Senior High School

Introduction to World
Religions & Belief
Systems
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Theravada Buddhism

Introduction to World Religions & Belief Systems-Senior High School

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Theravada Buddhism
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Introduction to World Religions & Belief Systems Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Theravada Buddhism.
This module has been collaboratively planned, created and evaluated by educators
from both public and private institutions to help you, the instructor or facilitator,
meet the expectations established by the K to 12 Curriculum while meeting your
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource is hoping to engage the learners at their own pace and time
in guided and independent learning activities. In addition, this also aims to help
learners acquire the necessary skills of the 21st century skills while taking their
needs and circumstances into consideration.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
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Notes to the Teacher

Hello my dear Learning Facilitator. You are lucky to have this learning
material that provides our learners with the lesson easily, enhances their
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For the learner:
Welcome to the Introduction to World Religions & Belief Systems Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Theravada Buddhism.
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies
you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what
you already know about the lesson to take. If you get
all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to
skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

you in various ways such as in a story, a song, a poem,
a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.

This aims to help you discover and understand new
concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You
may check the answers for the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence or

paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned
from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life

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 situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to

enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.
This also tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Lesson 9 Theravada Buddhism

Hello? How’s your day? Do you want more learnings? In this module, you
will study the teachings and beliefs of Theravada Buddhism.

Learning objectives:

1. State the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold path.

2. Give examples of situations that demonstrate cravings which may lead to
suffering according to Theravada Buddhism.
3. Explain: The core teaching of Theravada Buddhism is that life is suffering;
suffering is due to craving; there is a way to overcome craving; and the way
to overcome craving is the Eight-fold Path, the Middle Way (between pleasure
and mortification).
4. Evaluate the Eight-fold Path in terms of how it achieves the Middle Way.

What I Know

Let’s determine what you already learned by answering these questions. Write
your answer in your test notebook.

I. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer about the life of Buddha.

1. Which event happened after Siddhartha saw a very old man and before he saw a
dead man?
a) Siddhartha was born under a tree.
b) Siddhartha went out of the palace for the first time.
c) Siddhartha was married.
d) Siddhartha saw a sick man.
2. From the story we know that Siddhartha:
a) had an easy life.
b) liked being stuck in the palace.
c) was unhappy at the palace.
d) wanted to find the cause of suffering.
3. All of these are true except:

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 a) Siddhartha became the Buddha.
b) Siddhartha’s mother’s name was Maya.
c) Siddhartha never got married.
d) Siddhartha left the palace four times.
4. The reason Siddhartha left the palace was:
a) He did not like his father.
b) He could get richer if he left.
c) He liked the things outside the palace.
d) He needed to an answer to an important question.
5. We can tell from the story that Siddhartha’s father:
a) wanted him to do whatever he wanted to do.
b) tried to keep him from becoming a holy man.
c) was not a part of his life.
d) talked to him a lot about what he wanted to do.

II. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, but if FALSE change the
incorrect underline word.

6. Siddhartha was born into the brahmin caste.

7. Buddhism is the smallest of the great world religions.
8. The Tripitaka is a popular Theravadin Buddhist scripture.
9. The Noble Truth of the path leading to the cessation of dukkha: there is a
method of achieving the end of all unsatisfactoriness, namely the Noble Eightfold
Path.
10. In buddhism, dependent origination is a twelve-linked chain that explicates
how all things are inter-connected, how error and attachment to error occur, and
how, if the chain is untangled.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned what Hinduism is all about,
and how this world’s oldest religion is considered a diverse and complex
religion. We have also discussed how Hindus manifest their spirituality
amidst the variety of their traditions and freedom of beliefs. In this lesson,
we will study Theravada Buddhism and how its followers adhere to the
original practices and doctrines preached by Siddhartha Gautama, a sage
on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.

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 What’s New

Are you ready now? Try this one in your activity notebook!
Activity 1. Direction: The pictures below shows the four noble truth of Theravada
Buddhism. States the noble truth in each photo.

__________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________

Activity 2. Direction: State the eightfold path of Theravada Buddhism through
completing the word by filling the missing letter in each blank.
1. Right v_ _ w
2. Right _ n t _ n t _ _ n
3. Right s _ _e c _
4. Right a c _ _ _ n
5. Right l i v _ _ i _ o o d
6. Right _ f f _ _ t
7. Right m _ i n _ f u _ _ e s s
8. Right _ o n c e _ t r a _ i _ _
Congratulations! You’ve got it! Now, you can proceed to the next activity!

What Is It
Try this! Have fun! Good luck!

Activity 3. Direction: Answer the following questions in your activity notebook.

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1. What are the four noble truths of Theravada Buddhism? Why does Buddha
believe that one must truly understand the “Four Noble Truths” and “The Middle
Way” before beginning the eightfold path”?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. How is one’s salvation attained in Theravada Buddhism?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

THERAVADA BUDDHISM

Theravada (Pali: thera "elders" + vada "word, doctrine"), the "Doctrine of the
Elders," is the name for the school of Buddhism that draws its scriptural
inspiration from the Pali Canon, or Tipitaka, which scholars generally accept as the
oldest record of the Buddha's teachings. For many centuries, Theravada has been
the predominant religion of Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand; today Theravada
Buddhists number over 100 million world-wide. In recent decades Theravada has
begun to take root in the West — primarily in Europe, Australia and the USA.

FOUNDER: SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA

Also known as the Buddha “the awakened one”, he was the leader and
founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha means “He Who Achieves His Goal”. He was born
between 563 B.C.E. to 480 B.C.E. into the Sakya tribe in Lumbini (in present day
Nepal) near the town of Kapilavastu (the capital city of Sakya state) in the foothills
of the Nepalese Himalayas (Kulananda 2001). Born into the Kshartriya caste, his
father was Suddhodana, an aristocratic Hindu chieftain, and his mother was
Mahamaya, a Koliyan princess. When Siddhartha was born his father was told by a
mystic that his future could be one of the two things; a lowly monk or a wealthy
political leader, to ensure his son didn’t become a monk Siddhartha’s father raised
him in luxury and concealed from him the misfortunes of the outside world despite
coming from affluent family. Siddhartha began to feel an inner void that couldn’t be
filled with earthly pleasures such as food and drink, he left his world of luxury and
set out on a mission to satiate his thirst for more. As he roamed, he came across
misery, illness and death, he began to realize that he too would eventually grow old
and die. As he wandered he came across a monk and decided to live a life of self-
denial to see if it brought more to his life than well stood. Siddhartha collapsed
near a stream from hunger and when he awoke he accepted a meal and vowed to
never again deny himself to that extreme. He had lived as an extremely wealthy
man and as a lowly man yet found no peace in either existence. Eventually,
Siddhartha sat beneath the fig tree and vowed to stay there until he reached
enlightenment. As he said, Mara, the god of desire and death tempted him to turn
back to his old life of pleasure by inducing visions of beautiful women but
Siddhartha persisted. Suddenly, he woke as Buddha where he realized that desire
and cravings were what kept him entrapped in the endless cycle of suffering. He
entered a transcendent state known as nirvana where there is no suffering desire
nor sense of self, this is the final goal of Buddhism.

THERAVADA TEACHINGS
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 Theravāda promotes the concept of vibhajjavāda "teaching of analysis". This
doctrine says that insight must come from the aspirant's experience, application of
knowledge, and critical reasoning. However, the scriptures of the Theravadin
tradition also emphasize heeding the advice of the wise, considering such advice
and evaluation of one's own experiences to be the two tests by which practices
should be judged.
Throughout the Pali Canon, two characteristics of all saṅ khāra(conditioned
phenomena) and one characteristic of all dhammas are mentioned. The Theravāda
tradition has grouped them together.
Insight into these three characteristics is the entry to the Buddhist path:
Anicca(impermanence) all conditioned phenomena are subject to change,
including physical characteristics, qualities, assumptions, theories, knowledge, etc.
Nothing is permanent, because, for something to be permanent, there has to be an
unchanging cause behind it.
Dukkha (suffering) craving causes suffering, since what is craved is
transitory, changing, and perishing. The craving for impermanent things causes
disappointment and sorrow. There is a tendency to label practically everything in
the world, as either "good", "comfortable" or "satisfying"; or "bad", "uncomfortable",
and "unsatisfying".
Anatta (not-self) all dhammas lack a fixed, unchanging 'essence'; there is no
permanent, essential ātta (self). A living being is a composite of the five aggregates
(khandhas), which are the physical forms(rupa), feelings or sensations(vedana),
perception (sanna), mental formations (sankhara), and consciousness (vinnana),
none of which can be identified as one's Self.

THERAVADA BELIEFS

The Noble Virtues of Theravada Buddhism are loving kindness,

understanding, serenity and satisfaction for others’ well-being.
Theravada Buddhism doctrine stresses the three principal aspects of existence:
1) dukkha -stress, suffering, pursuit of desire, disease, impurity
2) anicca-impermanence, transience and temporary state of all things
3) annatta-the illusion and non-essentiality of reality and the non-existence of a
permanent ‘soul’
 Merit is earned by giving alms to monks and making donations and offerings at
temples. Buddhist believe by gaining merit they will improve their station in the
next life.
 The Triranta, or Triple Gems, respected by Theravada Buddhists are Buddha
(teacher), Dharma (teachings), & Sangha (the Buddhist brotherhood, monks)

SACRED SCRIPTURES

Tripitaka (Tipitaka in Pali) is the earliest collection of Buddhist teachings and the
only text recognized as canonical by Theravada Buddhist. Tripitaka means “three
basket”, from the way in which it was originally recorded: the text was written on
long, narrow leaves, which were sewn at the edges then grouped into bunches and
stored in baskets. The Tripitaka was handed down orally, the written down in the
third century B.C.E. According to Buddhist tradition, the contents of the Tripitaka
were determined at the First Buddhist Council, shortly after the death of Buddha.

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As many as Buddha’s disciples assembled, and at the direction of Mahakashypa,
Buddha’s successor, the teachings of Buddha were recited in full.

3 BASKETS (TIPITAKA/TRIPITAKA)

TIPITAKA CONTENTS

Sutta Pitaka (Discourse) Buddha’s doctrinal discourses; short

poems to long prose narratives about
Siddhartha’s previous lives
Vinaya Pitaka (Discipline) Rules of discipline; stories that illustrate
Buddhist moral principles

Abhidhamma Pitaka (Ultimate Systematic analysis of the categories of

Doctrine) Buddhist thought

Shortly after his awakening, Buddha began teaching others of his concept of
human condition and how to liberate oneself. He did so by establishing a
framework of thought called the Four noble truths.

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

1. The Noble Truth of dukkha (suffering, unsatisfactoriness, stress): life is

fundamentally fraught with unsatisfactoriness and disappointment of every
description;

2. The Noble Truth of the cause of dukkha: the cause of this dissatisfaction is
tanha (craving) in all its forms;

3. The Noble Truth of the cessation of dukkha: an end to all that unsatisfactoriness
can be found through the relinquishment and abandonment of craving;

4. The Noble Truth of the path leading to the cessation of dukkha: there is a
method of achieving the end of all unsatisfactoriness, namely the Noble Eightfold
Path;

Walking in the Middle Way

Pleasure Middle Path Mortification

The Eightfold Path is describe as walking in the Middle Way between complete

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pleasure and complete mortification, this relates to the origin of Siddhartha Gautama because
he wasn’t able to find peace in high status or as lowly monk, only when he gathered enough
wisdom from both ends of spectrum then reached nirvana.

EIGHTFOLD PATH WHAT ONE MUST DO

RIGHT VIEW Understand the “Four Noble Truths”

RIGHT INTENTION Free one’s self from ill-will, cruelty and untruthfulness

RIGHT SPEECH Abstain from untruthfulness, tale-bearing, harsh

language and vain talk

RIGHT ACTION Abstain from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct

RIGHT LIVELIHOOD Earn a living in a way not harmful to any living thing

RIGHT EFFORT Avoid evil thoughts and overcome them, arouse good
thoughts and maintain them

RIGHT MINDFULNESS Pay vigilant attention to every state of the body, feeling
and mind

RIGHT CONCENTRATION Concentrate on a single object so as to induce certain

special states of consciousness in deep meditation

Theravada Buddhism emphasizes attaining self-liberation through one's own

efforts. Meditation and concentration are vital elements of the way to
enlightenment. The ideal road is to dedicate oneself to full-time monastic life. The
follower is expected to "abstain from all kinds of evil, to accumulate all that is good
and to purify their mind".
Meditation is one of the main tools by which a Theravada Buddhist
transforms themselves, and so a monk spends a great deal of time in meditation.
2 forms of meditation:
 Samatha (Calming meditation)
This is the earliest form of meditation, and is not unique to Buddhism. It's
used to make the mind calmer and take the person to higher jhanic states.
The effects of Samatha meditation are temporary.
 Vipassana (Insight meditation)
This form of meditation is used to achieve insight into the true nature of
things. This is very difficult to get because human beings are used to seeing
things distorted by their preconceptions, opinions, and past experiences. The
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 aim is a complete change of the way we perceive and understand the
universe, and unlike the temporary changes brought about by Samatha, the
aim of Vipassana is permanent change.
When a person achieves liberation they are called a 'worthy person' -
an Arhat or Arahat. Despite the monastic emphasis, Theravada Buddhism has a
substantial role and place for lay followers. The code of behavior for lay people is
much less strict than that for monks. They follow the five basic Buddhist
principles/precepts.
The Five Precepts are to undertake the rule of training to:
• Refrain from harming living beings.
• Refrain from taking that which is not freely given.
• Refrain from sexual misconduct.
• Refrain from wrong speech; such as lying, idle chatter, malicious gossip or
harsh speech.
• Refrain from intoxicating drink and drugs which lead to carelessness

LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION (Paticca-samuppada)

One of the most important teachings of the Buddha and it is also very
profound. With everything built upon a set of relations, it follows that every
effect has a definite cause and every cause has a definite effect. In Buddhism,
dependent origination is a twelve-linked chain that explicates how all things are
inter-connected, how error and attachment to error occur, and how, if the chain
is untangled. It also explains the problem of suffering and rebirth. As a result of
this law of action, a being will be born in different states based on one’s
accumulated good and bad actions in the past.

IMPERMANENCE OF THINGS
An unavoidable fact of human existence. Buddhism affirms five processes
deemed uncontrollable by any individual: old age, sickness, dying, decay and
death. The one who achieved nirvana called arhat or one who is “worthy of
honor”.

What’s More

Let’s see if you know the teachings and beliefs given examples of situations
that demonstrate cravings which may lead to suffering according to Theravada
Buddhism.
Activity 4. Direction: Below you find four terrible diseases, a doctor has examined
each of the patients and now has to aid the patient to get better again. Find and fill
in the answers in the correct boxes. Do this in your activity notebook.

Dukkha Cause of dukkha Cessation of Path leading to

dukkha cessation of
dukkha

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Sweetyrithis Desire to eat Eat significantly Try other types of
sweets all the less sweets. food as well.
time.
Lazyfever
Facebooksyndromos
Spendingcompulsio

*Not being able to get anything done

*Set budget and live within own means
*Think of something that does not cost money but is as fun
*Need to be constantly online on social networking sites
*Spending too much money on unnecessary and overpriced things
*Limit your time of being online
*Meet your friends in real life for a face to face chatter
*Face what you have to do and sort it out
*Do one thing at a time

What I Have Learned

Let us determine if you can now explain the core teaching of
Theravada Buddhism.
Activity 5. Direction: Explain the statement below. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.

Agree “If someone followed the four noble truths: Disagree

they would remove all suffering from their
lives.”

Rubrics:

Score Description
10 Answers are on point. All are grammatically correct and neat.

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 7 There are 1-2 misleading answers. 1-2 are grammatically incorrect and
erasures.
4 There are 3 or more misleading answers. 3 or more grammatically
incorrect and erasures.

What I Can Do

Let’s find out if you know how to apply the teachings and beliefs of
Theravada Buddhism.
Activity 6. Below are the given scenarios, you have to write what are the action
you’re going to make and what Theravada Buddhism like you to do. Do this in your
activity notebook.

Scenario What would you do? What would Theravada

Buddhism like you to do?
You are in the hallway
and a group of students
are bullying a student you
don’t know because of her
weight.
The new iPhone is coming
out. The phone you have
now works perfectly fine
and is less than a year
old. Your family says that
they will buy the new
iPhone for you.
You are taking the exam
in the morning. That
night, your friend asks
you if you want to go to a
party.

Rubrics:

Score Description
10 Answers are on point. All are grammatically correct and neat.

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 7 There are 1-2 misleading answers. 1-2 are grammatically incorrect
and erasures.
4 There are 3 or more misleading answers. 3 or more grammatically
incorrect and erasures.

Assessment

Congratulations! You’ve come this far! Now, let’s evaluate the Eight-
fold Path in terms of how it achieves the Middle Way. Do this in your activity
notebook.

I. Direction: Match the description of the eightfold path seen in the Column A to
Column B.

Column A Column B
1. See the world as it is, accept the existence of
Dukkha and understand there is a path to
freedom. a. Right View

2. Make sure your words are kind and helpful. b. Right Intention
Speak in a positive and truthful way.
c. Right Speech
3. Earn a living in a way that is an honest and
d. Right Action
doesn’t harm any living things.
e. Right Livelihood
4. Be honest, content and faithful. Do not kill
living things or use harmful substances. Treat f. Right Effort
yourself and other people well.
g. Right Mindfulness
5. Show as serious commitment to developing the
right and mental thought and attitude. h. Right Concentration

6. Concentrate the mind. Get rid of bad thoughts

and find calm.
7. Be constantly aware that your thought and
actions have consequences.
8. Work hard to make all thought, speech and
actions positive.
II. Direction: Complete the table by filling in the blanks with the correct
answer. Choose the answer from the list below.
*untruthfulness *tale-bearing *single *overcome
*living thing *killing *four-noble truth *feeling

Eightfold Path What One Must Do

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Right View
Understand the “________________________________”1.
Right Intention
Free one’s self from ill-will, cruelty, and __________________________2.
Right Speech
Abstain from untruthfulness, _______________3., harsh language, and vain
talk
Right Action
Abstain from _____________4., stealing and sexual misconduct
Right Livelihood
Earn a living in a way not harmful to any ____________________________5.
Right Effort
Avoid evil thoughts and _____________________ 6. them, arouse good
thoughts and maintain them
Right Mindfulness
Pay vigilant attention to every state of the body, _________________7. and
mind
Right Concentration
Concentration on a _______________8. object so as to induce certain special
states of consciousness in deep meditation

III. Direction: Write a practical example of how it can be followed. Used the
format below.
The Eightfold Path Practical example of how it can be
followed
Right View

Right Intention

Right Speech

Right Action

Right Livelihood

Right Effort

Right Mindfulness

Right Concentration

Rubrics:

Score Description
10 Answers are on point. All are grammatically correct and neat.
7 There are 1-2 misleading answers. 1-2 are grammatically
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 incorrect and erasures.
4 There are 3 or more misleading answers. 3 or more
grammatically incorrect and erasures.

Additional Activities

Using Venn Diagram, illustrate the similarities and differences of the “Ten
Commandments” and “Noble Eightfold Path.”

References:
Ong, J., et. al. Introduction to World Religions & Belief Systems. 2016. Vibal
Group, Inc. Quezon City.
http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/whats-thera.htm
file:///C:/Users/KYCIE/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge_8weky
b3d8bbwe/TempState/Downloads/231510769-Buddhism-Lesson-Plans%20(1).pdf

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https://www.scribd.com/presentation/337682848/Theravada-Buddhism
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GsEh68dNtWE
 Answers Key

What I Know
I.
1. d
2. d
3. c
4. d
5. b
II.
6. kshatriya
7. largest
8. true
9. true
10. true

What’s New
Activity 1.
1. suffering
2. cause of suffering
3. end of suffering
4. path leading to end of suffering
Activity 2.
1. view
2. intention
3. speech
4. action
5. livelihood
6.effort
7. mindfulness
8. concentration

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What Is It
Activity 3.
1. The four noble truths of Theravada Buddhism are the dukkha, the cause
of dukkha, cessation of dukkha and path leading to cessation of dukkha. Buddha
believe that one must truly understand the “Four Noble Truths” and “The Middle
Way” before beginning the eightfold path” because Siddhartha Gautama wasn’t able
to find peace in high status or as lowly monk, only when he gathered enough
wisdom from both ends of spectrum then reached nirvana.

2. One’s salvation can be attained in Theravada Buddhism thru

understanding the four noble truths and eightfold path.

What’s More
Activity 4.
Dukkha Cause of dukkha Cessation of Path leading to
dukkha cessation of
dukkha
Sweetyrithis Desire to eat Eat significantly Try other types
sweets all the less sweets. of food as well.
time.
Lazyfever Not being able to Face what you Do one thing at a
get anything done have to do and time
sort it out
Facebooksyndromos Need to be Limit your time of Meet your friends
constantly online being online in real life for a
on social face to face chatter
networking sites
Spendingcompulsio Spending too Think of Set budget and
much money on something that live within own
unnecessary and does not cost means
overpriced things money but is as
fun

What I Have Learned

Scores may vary according to the rubrics.

What I Can Do
Scores may vary according to the rubrics.

Assessment
I.
1. a
2. b
3. e
4. c
5.d
6. h
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7. g
8. f
II.
1. four noble truth
2. untruthfulness
3. tale-bearing
4. killing
5. living thing
6. overcome
7. feeling
8. single
III.
Scores may vary according to the rubrics.

Writer: KYCIE BEB G. ABASTAR

Dualing High School
Aleosan, Cotabato Province

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