LGBT

People around the world face violence and inequality—and sometimes torture, even execution—because of
who they love, how they look, or who they are. Sexual orientation and gender identity are integral aspects of our
selves and should never lead to discrimination or abuse. Human Rights Watch works for lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender peoples' rights, and with activists representing a multiplicity of identities and issues. We
document and expose abuses based on sexual orientation and gender identity worldwide, including torture,
killing and executions, arrests under unjust laws, unequal treatment, censorship, medical abuses, discrimination
in health and jobs and housing, domestic violence, abuses against children, and denial of family rights and
recognition. We advocate for laws and policies that will protect everyone’s dignity. We work for a world where
all people can enjoy their rights fully.

Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for
blacks to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it
didn’t end discrimination against blacks—they continued to endure the devastating effects of racism, especially
in the South. By the mid-20th century, African Americans had had more than enough of prejudice and violence
against them. They, along with many whites, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for equality that
spanned two decades.

During Reconstruction, blacks took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought
legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.

In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave blacks equal protection under the law. In 1870, the 15th
Amendment granted blacks the right to vote. Still, many whites, especially those in the South, were unhappy
that people they’d once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field.

Temperance Movement
Temperance movement, movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence
in the use of intoxicating liquor. Although an abstinence pledge had been introduced by churches as early as
1800, the earliest temperance organizations seem to have been those founded at Saratoga, New York, in 1808
and in Massachusetts in 1813. The movement spread rapidly under the influence of the churches; by 1833 there
were 6,000 local societies in several U.S. states.

Right to Life
Our fundamental law indeed highly values human life to the extent of prohibiting the imposition of the death
penalty, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress provides for it  (Section 19,
Article III). Our Criminal Law or the Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815 as Amended) on the other hand specifically
protects the life of a child (1) before birth by severely penalizing intentional and unintentional abortion or the
expulsion of the fetus from the uterus before it is capable of carrying on its own independent life and (2)
infanticide or the killing of the child after birth who is less than three days of age (Articles 255 to 259).

Women Liberation Movement

The women's liberation movement (WLM) was a political alignment of women and feminist intellectualism that
emerged in the late 1960s and continued into the 1980s primarily in the industrialized nations of the Western
world, which affected great change (political, intellectual, cultural) throughout the world. The WLM branch of
radical feminism, based in contemporary philosophy, comprised women of racially- and culturally-diverse
backgrounds who proposed that economic, psychological, and social freedom were necessary for women to
progress from being second-class citizens in their societies.

Towards achieving the equality of women, the WLM questioned the cultural and legal validity of patriarchy and
the practical validity of the social and sexual hierarchies used to control and limit the legal and physical
independence of women in society. Women's liberationists proposed that sexism—legalized formal and informal
sex-based discrimination predicated on the existence of the social construction of gender—was the principal
political problem with the power dynamics of their societies. In general, the WLM proposed socio-economic
change from the political Left, rejected the idea that piecemeal equality, within and according to social class,
would eliminate sexual discrimination against women, and fostered the tenets of humanism, especially the
respect for human rights of all people. In the decades during which the Women's Liberation Movement
flourished, liberationists successfully changed how women were perceived in their cultures, redefined the socio-
economic and the political roles of women in society, and transformed mainstream society.

Anti-Nuclear Movement
The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes various nuclear technologies. Some direct action
groups, environmental movements, and professional organisations have identified themselves with the
movement at the local, national, or international level. Major anti-nuclear groups include Campaign for Nuclear
Disarmament, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War,
Peace Action and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service. The initial objective of the movement was
nuclear disarmament, though since the late 1960s opposition has included the use of nuclear power. Many anti-
nuclear groups oppose both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The formation of green parties in the 1970s
and 1980s was often a direct result of anti-nuclear politics.

Scientists and diplomats have debated nuclear weapons policy since before the atomic bombings of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in 1945. The public became concerned about nuclear weapons testing from about 1954, following
extensive nuclear testing in the Pacific. In 1963, many countries ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty which
prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing.

Antinuclear movement, social movement opposed to the production of nuclear weapons and the generation of
electricity by nuclear power plants. The goals and ideologies of the antinuclear movement range from an
emphasis on peace and environmentalism to intellectual social activism based on knowledge of nuclear
technology and to political and moral activism based on conflicts between nuclear power applications and
policies and personal values. Antinuclear organizations tend to emphasize alternative energy sources, the
dangers of the proliferation of nuclear weapons, possible environmental hazards, and the safety of nuclear-
industry workers. Many seek a complete moratorium on nuclear development and research. Arguing that
nuclear-related terrorist attacks and nuclear accidents are probable and that radioactive waste is difficult to
adequately dispose of, antinuclear activists push for alternative energy technologies to meet the needs of the
human race prior to the depletion of fossil fuels.

The Tea Party movement is an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party.
Members of the movement have called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United
States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending. The movement supports small-
government principles and opposes government-sponsored universal health care. The Tea Party movement has
been described as a popular constitutional movement composed of a mixture of libertarian, right-wing populist,
and conservative activism. It has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since
2009. According to the American Enterprise Institute, various polls in 2013 estimate that slightly over 10 percent
of Americans identified as part of the movement.

The Tea Party movement was launched following a February 19, 2009 call by CNBC reporter Rick Santelli on the
floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for a "tea party," several conservative activists agreed by conference
call to coalesce against Obama's agenda and scheduled series of protests. Supporters of the movement
subsequently have had a major impact on the internal politics of the Republican Party. Although the Tea Party is
not a party in the classic sense of the word, some research suggests that members of the Tea Party Caucus vote
like a significantly farther right third party in Congress. A major force behind it was Americans for Prosperity
(AFP), a conservative political advocacy group founded by businessmen and political activist David H. Koch. It is
unclear exactly how much money is donated to AFP by David and his brother Charles Koch. By 2019, it was
reported that the conservative wing of the Republican Party "has basically shed the tea party moniker".