CHAPTER 4  Basement membrane – structure less

material secreted by cell; consist of

TISSUE
proteins; act as filter and barrier
- Group of cells grouped together to
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA
carry out specialized activities
(number of cell layers & shape)
HISTOLOGY
1.SIMPLE – single layer; to MOVE MATERIALS
- Study of tissue
2.STRATIFIED – more than 1 layer; PROTECTION
3.SQUAMOUS – flat; DIFUSSION/FILTRATION
4 BASIC TISSUE TYPES:
4.CUBOIDAL – cube-like; SA.P
1. EPITHELIUM/EPITHELIAL
5.COLUMNAR – tall & thin; SA.P
 Covers external and internal surface
CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION LOCATION
 Lines/covers hollow organs, body Simple Squamous AIR
cavities (digestive tract, airways and Epithelium Filtration, SACS/ALVEOLI
blood vessels) and ducts (thinnest, prevents OF LUNGS,
basement, forms abrasion kidneys, blood
 Forms most glands
walls and vessels &
FOUR SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS: capillaries, smooth serous
1. Epithelial cells fit closely to form FS) membranes
continuous sheets P,P,P
Simple Cuboidal Active Walls of
2. The membrane always has 1 free
Epithelium transport, KIDNEY
surface (have cilia that Diffusion, TUBULES;
3. The lower surface of epithelium rests moves mucus; Secretion of Surface of
on a basement membrane microvilli; 1 waste OVARIES
nucleus) products,
4. They have no blood supply of their reabsorb
own and depend on diffusion from useful
capillaries materials
Simple Columnar Produces Protection of
Epithelium and secretes the entire
FUNCTIONS (PAFS) ( mucus ClearTF mucus and DIGESTIVE
1. Protection (for underlying structures) protects lining, digestive TRACT from
2. Absorption (contain carrier proteins; goblet cells enzymes ESOPHAGUS
digested food mol., vitamins ,ions) produces mucus) TO ANUS
Pseudostratified Synthesize, AUDITORY
3. Filtration (act as barrier/skin; Columnar secretes, TUBES, some
permitting passage/air, blood, lungs) Epithelium moves mucus GLANDS &
(1 layer BM, shorter onto the free DUCTS,
4. Secretion (substances; sweat/mucous than others) surface AIRAWAYS such
glands, pancreas) as nasal
cavity/sinuses
P,T,B
IMPORTANT TERMS: Stratified Squamous Protection Keratinized –
 Ducts - opening of glands where Epithelium against outer layer of
(most common; abrasion, skin
secretion pass through keratin, proteins barrier Non K/moist –
 Free surface – not in contact with that hardens SSE) against MOUTH,
infection, THROAT, larynx,
other calls
reduces water esophagus, anus,
 Basal surface – attaches epithelial loss e.g. inner V,IU,C
cells to underlying tissues cheek
Stratified Cuboidal PAS SALIVARY GLANDS
Epithelium GLANDS,
(rare) OVARIAN
Gland – structure that secretes substances onto
FOLLICULAR a surface, into cavity or blood
CELLS, SWEAT Endocrine –glands that have no ducts and
GLANDS DUCTS
Stratified Columnar PAS MAMMARY empty their secretions into blood
Epithelium GLANDS DUCTS, Hormones – carried by the blood
(rare; only surface LARYNX, portion
cells are columnar) of MALE
Exocrine – glands with ducts
URETHRA Simple exocrine - have ducts, no branches
Transitional Fluctuations Linings of Compound exocrine – with ducts, many
Epithelium in the volume URINARY
(CUBOIDAL – not of fluid; BLADDER, branches
stretched, rounded protects URETERS, Tubular- ends of glands that are either straight
& dome-like; against the SUPERIOR
or coiled
SQUAMOUS – caustic effects URETHRA
stretched) of urine Acinus/Alveolus – sac like structure ends
Merocrine secretion – most common type of
IMPORTANT TERMS: secretion; products released, no lost
*SECRETORY VESICLES – filled with mucus to protect e.g. pancreas/digestive enzymes
stomach linings against digestive enzymes and acid
Apocrine secretion - products are released as
*SMOOTH FREE SURFACE – reduces friction
fragments
*MICROVILLI- cylindrical extensions increases free
surface area e.g. mammary / milk secretion
*CILIA – moves materials along the free surface Holocrine Secretion – shedding of entire cells
*GOBLET CELLS - mucus producing cells e.g. sebaceous/ skin
CONNECTIONS 2.CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Tight Junctions - Large amounts of extracellular
- bind adjacent cells together; form materials that separates cells from one
permeability barriers another
- prevent the passage of materials - Protects and supports the body
between epithelial cells - Stores energy reserves and helps
- e.g. lining of intestines proved immunity
2. Gap Junctions - Bones, tendons, ligaments, joints
- Small channels that allow small 3 Extracellular Material/Matrix Components:
molecules/ions to pass form an 1. protein fibers
epithelial cell to an adjacent one 2. ground substance – shapeless
- Ions that moves to GJ acts as background against w/c cells and
communication signals collagen fibers are seen
3. Desmosomes 3. fluid
- Mechanical links that bind cells 3 Types of protein fibers help form C.T:
together 1. Collagen fibers – microscopic ropes; flexible
4. Hemidesmosomes but resist stretching
- Modified desmosmes; half 2. Reticular fibers – very fine, short collagen
- anchor calls to basemaen that branch to form supporting network
membrane; subjected to stress 3. Elastic fibers – coiled metal bed springs; after
stretching they can recoil to their original shape
*proteoglycans – resembles limbs of pine trees; DENSE TENDONS
proteins branches/ poly needles REGULAR Withstand AND
COLLAGENOUS great pulling LIGAMENTS;
*macrophages –large WBC; ccapable of (runs in same forces DERMIS,
ingesting foreign substances direction in ORGAN
*mast cells – nonmotile; release chemicals tendons and CAPSULES
ligaments)
DENSE Capable of Elastic
NAMED ACCDG TO FUNCTIONS REGULAR stretching and ligaments
-blast – germ; produce matrix ELASTIC (same recoiling btwn
-cyte – cell; maintain it direction in VERTEBRAE &
-clast –break it down for remodeling elastic dorsal aspect
ligaments) of NECK and in
FUNCTIONS: the VOCAL
1. enclosing and separating other tissues CHORDS
(mavn)
2. connecting tissues to one another SUPPORTIVE CONNECTING TISSUE: CARTILAGE
3. supporting and moving parts of the HYALINE Allows growth of RESPIRATORY
CARTILAGE long bones; SYSTEM, costal
body provides rigidity cartilage of RIBS,
4. storing compounds (adipose-energy, in trachea, ribs, SURFACE OF
bones-minerals) nose, strong BONES,
smooth surface EMBRYONIC
5. cushioning and insulating
SKELETON
6. transporting FIBROCAR Resist pulling/ INTERVERTEBRAL
7. protecting TILAGE tearing forces, DISKS, PUBIC
CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE connect SYMPHYSIS,
TYPE FUNCTION LOCATION structure; ARTICULAR
LOOSE: withstanding DISKS (knees,
considerable joints)
AREOLAR CT Lose packing, Widely
pressure
(network of support, distributed,
.collagen. nourishment where EBM ELASTIC More flexible EXTERNAL EAR,
fibers) rest; btwn CARTILAG EPIGLOTTIS,
glands, E AUDITORY
muscles, TUBES
nerves,
UNDERLYING SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TISSUE
ADIPOSE Packing Subcutaneous 1. Cartilage – composed of chondrocytes
TISSUE material. areas, (cartilagec ells) located in lacunae (spaces);
(adipocytes Thermal mentries, provides support, bur if bent it resumes its
large amount insulator, renal pelves
original shape
of lipids for energy storage, around
energy storage) protection kidneys, 2. Bone – hard connective tissue that consists of
colon, living cells and mineralized matrix
mammary 3.Blood – unique because the matrix is liquid
RETICULAR Provides SPLEEN,
*Collagen – gives flexibility and strength
TISSUE superstructure LYMPH
(framework of for lymphatic NODES, BONE
lymphatic and MARROW
tissue) hemopoietic
tissues