Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
Urmia brackish lake with an average area of 5500 km2 is the biggest natural lake in
the Middle East. This lake is located in the northwest of Iran between 45°10’ E to
45°45’ E and 37°5’ N to 38°17’ N. The lake has been registered in Ramsar
Convention (1971) and UNESCO (Convention Concerning the Protection of the
World Culture and Natural Heritage, 1972) due to its unique characteristics. This lake
is also recognized in the Man and Biosphere Action and is the second most brackish
water body in the world.
The average annual precipitation in Urmia basin with an area of 52000 km2 ranges
between 200 to 600 mm. Eight permanent rivers and 14 small seasonal rivers flow
into the lake especially from southern parts.
Over the past two decades, construction of civil structures has damaged the natural
conditions of the area. Dams, water networks and in particular a poorly designed
causeway construction have changed the hydraulics and hydrodynamics of the lake. In
this study the major impacts of various development activities in the lake ecosystem
have been identified and the relationships between local water management and
development projects and degradation of susceptible ecosystem have been evaluated
and a restoration plan has been proposed.
1
In Persian “”اروﻣﻴﻪ, Formerly Lake Rezaiyeh. Other spellings like; Oromeeh, Orumiyeh, Oromieh and
Uromiyeh are also used in literatures.
The elevation in the watershed varies from 1276.5 to 3800 meters (based on mean sea
level at Persian Gulf). 65% of the whole area is mountainous, 24% is plains and 11%
is covered by the Urmia Lake and surrounding area (Senobar, 1993).
Urmia brackish lake with an average area of 5500 km2 is the second most brackish
water body in the world after Dead Sea. The average depth of the lake is around 6 m
and the mean water level of the lake is 1276.5m. This lake consists of a terrestrial and
an aquatic ecosystem. The terrestrial ecosystem is comprised of 102 islands with a
total area of 33486 ha. and surrounding shorelines of the Lake. Besides the lake and
rivers, several wetlands around the lake are the main habitats of wide diversity of
aquatic species.
This lake has been registered in Ramsar Convention (1971) and UNESCO Convention
(for Protection of the World Culture and Natural Heritage, 1972) due to its unique
characteristics and its importance as a destination of migratory birds. Lake Urmia is
also designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve (1976) and as a national park
(SADRA, 2005).
2.2. Climate
The watershed generally has a cold weather. The annual average temperature in the
basin is about +10 degrees Celsius. However in mountainous regions it is reported
less than +6 degrees Celsius. From the climatologic point of view, the Urmia Lake is
consisted of semi dry climatic lands, Mediterranean, semi humid and humid climates.
Average annual precipitation is around 400 mm and the annual average evaporation is
about 1400 mm. The precipitation volume in the watershed is estimated to exceed 20
billion m3 per year. The maximum monthly rainfall in this basin occurs during April
and May (SADRA, 2003a). Variations of precipitation, evaporation and temperature
are presented in Figure 2.
2000 16
Precipitation (mm)
1800
14
Evaporation (mm)
Precipitation and Evaporation (mm)
1600
12 Temperature (C)
1400
Tempreature (°C)
10
1200
1000 8
800
6
600
4
400
2
200
0 0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Table 1: Annual average flow rate and sediment discharge of rivers into the lake
(adopted from SADRA, 2003a).
Annual Average
Drainage Entrance Input
average concentration of
Rivers basin area loaction to sediment
yield sediments in
(km2) the lake (Ton)
(MCM*) Inflow (mg/L)
Zarrinehrud 11030 1983 S 1,116,880 563
Siminehrud 3368 628 S 350,410 558
Talkhehrud 8536 441 E 2,204,100 4,998
Gadarchai 1827 382 S 134,470 352
Barandoozchai 1250 263 W 112,080 426
Nazloochai 1965 244 NW 276,760 1,134
Mahabadchai 842 101 S 80,600 798
Sufichai 230 96 SE 93,600 975
Sharchai 670 90 W 42,437 472
Mardughchai 380 85 E 105,600 1,242
Ghalachai 430 58 S 38,200 659
Leilanchai 740 53 E 965,300 18,213
Other 4329 328 - NA -
Around of lake 8039 290 - - -
Surface of lake **7819 1358 - - -
Total 51455 6400 *** 5,320,437 831
* Million Cubic Meter
** Including islands
*** Total sediment discharged to the lake by mentioned river only.
600000 1278.5
300000 1273.5
250000 1272.5
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Figure 3: Variation of water level in Urmia Lake and mean EC of lake water (adopted
from Rezaei & Ahmadzadeh, 2001).
2
It is called island because in high water level it is surrounded by water.
projects on the integrity of water bodies are analyzed from this point of view. These
effects are studied in terms of the quality and quantity of the water bodies.
The water inflow to the lake and surrounding wetlands is directly affected by human
activities upstream. On average, the streams inflow to the lake is dramatically reduced
by the construction of water infrastructures to divert water for domestic, agricultural
and industrial use. Amount of reduction due to the present dams and utilization of
under construction dams is presented in Table 2 and Table 3. It is obvious that if these
dams and irrigation networks are utilized without reconsideration of environmental
concerns the water inflow to the lake would be decreased even more.
Table 2: Reduction in water input to the lake due to the present dams.
River name Reduction in water input (MCM)
1 Bookan NA
2 Mahabad NA
3 Alavian -30.6
4 Nahand -473.6
5 Hasanloo -270
Table 3: Reduction in water input to the lake due to utilization of future plans.
River name Reduction in water input (MCM)
1 Zolachai -72.61
2 Nazloochai -124
3 Sharchai -90
4 Barandoozchai -96.3
5 Siminehrud -176.3
6 Zarrinehrud -780.8
7 Sufichai -30.6
8 Ghalachai -65.6
9 Talkhehrud -473.6
10 Total 2270.5
Direct consequence of reduction in entering water would be water level drop off.
Since the Urmia Lake is a shallow lake with gently sloping shores around all edges
except on the west side, any small variations in the water level can greatly affect the
extent of the shorelines. Water surface variations during 1987 to 2002 are shown in
Figure 4. Based on presented graph in Figure 3, the water level of the lake has varied
from 1273.2 m to 1278 m during the 1987 to 2002 since the mean water level of the
lake is 1276.5 m during last 35 years (SADRA, 2003a).
Figure 4: Variation of water level in Urmia Lake from 1987 to 2002 (SADRA, 2003b).
During low levels, the lake is difficult to approach because it is fringed by long and
sometimes quite odorous salty mud flats, which makes it less attractive for recreation.
Also with accumulation of salts over the ground, it is sometimes spread on farmlands
around the lake by the wind and consequently resulting in farmland lost. According to
data from Ministry of Agriculture, during drought period of 1998 to 2002, agricultural
detriment of this phenomenon was equivalent to 2,000,000 USD in West Azerbaijan.
(Hafezieh, 2004).
Water chemistry of the lake is highly dependent on the water fluctiouation of the lake
also. Recent and future decrease in inflow if coincide with a drought a disaster could
be expected. High salinity by decreasing phytoplankton densities can affect the
reproduction of Artemia. Meanwhile physiological mechanisms of Artemia
reproduction can be also affected (Hafezieh, 2004). Artemia is able to live in a great
range of salinity of water from 40 up to 300 gr/L. But any further increase in salinity
has a direct effect on the population of Artemia and Algae as the only bio-organisms
that can live in the salty water of Urmia Lake. (SADRA, 2003a). High salinity also
could cause birds’ death not only by decreasing of Artemia biomass as a food source
for birds but also by crystallizing feathers and eyes of birds and their inability in
seeing and flying and finally death (Hafezieh, 2004).
Rather than effects of water level fluctuation on water quality there are some other
important factors which are responsible for decrease of water quality and specifically
wetland degradation. It is shown in Figure 3 that although the minimum lake water
level occurred in 1962, maximum electrical conductivity has occurred in 2001. It is
known now that it is the direct consequence of the pollutant accumulation in the lake
(Rezaei & Ahmadzadeh, 2001). This has been due to the fact that there had been no
water quality control in Iran until 2000 when the new environmental legislations were
passed.
In West Azerbaijan, there is only one wastewater treatment plant operating in the
Urmia city and all other domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater produced in
cities, villages and tourist facilities finally ends up in the lake. Population increase in
recent two decades had intensified effects on all of the natural resources of the region.
Development in industries, tourist facilities, urbanization and agriculture in addition
to construction of the causeway has affected the quality of the lake and wetlands
irreversibly.
Farms and orchards are affecting the water quality through releasing fertilizers and
pesticides. Also even we were not able to quantify irrigation return flow, it is expected
to be a considerable portion of irrigation water because high concentration of salt in
the surface water resources and despite the high evaporation rate in this area. The
irrigation return flow is known one of the serious problems associated with diffuse
pollution from agriculture (Novotny, 2003). Meanwhile groundwater overdraft and
groundwater mining in coastal areas of the lake caused saltwater intrusion in some
areas like Ghaleh Chai Plain Aquifer (Sneobar, 1993) which is intensifying the
irrigation return flow problem.
Among the effective activities on quality of water, causeway has been responsible for
the most important unfavorable effects. This road has been constructed on the
narrowest part of the lake leading to the obstruction on natural water currents and
sedimentation regime and consequently high differences in the salinity of the two
halves of the lake.
The dominate cause of all mentioned pollutions problems can be referred to the poorly
designed water management plans without enough concern to protect the integrity of
the environment. The Urmia Lake is located between two provinces which each take
separate actions to supply water for domestic, industrial and agricultural use with no
attention to regional planning. This is probably one of the most important reasons for
what is happening to the lake and the surrounding wetlands.
7. Conclusion
The Urmia Lake has a very high salinity because it is a closed basin. Feeder rivers
deposit around 5.2 million tons of minerals in it each year; the balance of evaporated
water is mineral-free, concentrating the lake further. The presented evidences indicate
that the water inflow to the lake is also substantially decreased and will be decreased
more in the near future due to dams and irrigation networks construction.
Furthermore, the construction of the causeway, introduction of industrial wastes into
the lake and the increase in the area of the farmlands have led to a drastic reduction in
the surface water quality. Considering the dry years in the area, an unpromising
destiny could be expected for the lake and surrounding wetlands if the present trend
continues. In order to conserve this unique ecosystem, sound management and
restoration plans are undoubtedly required.
To implement proposed plans the cooperation of not only Iranian governmental
agencies such as the Department of the Environment, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of
Agriculture and Ministry of Roads and Transportation but also national and local
NGOs and all citizens are necessary. Technical and financial assistance from
international organizations committed to environmental protection and sustainable
development could be helpful in the challenges of decision makers in balancing the
use of natural resources with maintaining economic and social development.
Commitment, planning and immediate actions are essential and desperately needed to
begin restoring this important major lake and the varied wildlife that depends on it.
Acknowledgment
This study was done in the Faculty of Environmental at University of Tehran.
Contribution of Dr. M. Tajvidi Professor of Faculty of Natural Science at University
of Tehran is hereby acknowledged.
References
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