torage systems and

power charge

2.1 Introduction.

Energy is necessary for a number of reasons, the most basic and obvious involving food
preparation

and the provision of heat to make life comfortable. Subsequently, a wide range of technological
uses

of energy have emerged and are developing, in such a way that the availability of energy becomes
an issue

central in society.

The current development of renewable energy involves the generation of energy using renewable
sources. Many

of them have random behavior, such as: the wind speed on the wind turbines, the

solar radiation in photovoltaic sources, the height of sea waves in tidal sources, among others.

Renewable sources are connected to electrical networks or micro electricity networks. But
availability

Random primary energy results in periods of excess and deficiency of energy. This has

led to the development of different ways to store surplus energy for use whenever

necessary and the operating conditions of the electrical system allow it

2.2 Batteries.

A car battery (rechargeable acid battery) is a seasonal device, although it is used year-round. After
all, it is easy to turn the crankshaft in the hot season. But in the cold weather, the question of how
difficult it will be to start the engine is asked immediately. It is the one that tries to become a
purely active resistance, consuming a lot of current. As a result, the battery begins to fail. If it is
faulty, you will not be able to start the car's engine in normal mode. How to avoid the "death" of
the battery? How to choose a good and viable battery? this is explained in the article
What are batteries for in cars?

The purpose of the battery is to start the engine, as well as perform the functions of a power
source in the car's on-board network when the engine is off. The car battery also acts as a voltage
regulator for the vehicle's electrical system.

The most common are batteries with a nominal voltage of 12 volts. They can be found in cars,
vans, light and medium trucks. Batteries with a voltage of 6 V are used in motorcycles. And 24V
voltage batteries are operated in heavy trucks, special equipment and military

Features of car batteries

2.2.1 Types of batteries.

2.2.1.1 Lead-acid batteries.

In lead acid batteries, the positive electrode is made up of a lead plate coated with lead (II) oxide,
PbO 2, and the negative, spongy lead electrode. They are called "acid" lead acid batteries because
they use a solution of sulfuric acid as an electrolyte.

The operation of the batteries is based on the electrochemical cell. There are two electrodes, one
positive and the other negative, which when connected forming a closed circuit, generate an
electric current, that is, the electrons flow spontaneously from one electrode to another. Batteries
are made up of several pairs of electrodes that are placed in separate compartments called cells.
In the cells, the electrodes are immersed in a solution called the electrolyte.

It is the most widely used battery type and, at the same time, the oldest of all, remaining almost
unchanged since its invention in the 19th century. Their low cost makes them ideal for starting,
lighting or electrical support functions, being used as accumulators in small vehicles. Their
disadvantages are the excessive weight, the toxicity of the lead and its slow recharging, therefore
they are not the ideal batteries for the electric car
2.2.1.2 Alkaline.

2.2.1.3 Sodium-Nickel Chloride.

One of the alternatives is a system almost as old as the batteries themselves. Nickel sodium
chloride.

These paper-thin membranes proved to be a weak point, causing batteries very often to stop
working properly under real-world operating conditions, so apart from a few specialized
applications, this energy storage system has never been widely implemented.

This advance is decisive, because for the first time in half a century, this type of battery, whose
advantages include being made of cheap and abundant raw materials, having very safe operating
characteristics (thus minimizing the risk of accidents) and being able to go through many charge-
discharge cycles without degradation, could finally become practical

2.2.1.4 Sodium-Sulfur.

A sodium-sulfur battery is a type of molten salt battery built from a liquid of sodium (Na) and
sulfur (S). This type of battery has a high energy density, high charge / discharge efficiency (89-
92%) and a long ci