Name: Melanie A.

Galedo Date: 06/13/2020

Section: BSN 12-D Subject: NRG206

1. Enumerate and Define all the nursing informatics theory and cite one example on how it
is properly use on our daily online activities.
GRAVES AND CORCORAN’S MODEL (1989)
This model defined nursing informatics as the linear progression, from data into
information and knowledge. Management processing is integrated within each element,
depicting nursing informatics as the proper management of knowledge, from data as it is
converted into information and knowledge.
In other words, it is “a combination of computer science, information science and nursing
science designed to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information and
knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing care.” It is an emerging
area of specialization that is rapidly becoming an essential component of educational programs
at all levels, in response to the pervasive use of the computer in the health care system
Example: As an example, an instance of vital signs for an individual heart rate, respiration,
temperature, and blood pressure—can be considered (a set of) data. A serial set of vital signs
taken over time, placed into a context, and used for longitudinal comparisons is considered
information. That is, a dropping blood pressure, increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and fever
in an elderly, catheterized person is recognized as being abnormal for this person. The
recognition that the person may be septic and, therefore may need certain nursing interventions
reflects information synthesis (knowledge) based on nursing knowledge and experience.
SCHIWIRIAN’S MODEL (1986)
Nursing informatics involves identification of information needs, resolution of the needs,
and attainment of nursing goals/objectives. Patricia Schwirian proposed a model intended to
stimulate and guide systematic research in nursing informatics, model/framework that enables
identification of significant information needs, that can foster research (somewhat similar to
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).
Example: These elements are (1) the "raw material;' which is nursing related information; (2) the
technology, which is a computing system; (3) the users, who are nurses/students within the
context of their personal and professional systems; and (4) the goal or objective toward which
the three preceding elements are directed. The model depicts the fact that information, user,
and computer interact to form NI activity (shown here as the base of the pyramid). The
placement of the goal at the apex of the pyramid is intended to show the importance of the
ultimate goal of any NI activity and the fact that NI researchers must always keep it in mind.
TURLEY’S MODEL (1996)
Nursing informatics is the intersection between the discipline-specific science (nursing)
and the area of informatics. And in this model, there are 3 core components of informatics,
namely Cognitive science, Information science, and Computer science.
Example: A nurse is taking care of the patient who recently gave birth with a baby boy, and now
ready to go home and be discharge the nurse now begins to comply the discharge letter and all
the things needed for them to completely discharge and go home with the use of computers.
In the example we can see that with information and proper knowledge in computer we
can easily finish our task need to be finished in the right time.
DATA-INFORMATION-KNOWLEDGE MODEL,
NI is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information
science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom into nursing
practice (ANA). Nursing informatics is an evolving, dynamic process involving the conversion of
data into information, and subsequently knowledge.
Example: A patient is expected to be in ICU in 1:00pm for her hysterectomy surgery, so the
nurse begins to interview the patient because it’s part of the protocol, she then enter everything
in the information of the patient for data keeping so that it will be easier for the physicians to
look at the information and proceed to formulate and rendering care.
REVISED DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE WISDOM MODEL (2013)
NI is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information
science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom into nursing
practice
Example: A new patient is admitted in the ward and prior to admission nurse performed physical
assessments and will be later then be input in computer so that we can render the right care for
our patient.
BENNER’S LEVEL OF EXPERTISE MODEL
Said that every nurse must be able to continuously exhibit the capability to acquire skills
(in this case, computer literacy skills parallel with nursing knowledge), and then demonstrate
specific skills beginning with the very first student experience. According BERNER, there are 5
levels of expertise:
Novice – individuals with no experience of situations and related content in those situations
where they are expected to perform tasks.
Advanced Beginner – marginally demonstrate acceptable performance having built on lessons
learned in their expanding experience base; needs supervision.
Competent – enhanced mastery and the ability to cope with and manage many contingencies.
Proficient – evolution through continuous practice of skills, combined with professional
experience and knowledge; individual who appreciates standards of practice as they apply in
nursing informatics.
Expert – individual with mastery of the concept and capacity to intuitively understand the
situation and immediately target the problem with minimal effort or problem solving.
Example: Novice- they are the student nurses and still learning in the field
 Advance Beginner- they are the new graduates of nursing profession they are able to
work alone yet still so much to learn.
Competent- they are the one who have enhanced in the fields and are able to manage
clinical problems alone and without help
Proficient- they are the one that are becoming expert in the field and who continues to
practice skills combing knowledge and wisdom as one.
Expert- they are the one who is really expert in the field and has been working in longest
time in the clinical area they have mastered everything and able to deal the situation
immediately without problem.