Cogeneration Applications

CHP/ COGENERATION:
Principles, Technologie and Application
AYOUB BABA: babaayoub@gmail.com

Energy Management Expert
AGENDA
1. CHP/ COGENERATION INTRODUCTION
2. CHP/ COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
3. CHP/ COGENERATION IN TUNISIA
4. CASE STUDY
I. Principle of Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
What is Cogeneration?
Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is defined as the sequential
generation of two different forms of useful energy from a single primary energy
source, typically mechanical energy and thermal energy.
What is Cogeneration?
• Integrated system
• Located at or near a building/facility
• local energy production
• Uses heat that is lost otherwise (cooling,
heating, dehumidification and process heat)
• Way to use energy more efficient
• Different areas of application
• Different technologies
Conventional Generation & Cogeneration
Benefits of Cogeneration
• Improves energy efficiency

• Lower emissions, especially CO2
• Lower energy costs
• If heat fits demand, cheapest way of electricity production
• Opportunity to decentralize the electricity generation
• Improves security of supply
Cogeneration Synonyms
• Cogeneration
• Trigeneration (Trigen)
• Quadrigeneration (Polygen)
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Cogeneration Cycles Classification
Depending on the temperatures at the thermal energy is used:
• Bottom Cycles (Heat → Power/Work)
• Top Cycles (Power/Work→Heat)

TOPPING CYCLE
Topping cycle CHP is the process of using fuel to generate mechanical energy which is used
to create electricity using a generator. The resulting waste heat is captured from this process
to heat water for use as hot water or steam throughout the facility.
BOTTOMING CYCLE
Bottoming Cycle CHP, sometimes called Waste Heat to Power (WHP), is where fuel is
combusted to produce useful heat to carry out an industrial process of some sort. Some of the
waste heat from this process is recovered via a heat exchanger, producing thermal energy
which is used to power a turbine generator to produce electricity.
BOTTOMING CYCLE
Bottoming Cycle CHP, sometimes called Waste Heat to Power (WHP), is where fuel is
combusted to produce useful heat to carry out an industrial process of some sort. Some of the
waste heat from this process is recovered via a heat exchanger, producing thermal energy
which is used to power a turbine generator to produce electricity.
II. CHP/ COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
CHP can use a Variety of Technologies and Fuels:
• Steam turbine
• Gas turbine
• Reciprocating engine
• Fuel Cells
• MicroTurbine
Gas Turbine
• Operate on thermodynamic “Brayton cycle”

• Atmospheric air compressed, heated, expanded
• Natural gas is most common fuel
• 1MW to 100 MW range
• Rapid developments in recent years
• Two types: open and closed cycle
• Exhaust gas at 450-600 oC
• High pressure steam produced: can drive
steam turbine
Gas Turbine
• Gas turbines work with gas between
18 and 20 bars,
• it is possible, as required, to carry out

a "post-combustion" of this gas, by
injecting an additional fuel
downstream of the turbine, in order
to raise its temperature up to
sometimes 900 ° C.
Gas Turbine
• The electrical performance of these turbines depends on the temperature of
the ambient air
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration
Systems
• The fuels used can be natural gas, diesel, fuel

oil, biogas, petrol, propane, etc.
• Efficiencies up to 45% in electricity; more

than 80% when heat recovery is added.
• Basic equipment costs almost $ 350 to $ 600 /

kW, without combined production.
Systems
• The fuels used can be natural gas, diesel, fuel oil, biogas, petrol, propane, etc.
• Efficiencies up to 37% (PCI) in electricity; more than 80% when heat recovery is
added.
• Some engines already arrive at yields ~ 45% (2018)
• Basic equipment costs almost $ 350 to $ 600 / kW, without combined production.
Systems
• A Reciprocating engine produces 2 types
of thermal energy:
✓ "low temperature" energy (around 95 ° C),

recovered from oils and cooling water
✓ "high temperature" energy (around 450 °
C), on the exhaust gases
• Natural gas must be between 3 and 4 bars.
• The mechanical efficiency does not depend

on the climatic conditions
Steam Turbine
The performance of these systems depends mainly:
• Conditions for admission of steam (pressure and temperature)
• Steam exhaust conditions (pressure and temperature)
• The isentropic efficiency of the turbine
Steam Turbine
Indeed for the production of one MWe, We need Approxiametely 13 tonnes of steam of
40 bars and 425 ° C
Attractive CHP Market
Power to Heat ratio of a cogeneration unit
"power to heat ratio" shall mean the ratio between electricity from cogeneration and
useful heat when operating in full cogeneration mode using operational data of the
specific unit;
III. CHP/ COGENERATION IN TUNISIA
Potential of Cogeneration
The technical and economic potential of cogeneration in Tunisia is estimated at around 600 MWe.
• 47 cogeneration units have been set up or under construction (including 12 projects in 2020)
• Total electric power: 147.8 MWé
• Cumulative primary energy savings over the period from 2002 to 2019: 534 kTeo
• Overall investment: 240 MTD.
Total installed cogeneration capacity

Regulatory Framework
Incentive Measures
Energy Impact
IV. Case Study
Thank you for your
attention!!!
AYOUB BABA: babaayoub@gmail.com

Energy Management Expert

Cogeneration Applications

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Cogeneration Applications

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CHP/ COGENERATION:

Principles, Technologie and Application

AYOUB BABA: babaayoub@gmail.com

1. CHP/ COGENERATION INTRODUCTION

2. CHP/ COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

3. CHP/ COGENERATION IN TUNISIA

• Improves energy efficiency

• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Cogeneration Cycles Classification

Depending on the temperatures at the thermal energy is used:

• Bottom Cycles (Heat → Power/Work)

• Top Cycles (Power/Work→Heat)

CHP can use a Variety of Technologies and Fuels:

• Operate on thermodynamic “Brayton cycle”

• it is possible, as required, to carry out

• The fuels used can be natural gas, diesel, fuel

• Efficiencies up to 45% in electricity; more

• Basic equipment costs almost $ 350 to $ 600 /

• Some engines already arrive at yields ~ 45% (2018)

✓ "low temperature" energy (around 95 ° C),

• Natural gas must be between 3 and 4 bars.

• The mechanical efficiency does not depend

Total installed cogeneration capacity

AYOUB BABA: babaayoub@gmail.com

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