of not less than 500K nor CIVIL FORFEITURE.
more than 1M, e. Defer the issuance of freeze order for as
(2) CONSPIRATOR/ACCESSOR long as necessary for any specific
Y: two degrees lower than investigatory/prosecutorial purposes. (Sec
principal 12)
(3) ACCOMPLICE: one degree
lower than conspirator (2) ATC- Anti-Terrorism Council

HUMANITARIAN EXEMPTIONS: Person may withdraw such

funds as the court determines to be reasonably needed
for
(1) Monthly family needs and sustenance

BP 22 TWO WAYS TO VIOLATE BP 22:
“BOUNCING CHECKS 1. By making or drawing and
LAW” issuing a check to apply on
account or for value knowing
at the time of issue that the
check is not sufficiently
funded; and
2. By having sufficient funds in or
credit with the drawee bank
but failing to keep sufficient
funds or to maintain a credit to
cover the full amount of the
check when presented to the
drawee bank within 90 days.
ELEMENTS - 1st Way: (Mid-KD)
1. Making, Drawing, and Issuing
any check to apply to account
or for value;
2. Knowledge of the maker,
drawer, or issuer that at the
time of issue he does not have
sufficient funds in or credit
with the drawee bank for the
payment of the check in full
upon its presentment;
3. Subsequent Dishonor of the
check by the drawee bank for
insufficiency of funds or credit,
or dishonor of the check for the
same reason had not the
drawer, without any valid
cause, ordered the bank to stop
payment.
ELEMENTS - 2nd Way: (S90D5)
1. That a person has Sufficient
funds with the drawee bank
when he makes or draws and
issues a check.
PERSON LIABLE
● Only the drawer.
● If the drawer was a juridical
entity, its officer who signed
the check shall be liable.
● Indorser is not liable
PENALTY
● Imprisonment of not less
than 30 days but not more
than 1 year OR by a fine of
not less than but not more
than double the amount of
the check but not more
than double the amount of
the check — which shall in
no case exceed P200,000,
OR BOTH such fine and
imprisonment.
RE: ADMINISTRATIVE CIRCULAR
13-2001
● Clarified that the SC did not
remove imprisonment as an
alternative penalty.
● Rule of preference: Where
the circumstances of both
the offense and the offender
clearly indicate good faith
or a clear mistake of fact
without taint of
negligence, the imposition
of FINE alone should be
considered the more
appropriate penalty.
● Judges may exercise sound
discretion in determining
whether the imposition of
(2) Services of counsel
(3) Family medical needs.
EXTRADITION (SEC 20): the PH, at its option, subject to the
principle of reciprocity consider the International Convention
for the Suppression of Financing of Terrorism as a legal basis
for requesting/granting extradition under this act.
NATURE OF THE OFFENSE: malum prohibitum
GRAVAMEN: the act of issuing a worthless check or a check that
is dishonored upon its presentment for payment.
● Even if there has been payment. there could still be
prosecution
● What the law punishes is the issuance of a bouncing
check, not the purpose for which it was issued.
○ Cannot claim that the checks were not
intended to be encashed or deposited in a
bank.
○ Still punished even though the checks have
been issued to guarantee another person’s
obligation.
CONTINUING CRIME; venue is determined by the place
where the elements of making, issuing, or drawing
● What is decisive importance is the delivery of the
check.
● Delivery - the final act essential to its consummation as
an obligation. (NIL: Issuance is the first delivery of the
check)
KNOWLEDGE OF INSUFFICIENCY OF FUNDS IS PRESUMED
FROM THE DISHONOR OF THE CHECK FOR INSUFFICIENCY
OF FUNDS.
● But such presumption is rebuttable by contrary
evidence.
● The prosecution is duty-bound to prove every element
of the offense charged, and not merely rely on a
rebuttable presumption.
● A notice of dishonor actually received by the accused
will give rise to the presumption of knowledge, among
other requirements.
The following conditions establish a prima facie presumption of
knowledge of insufficiency of funds:
1. The check is presented within 90 days from the date of
2. That he fails to keep sufficient
funds or to maintain a credit to
cover the full amount if
presented within a period of
90 days from the date
appearing thereon;
3. That the check is Dishonored
by the drawee bank; and
4. After receiving such written
notice and demand, refuses or
fails to pay the value of the
check within 5 banking days.
fine alone would better
serve the interests of justice
or whether forbearing to
impose imprisonment
would depreciate the
seriousness of the offense,
etc.
RECEIPT OF NOTICE OF DISHONOR
What happens incase of
insolvency to pay the fine?
● Subsidiary imprisonment
will be imposed, even if it is
not in the SPL.
● However, the decision must
explicitly state that
subsidiary penalty shall be
served in case of insolvency
because it is not an
accessory penalty that goes
with the principal penalty.
RELATED CASES (cited by Atty. Dy):
the check;
2. The maker or drawer of the check receives a notice of
dishonor by the drawee; and
3. The drawer or maker fails to pay the holder of the
check the amounts thereon, or make arrangements for
payment in full within 5 banking days.
● This is indispensable for conviction.
● FORM: Must be in writing and properly
authenticated
○ Not enough: oral notice, receipts for registered
letters, return receipts, registry card with
unauthenticated signature
● BURDEN OF PROOF: Person alleging that the notice
was served must prove the fact of service — quantum
of proof: beyond reasonable doubt
● HOW TO PROVE?
○ Service made through registered mail is proved
by registry receipt issued by the mailing
office and an affidavit of the person mailing
○ An affidavit of proof of service
(Above 2 are required in civil cases. Boado:
More reason to apply in criminal cases)
○ Must appear that the notice by mail was served
on the addressee or a duly authorized agent of
the addressee.
● IN CASE OF CORPORATIONS: NOD should be personal
to the maker. Notice to the corporation is not notice to
the officer.
● The positive testimony of the complainant that the
notice of dishonor was personally delivered to the
accused but the latter refused to accept/receive was a
sufficient evidence ofservice. In this case, the lower
courts gave credence to the testimony as well, which
the Court uphneld (Mitra v. People G.R. 191404, July 5,
2010)
● There was no proof of receipt of notice of dishonor BUT
the Court still held that there is knowledge due to the
actuations of the accused. He went to the bank, offered
a compromise, and attached receipts including the
notice of dishonor. This already amounted to admission
that he received the notice.
RELEVANT PERIODS:
1. 90 days — Maker or issuer must maintain sufficient
funds within this period to destroy the prima facie
presumption of knowledge of insufficiency of funds to
back up the check
a. The maker should maintain sufficient funds
EVEN BEYOND the 90 days until the check
becomes stale (after 180 days).
b.
2. 180 days — Payee must deposit or encase the check,
otherwise the check becomes STALE or valueless.
a. No criminal action can then arise after the
lapse of this period. Only civil liability remains
3. 5 banking days — The maker or issuer must make
arrangements to make good the check to escape
criminal liability
a. This is a complete defense.

IN RELATION TO THE RPC

● Sec. 5: The prosecution under BP 22 is without
prejudice to any liability for violation of any
provision in the RPC.
● In a case, Art. 11 (5) of the RPC (justifying
circumstance of lawful exercise of a right) was
suppletorily applied by the Court and held that it was a
valid defense when the petitioner withheld payment of
check in exercise of his right as a buyer under PD 957
(law on regulating sale of subdivision lots).

BP 22 Estafa by
postdating check
under the RPC

Check is LIABILITY IS NO LIABILITY. The

issued for a INCURRED. check should be
pre- issued concurrently
existing and reciprocally in
oblgation payment of the
exchange
consideration and
not for a pre-existing
obligation

Damage or IMMATERIAL These are essential

 Deceit elements

Type of AGAINST PUBLIC AGAINST PROPERTY

Crime INTEREST

Persons Drawer Not only the drawer

liable but even the
indorsee may incur
liability if he were
aware at the time of
the indorsement of
the insufficiency of
funds.

Period 5 BANKING DAYS 3 CALENDAR DAYS

given to from notice of after notice of
make good dishonor dishonor
the cash
value

Nature Malum prohibitum Malum in se

IN RELATION TO THE CIVIL CODE

No compensation when the petitioner and respondent are not
mutually and principally bound as creditors and debtors.
ANTI-GRAFT LAW
VG-PEUN-DIILD

1. Persuading, inducing or
influencing another public
officer to perform an act
constituting a Violation of rules
and regulations duly
promulgated by competent
authority or an offense in
connection with the official
duties of the latter, or allowing
himself to be persuaded,
induced, or influenced to
commit such violation or
offense.
2. (b) Directly or indirectly
requesting or receiving any Gift,
present, share, percentage, or
benefit, for himself or for any
 other person, in connection with
any contract or transaction
between the Government and
any other part, wherein the
public officer in his official
capacity has to intervene under
the law.
3. Directly or indirectly requesting
or receiving any gift, present or
other pecuniary or material
benefit, for himself or for
another, from any person for
whom the public officer, in any
manner or capacity, has secured
or obtained, or will secure or
obtain, any Government Permit
or license, in consideration for
the help given or to be given,
without prejudice to Section
thirteen of this Act.
4. Accepting or having any
member of his family accept
Employment in a private
enterprise which has pending
official business with him
during the pendency thereof or
within one year after its
termination.
5. (e) Causing any Undue injury to
any party, including the
Government, or giving any
private party any unwarranted
benefits, advantage or
preference in the discharge of
his official administrative or
judicial functions through
manifest partiality, evident bad
faith or gross inexcusable
negligence. This provision shall
apply to officers and employees
of offices or government
corporations charged with the
grant of licenses or permits or
other concessions.
6. Neglecting or refusing, after due
 demand or request, without
sufficient justification, to act
within a reasonable time on any
matter pending before him for
the purpose of obtaining,
directly or indirectly, from any
person interested in the matter
some pecuniary or material
benefit or advantage, or for the
purpose of favoring his own
interest or giving undue
advantage in favor of or
discriminating against any other
interested party.
7. Entering, on behalf of the
Government, into any contract
or transaction manifestly and
grossly Disadvantageous to the
same, whether or not the public
officer profited or will profit
thereby.
8. Director or indirectly having
financing or pecuniary Interest
in any business, contract or
transaction in connection with
which he intervenes or takes
part in his official capacity, or in
which he is prohibited by the
Constitution or by any law from
having any interest.
9. Directly or indirectly becoming
Interested, for personal gain, or
having a material interest in any
transaction or act requiring the
approval of a board, panel or
group of which he is a member,
and which exercises discretion
in such approval, even if he
votes against the same or does
not participate in the action of
the board, committee, panel or
group.

Interest for personal gain shall

be presumed against those
 public officers responsible for
the approval of manifestly
unlawful, inequitable, or
irregular transaction or acts by
the board, panel or group to
which they belong.

10. Knowingly approving or

granting any License, permit,
privilege or benefit in favor of
any person not qualified for or
not legally entitled to such
license, permit, privilege or
advantage, or of a mere
representative or dummy of one
who is not so qualified or
entitled.
11. Divulging valuable information
of a confidential character,
acquired by his office or by him
on account of his official
position to unauthorized
persons, or releasing such
information in advance of its
authorized release date.