FINAL Probable Maximum Precipitation Study For Pennsylvania (2019) - APENDIX - F PDF

Pennsylvania Storm List Appendix F
This appendix contains all the storm data used to adjust each storm in-place. Information is provided
representing the SPAS analyzed data, the information used to locate the storm representative dew
point/SST location, and other pertinent information regarding the In-place storm representative dew point
and rainfall. The adjustments applied to each storm to each grid point to calculate the TAF over the entire
domain are contained in the PMP Tool database.
In this appendix, daily synoptic weather maps are provided for a period starting a few days before the storm
and continuing to a few days after the storm. Daily weather maps covering the period from 1871 through
2002 are from the U.S. Daily Weather Maps Archive, NOAA Climate Database Modernization Program
(CDMP), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, and the NOAA Central Library Data Imaging Project.
Daily synoptic weather maps from 2002 through 2014 are from the NOAA Weather Prediction Center Daily
Weather Maps web page, http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/dailywxmap/index.html.
For all storms which had a USACE Storm Studies analysis previously completed, those pertinent data sheet
pages are included. These data came from the USACE Storm Rainfall in the United States, Depth-Area-
Duration Data files (USACE, 1973). In addition, there are several storms which include a hand drawn
transposition limit map complete by the NWS. These maps were recovered from the HydroMeteorological
Design Studies Center office in Silver Spring, MD and are archived on AWA's server. Descriptions of
transposition limits of key storms are contained in several HMRs (e.g. HMR 52 Figure 26 and HMR 53
Table 2 (Ho and Reidel, 1980)).
Table F.1 Short storm list used for PMP Development-general storms. Total Rainfall is the
location with the largest rainfall accumulation for the total storm duration.
Table F.2 Short storm list used for PMP Development-hybrid storms. Total Rainfall is the location
with the largest rainfall accumulation for the total storm duration.
Table F.3 Short storm list used for PMP Development-local storms. Total Rainfall is the location
with the largest rainfall accumulation for the total storm duration.
Table F.4 Short storm list used for PMP Development-tropical storms. Total Rainfall is the
location with the largest rainfall accumulation for the total storm duration.
Table of Contents
GENERAL STORMS ........................................................................................................................... 1

STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM #1565_1 SPAS ANALYSIS . 2
STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM #1339_1 SPAS ANALYSIS
.............................................................................................................................................. 13
.............................................................................................................................................. 25
.............................................................................................................................................. 37
.............................................................................................................................................. 48
.............................................................................................................................................. 57
.............................................................................................................................................. 68
.............................................................................................................................................. 78
.............................................................................................................................................. 87
.............................................................................................................................................. 96
............................................................................................................................................ 107
............................................................................................................................................ 116
............................................................................................................................................ 126
............................................................................................................................................ 133
STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM #1312A_1 SPAS ANALYSIS
............................................................................................................................................ 139
STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM #1312A_2 SPAS ANALYSIS
............................................................................................................................................ 149
............................................................................................................................................ 159
............................................................................................................................................ 164
............................................................................................................................................ 170
............................................................................................................................................ 175
............................................................................................................................................ 182
............................................................................................................................................ 188
............................................................................................................................................ 194
............................................................................................................................................ 200
............................................................................................................................................ 206
STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM #1291_1 SPAS-NEXRAD
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 212
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 218
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 224
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 230
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 237
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 243
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 250
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 256
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 261
HYBRID STORMS ........................................................................................................................... 267
............................................................................................................................................ 268
............................................................................................................................................ 279
............................................................................................................................................ 289
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 299
LOCAL STORMS ............................................................................................................................ 305
............................................................................................................................................ 306
............................................................................................................................................ 310
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 321
STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM # 1343_1 SPAS ANALYSIS
............................................................................................................................................ 330
............................................................................................................................................ 337
............................................................................................................................................ 346
............................................................................................................................................ 354
............................................................................................................................................ 363
............................................................................................................................................ 372
............................................................................................................................................ 381
............................................................................................................................................ 390
............................................................................................................................................ 399
............................................................................................................................................ 408
............................................................................................................................................ 416
............................................................................................................................................ 422
............................................................................................................................................ 428
............................................................................................................................................ 434
............................................................................................................................................ 439
............................................................................................................................................ 445
............................................................................................................................................ 452
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 457
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 463
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 469
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 475
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 481
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 487
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 493
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 499
TROPICAL STORMS ...................................................................................................................... 505
............................................................................................................................................ 506
............................................................................................................................................ 517
............................................................................................................................................ 528
............................................................................................................................................ 540
............................................................................................................................................ 552
............................................................................................................................................ 561
............................................................................................................................................ 573
............................................................................................................................................ 583
............................................................................................................................................ 592
............................................................................................................................................ 598
............................................................................................................................................ 604
STORM PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SPAS) FOR STORM #1312B_2 SPAS ANALYSIS
............................................................................................................................................ 613
............................................................................................................................................ 619
............................................................................................................................................ 624
............................................................................................................................................ 632
............................................................................................................................................ 639
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 646
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 653
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 660
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 667
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 674
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 681
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 688
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 694
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 700
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 705
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 711
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 717
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 723
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 729
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 736
ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 743
General Storms
1
Storm Precipitation Analysis System (SPAS) For Storm #1565_1
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Paterson, NJ
Storm Dates: September 20-25, 1882
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.8875
Longitude: -74.0958
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 17.88”
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 17.80”
Number of Stations: 22 (3 Hourly Pseudo, 19 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Blended basemap based on USACE NA 1-3 and conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_09
Spatial resolution: 00:00:30 (~ 0.30 mi2)
Radar Included: No
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 22 hourly stations (USACE NA 1-4), daily data and
supplemental station data. We have a lower degree of confidence for the station based storm total results,
limited station density surrounding storm center make rainfall spatial pattern and DAD values questionable.
The spatial pattern is dependent on the blended basemap (85% of the USACE NA 1-3 isohyetal pattern
and 15% of the conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_09 climatology). Spatially, it looks very similar to the
rainfall analysis from USACE (see below). There is a good degree of confidence with the timing based on
the USACE hourly stations near the storm center. Daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing
issues.
Storm Rep. SST Climatological Max. SST
Precip. Water Precip. Water
SPAS Storm ELEV Trans Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail. SST Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail.
LON LAT ELEV SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
Table Column Moisture
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
ID Round Date Elev. Round Elev.
1565_1 -74.0958 40.8875 52 100 7-Sep 80.00 3.60 0.03 82 3.570 82.50 82.5 4.03 0.03 87 4.000 1.120
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Northeastern United States, Johnstown Flood
Storm Dates: May 29 (0600) - June 3 (0500), 1889
Event: Flash Flood Event
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.7042
Longitude: -77.2292
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 10.11"
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 9.80"
Number of Stations: 176 (33 Daily, 5 Hourly, and 138 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: Monthly Weather Report Isohyetal Grid
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, daily data, and supplemental station. We
have a high degree of confidence in the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent
on the basemap, and the timing is based on hourly stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1339_1 -77.2292 41.7042 1,842 1,800 15-Jun 76.00 2.99 0.45 74 2.540 80.00 80.0 3.60 0.52 82 3.080 1.213
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Paterson, NJ
Storm Dates: 45.0, -78.0, 37.0, -70.0
Event: Synoptic, Remnants of hurricane
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.9375
Longitude: -74.1375
Number of Stations: 356 (2 Hourly, 7 Hourly Pseudo, 262 Daily, 85 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Blended basemap based on USACE GL 4-9 and conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_10
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 356 hourly stations (USACE GL 4-9, USGS, NCDC and
EDADSv2 storm report mass curves), daily data and supplemental station data. We have a good degree
of confidence for the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the blended
basemap (USACE GL 4-9 and conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_10). Spatially, it looks very similar to the
rainfall analysis from USACE (see below). There is a good degree of confidence with the timing based on
the hourly stations near the storm center. Some daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing
issues.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1566_1 -74.1375 40.9375 61 100 25-Sep 72.50 2.54 0.03 67 2.510 75.50 75.5 2.92 0.03 73 2.890 1.151
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Vade Mecum, NC
Storm Dates: August 23-28, 1908
Event: Extreme precipitation event
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.3125
Longitude: -80.2792
Number of Stations: 175
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Combination basemap blending the Prism Conus 2-year 24-hour climatological base map
with the isohyetals from the USACE report.
Spatial resolution: 0.2697
Radar Included: No
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: No
Reliability of Results: Six of the seven hourly stations were manually digitized from the pertinent data
sheet of the SA 2-6 CORPS of engineers report. Given that two of the six digitized stations were recorder
stations in addition to the one hourly station from NCDC, the data is considered highly reliable. 38 of the
50, or roughly 76% of the supplemental stations were converted from daily due to the need for an additional
day’s observation. The daily timing of these 38 stations was preserved, meaning that even though they
were in the supplemental file they were still, by definition, daily stations. With all of the data being thoroughly
inspected, the precipitation pattern and DAD table following closely to the CORP report, and the
precipitation totals for various periods throughout the storm being consistent with previous reports, this
analysis is considered to be reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1514_1 -80.2800 36.3100 919 900 15-Aug 82.50 4.03 0.27 87 3.760 85.00 85.0 4.48 0.32 92 4.160 1.106
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Ironwood, MI
Storm Dates: July 19-23, 1909
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 46.4542
Longitude: -90.2064
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: PRISM_ppt_basemap_full
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: This analysis was based on 128 hourly pseudo stations, daily data and
supplemental station data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total results.
The spatial pattern is dependent on the PRISM basemap. Timing is based on the hourly pseudo stations.
Several daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues and to ensure data consistency.
Storm Rep. Dew Point Climatological Max. Dew Point
SPAS Storm ELEV Trans Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail. Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail.
LON LAT ELEV Td @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
Td Td Round @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
ID Round Date Elev. Elev.
1697_1 -90.2064 46.4542 1,443 1,400 15-Jul 72.00 2.47 0.31 66 2.160 80.50 80.5 3.68 0.42 83 3.260 1.500
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Bellefontaine, OH
Storm Dates: March 22-27, 1913
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.3625
Longitude: -83.7125
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Blend of isohyetal and us_ppt_in_map_1691_1990_usda_NA
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: This analysis was based on 1105 hourly, hourly estimated pseudo stations, daily
data and supplemental station data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total
results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the blended basemap. Timing is based on the hourly and hourly
estimated pseudo stations. Several daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues and to
ensure data consistency.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1698_1 -83.7670 40.3670 1,224 1,200 5-Apr 69.00 2.14 0.25 60 1.890 70.00 70.0 2.25 0.25 62 2.000 1.058
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: New England and adjacent portions of Canada
Storm Dates: March 9 (2300 UTC) – 13 (0200 UTC), 1936
Event: Synoptic (Major rain-on-snow event)
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 44.24583333
Longitude: - 71.22083333
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 7.85” (Pinkham Notch, NH)
Number of Stations: 493 (317 Daily, 1 Hourly, 9 Hourly Pseudo, 165 Supplemental, and 1 Supplemental
Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM March Precipitation
Spatial resolution: 30 seconds
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1194_1 -71.2208 44.2458 3,673 3,700 25-Mar 67.00 1.95 0.64 56 1.310 71.00 71.0 2.36 0.74 64 1.620 1.237
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Northeastern U.S. and adjacent portions of Canada
Storm Dates: March 16– 21, 1936
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 44.245833
Longitude: -71.22083
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 11.30” in 126 hours – smaller than previous analysis due to lower
elevation threshold (2800 ft vs. 4000 ft); 13.67” is the all-type precipitation maximum
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 12.14” (Pinkham Notch, NH)
Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM March Precipitation (extrapolated into Canada)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: The lack of hourly data makes the temporal characteristics of this analysis less
accurate than usual. However, a relatively high density of daily and supplemental stations provides good
confidence in the magnitudes. At times, particularly at the highest elevations (above 3,000 feet) and
across the northern most areas, snow and ice may have compromised the precipitation amounts given
difficult in measurements.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1195_1 -71.2208 44.2458 3,673 3,700 1-Apr 68.50 2.10 0.68 59 1.415 69.50 69.5 2.20 0.70 61 1.495 1.057
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Northeastern U.S. and adjacent portions of Canada
Storm Dates: March 16– 21, 1936
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 39.0208
Longitude: -78.5625
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 8.31” in 126 hours (USACE SA-1-27: 10-sq-mi 7.9”)
Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM March Precipitation (extrapolated into Canada)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: The lack of hourly data makes the temporal characteristics of this analysis less
accurate than usual. However, a relatively high density of daily and supplemental stations provides good
confidence in the magnitudes. At times, particularly at the highest elevations (above 3,000 feet) and
across the northern most areas, snow and ice may have compromised the precipitation amounts given
difficult in measurements.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1195_2 -78.5600 39.0200 2,214 2,200 1-Apr 68.00 2.05 0.42 58 1.630 72.00 72.0 2.47 0.48 66 1.990 1.221
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Ohio River Basin
Storm Dates: January 17-25, 1937
Event: Frontal activity accompanied by almost continuous rain
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.4375
Longitude: -87.9125
Max. Grid rainfall amount: 19.86”
Max. Observed rainfall amount: 19.75” (DOVER 1 NW, TN)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Digitized TVA Isohyetal Map (storm total Jan 16-25)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: Although only 13 hourly stations were available, they resided at locations in/near
the storm center, therefore increasing confidence amongst the heaviest precipitation. Given this was a
synoptic storm with large areas of nearly continuous precipitation (rainfall), it’s believed the temporal
distribution of precipitation is reliable. A surprisingly high number (979) of daily and hourly stations,
coupled with a total storm map prepared by TVA, provides a high degree of confidence in the spatial
patterns and magnitude of precipitation.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1311_1 -87.9125 36.4375 566 600 1-Jan 65.50 1.82 0.11 53 1.705 67.50 67.5 2.00 0.12 57 1.880 1.103
96
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Tennessee Valley 37.7, -84.8, 33.7, -80.0
Storm Dates: August 28 – August 31, 1940
Event: CORPS of Engineers, US Army Assignment HMB – 25
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 35.0375
Longitude: -83.0792
Max. Observed rainfall amount: 13.19” (Rock House, NC)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Mean annual maximum 48-hour precipitation associated with MLCs
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: Of the 34 hourly stations used in this analysis, 30 were manually digitized from
the TVA flood report and three were estimated from NCDC COOP data to fill in where there were areas
without hourly stations nearby. This provided very high accuracy of the hourly data, which is essential in
the timing of the daily and supplemental stations. With all of the data being thoroughly inspected, the
precipitation pattern following closely to the isohyetal maps from the TVA report, and the precipitation
totals for various periods throughout the storm being consistent with previous reports, this analysis is
considered to be reliable.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1346_1 -83.0792 35.0375 3,267 3,300 15-Aug 76.00 2.99 0.79 74 2.200 79.50 79.5 3.52 0.89 81 2.635 1.198
107
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Collinsville, Illinois (40.0, -91.5, 36.9, -87.3)
Event: Extreme Precipitation Event
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.6708
Longitude: -90.0042
Max. Observed rainfall amount: 19.07” (Collinsville, IL)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Derived basemap based off of SPAS analysis
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: In addition to the NCDC stations, twenty-four supplemental stations were added
to ensure data consistency. Due to the amount and integrity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE), three hourly stations were added based on the mass rainfall curves. Three hourly stations
were also added from local climatology from NCDC. With the density of stations available and the
consistency of the resulting SPAS analysis to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report, this analysis is
deemed quite reliable.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1433_1 -90.0042 38.6708 562 600 1-Aug 76.00 2.99 0.16 74 2.830 80.50 80.5 3.68 0.18 83 3.500 1.237
116
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: New England, eastern New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, northern New
Jersey and adjacent portions of Canada.
Storm Dates: December 28, 1948 – January 2, 1949
Event: Synoptic/General
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.4625
Longitude: -73.254
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 12.58” for entire storm, 11.00” for hours 1-84 (rain)
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 12.60” (see notes below)
Number of Stations: 879 (579 Daily, 97 Hourly, 82 Hourly Pseudo and 121 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM mean (1981-2010) December precipitation (extrapolated into Canada)
Radar Included: No
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes, but the DAD was constrained to the first 84 hours (through
noon on the 31st), after which the precipitation changed from rain to mostly snow.
Reliability of results: Although old, this storm contained a huge amount of data, most of it digitized. High
station density, good station coverage and information from other reports warrant a great deal of confidence
in these results. A NWS report posted at http://www.erh.noaa.gov/nerfc/historical/jan1949.htm and
available in the “docs” directory says “just over 13 inches (of precipitation), fell in the Berkshires, in western
Massachusetts” however an actual observation of this magnitude could not be found. The highest
observation found was 10.81” at Peru, MA, 10 miles east of the NWS analyzed center of 13 inches.
Meanwhile, the second highest observed precipitation amount was 10.70” at Norfolk 2SW, CT, about 35
miles south-southeast of the NWS analyzed center in MA. Meanwhile, a USGS (155) report published in
1952 noted total precipitation of up to 12 inches in eastern New York and southwestern New England.
Given these reports, our target maximum storm center became 12.60” (the average of 13.2” and 12”) at the
location identified by the NWS map.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1255_1 -73.2540 42.4630 990 1,000 15-Dec 70.00 2.25 0.21 62 2.040 73.00 73.0 2.60 0.23 68 2.370 1.162
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Kentucky, Ohio River Valley
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 37.35
Longitude: -87.50
Number of Stations: 1291 (819 Daily, 252 Hourly, 109 Hourly Pseudo, and 111 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1971-2000) March Precipitation
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, daily data, and supplemental station data.
We have a high degree of confidence in the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern is
dependent on basemap, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations. Results are similar
to the analysis performed in the EPRI report for storm number 32.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1278_1 -87.4958 37.3458 449 400 25-Mar 70.00 2.25 0.09 62 2.160 73.00 73.0 2.60 0.10 68 2.500 1.157
133
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Storm Precipitation Analysis System (SPAS) For Storm #1312A_1

SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Rosman, NC has the max total of 35.38”
Storm Dates: September 26 – October 3, 1964
Event: Semi-stationary front
DAD Zone 1 - Northwest
Latitude: 37.7375
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 9.22” at Rollins Branch, WV
Number of Stations: 1,365 stations (325 of which are hourly)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Digitized TVA Isohyetal Map (storm total Sept 28 – Oct 6); expanded using SPAS storm
totals
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: In addition to the 314 hourly stations from NCDC used in the whole project area,
fourteen additional hourly stations were digitized from the TVA report adding more certainty to the timing
of the storm center. The extent and magnitude of the rainfall is moderately reliable given the surprising
large number of daily rain gauges available.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1312A_1 -81.5958 37.7375 2,000 2,000 15-Sep 74.50 2.79 0.48 71 2.315 76.50 76.5 3.07 0.51 75 2.555 1.104
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Storm 1312A - September 26 (0600 UTC) - October 3 (1200 UTC), 1964

MAXIMUM AVERAGE DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
Duration (hours)
Area (mi2)
1 3 6 12 18 24 36 48 168 175 Total
0.3 1.80 3.04 4.47 5.52 6.93 7.12 8.34 8.44 9.22 9.22 9.22
1 1.74 2.94 4.35 5.40 6.75 6.94 8.34 8.43 9.22 9.22 9.22
10 1.74 2.94 4.35 5.40 6.75 6.94 8.30 8.39 9.19 9.19 9.19
25 1.74 2.94 4.35 5.40 6.75 6.94 8.24 8.33 9.15 9.15 9.15
50 1.74 2.94 4.33 5.26 6.62 6.80 8.13 8.22 9.07 9.07 9.07
100 1.70 2.82 4.18 4.97 6.29 6.51 7.92 8.02 8.94 8.94 8.94
150 1.67 2.74 4.04 4.82 6.00 6.46 7.72 7.78 8.81 8.81 8.81
200 1.64 2.67 3.90 4.77 5.74 6.38 7.57 7.72 8.69 8.69 8.69
300 1.58 2.57 3.55 4.69 5.41 6.22 7.32 7.47 8.60 8.60 8.60
400 1.51 2.49 3.49 4.60 5.29 6.06 7.09 7.37 8.51 8.51 8.51
500 1.43 2.42 3.41 4.51 5.16 5.90 7.01 7.21 8.43 8.43 8.43
1,000 1.07 2.17 3.00 4.13 4.72 5.21 6.41 6.73 8.11 8.11 8.11
2,000 0.79 1.98 2.48 3.70 4.25 4.78 5.85 6.31 7.78 7.78 7.78
5,000 0.64 1.57 2.05 2.90 3.44 4.28 5.03 5.44 7.23 7.23 7.23
10,000 0.47 1.09 1.59 2.64 3.06 3.80 4.29 4.97 6.71 6.71 6.71
20,000 0.36 0.85 1.33 2.17 2.63 3.24 3.84 4.40 6.10 6.10 6.10
50,000 0.18 0.53 0.99 1.40 1.92 2.39 2.96 3.55 5.00 5.00 5.00
100,000 0.11 0.30 0.54 0.85 1.19 1.58 2.24 2.84 3.88 3.88 3.88
113,361 0.11 0.29 0.52 0.84 1.10 1.40 2.14 2.55 3.55 3.55 3.55
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Storm Precipitation Analysis System (SPAS) For Storm #1312A_2

SPAS Analysis
Event: Semi-stationary front
DAD Zone 2 - Central
Latitude: 35.14583
SPAS Version: 9.5
totals
Radar Included: No
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1312A_2 -82.8042 35.1458 2,271 2,300 15-Sep 74.50 2.79 0.54 71 2.250 76.50 76.5 3.07 0.58 75 2.485 1.104
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Storm 1312A - September 26 (0600 UTC) - October 3 (1200 UTC), 1964

Duration (hours)
Area (mi2)
1 3 6 12 18 24 36 48 168 175 Total
0.3 3.92 6.38 7.23 7.94 11.75 13.94 15.88 16.49 17.86 17.86 17.86
1 3.82 6.24 7.09 7.79 11.52 13.70 15.86 16.24 17.83 17.83 17.83
10 3.63 5.90 6.69 7.44 11.46 13.35 15.16 16.10 17.47 17.47 17.47
25 3.37 5.48 6.00 7.14 11.04 12.97 14.74 15.48 16.84 16.84 16.84
50 3.14 5.11 5.78 6.79 10.72 12.29 13.94 14.44 16.34 16.34 16.34
100 2.88 4.67 5.22 6.39 10.31 11.91 13.26 14.10 15.72 15.72 15.72
150 2.66 4.36 4.97 6.38 10.01 11.55 13.01 13.58 15.30 15.30 15.30
200 2.49 4.07 4.74 6.29 9.77 11.20 12.58 13.45 15.01 15.01 15.01
300 2.12 3.82 4.47 6.18 9.42 10.83 12.11 12.91 14.47 14.47 14.47
400 1.87 3.53 4.21 5.98 9.12 10.44 11.62 12.40 14.02 14.02 14.02
500 1.82 3.17 3.98 5.86 8.82 10.09 11.35 12.04 13.65 13.65 13.65
1,000 1.40 2.49 3.25 5.24 7.71 8.89 9.99 10.45 12.17 12.17 12.17
2,000 1.07 1.88 2.60 4.28 6.05 6.93 8.34 9.12 10.35 10.35 10.35
5,000 0.77 1.43 1.96 2.78 3.99 5.02 5.58 5.73 7.86 7.86 7.86
10,000 0.50 1.02 1.40 2.34 3.27 3.75 4.62 5.06 6.59 6.59 6.59
20,000 0.15 0.61 1.08 1.75 2.19 2.71 3.34 3.51 5.12 5.12 5.12
50,000 0.13 0.33 0.59 1.06 1.32 1.55 2.31 2.55 3.72 3.72 3.72
100,000 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.58 0.82 1.04 1.50 1.68 2.42 2.42 2.42
108,165 0.06 0.18 0.33 0.58 0.78 1.02 1.38 1.59 2.25 2.25 2.25
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Tennessee Valley (-91.0, 37.3, 33.0, -81.1)
Storm Dates: March 14 – March 17, 1973
Event: Mid-latitude cyclone (MLC)
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 34.8375
Longitude: -88.3958
Max. Grid/Radar Rainfall Amount: 12.15”
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 12.11” (Glen, MS)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: In addition to the NCDC stations, there were three supplemental stations added to
fill in where there was a lack of observations, in order to create a more realistic precipitation pattern. There
were also four daily and seven hourly stations digitized and added from the TVA report. The added TVA
data helped to enhance the accuracy of the timing of the storm center. Overall, this storm analysis is found
to be reliable. Comparing the SPAS analysis to the TVA isohyetal map further validates the consistency of
the magnitude and extent of the rainfall.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1357_1 -88.3958 34.8375 522 500 1-Apr 69.00 2.14 0.11 60 2.030 73.00 73.0 2.60 0.12 68 2.480 1.222
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Maine/New York
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 44.1125
Longitude: -69.1292
Estimated)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM mean (1981-2010) March precipitation blended with hybrid Canada basemap
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data ,daily data, and supplemental data. We
have a high degree of confidence in the station based results, and the spatial pattern is dependent on the
basemap. The closest hourly station to the storm center was Portland, ME.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1260_1 -69.1290 44.1130 114 100 30-Mar 66.00 1.86 0.02 54 1.840 70.00 70.0 2.25 0.02 62 2.230 1.212
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SPAS Analysis
Storm Dates: April 2 – April 5, 1977
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 35.3208
Longitude: -83.6875
SPAS Version: 9.5
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: In addition to the NCDC stations, seven supplemental stations were added to ensure
the data matches what can actually occur and that the data more closely resemble what the TVA reported
from this storm. There were also seven hourly stations added via digitizing some of the stations listed in the
TVA report. With the density of stations available for this storm and with how closely the resulting SPAS
analysis was to the TVA report, this analysis is deemed quite reliable.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1362_2 -83.6875 35.3208 4,727 4,700 20-Apr 72.50 2.54 0.95 67 1.585 74.50 74.5 2.79 1.02 71 1.770 1.117
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: New York/New England
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.2708
Longitude: -74.1125
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM mean (1981-2010) March precipitation
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data ,daily data, and supplemental data. We
have a high degree of confidence in the station based results, and the spatial pattern is dependent on the
basemap. The closest hourly station to the storm center was Claryville, NY.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1259_1 -74.1125 42.2708 3,471 3,500 5-Apr 68.00 2.05 0.64 58 1.410 71.50 71.5 2.42 0.72 65 1.700 1.206
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Re-run of SPAS 1203 - added area to west and south to capture complete
storm total isohyetal pattern. New England and adjacent portions of Quebec, Canada
Storm Dates: May 27-June 3, 1984
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 44.2708
Longitude: -71.3042
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 12.64” (Mt. Washington, NH)
Number of Stations: 754 (360 Daily, 80 Hourly, 3 Hourly Estimated, 7 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 38
Hourly Pseudo, 262 Supplemental, and 4 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1981-2010) PRISM May Precipitation blended with Canada elevation
Radar Included: No
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes*
Reliability of results: With the exception of areas in Quebec, we have a great deal of confidence in the
magnitude and spatial distribution of rainfall for this analysis given the relatively high number of gauges.
We couldn’t find any hourly data across Quebec, but we did accumulate a great deal of storm totals from
the Global Historical Climate Network database, so although we have confidence in the magnitudes we
don’t have confidence in the timing across Quebec; for these reasons, we elected to keep Quebec out of
the DAD zone. A 3 hour series of heavy rain at Mt Washington (1.00”, 1.03” and 0.70”) on June 2
couldn’t be verified, but seems somewhat suspect. For now, these amounts are included in the results.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1403_1 -71.3125 44.2458 4,014 4,000 15-Jun 70.00 2.25 0.76 62 1.490 75.50 75.5 2.92 0.92 73 2.000 1.342
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Mid Atlantic
Storm Dates: October 31 – November 7, 1985
Event: Remnants of Hurricane Juan becoming an extratropical cyclone
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 37.8125
Longitude: -79.1625
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 19.76” at Montebello 3 NE, VA
Number of Stations: 1050 (696 Daily, 183 Hourly, 0 Hourly Estimated, 62 Hourly Pseudo, 109
Supplemental, and 0 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: PRISM July (1981-2010) precipitation
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: With the density of stations available for this storm and with how closely the resulting
SPAS analysis was to the observations, this analysis is deemed quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1533_1 -79.1625 37.8125 3,882 3,900 17-Oct 76.50 3.07 0.94 75 2.130 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.98 78 2.310 1.085
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Central Michigan -- “Big Rapids ‘86” storm
Event: Synoptic/Warm Front
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 43.6125
Longitude: -85.3125
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 13.18 inches
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 13.13” at Big Rapids, MI
Number of Stations: 114 (66 Daily, 15 Hourly, 1 Hourly Estimated, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 4 Hourly
Pseudo, 20 Supplemental, and 7 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM September Precipitation
Radar Included: No
Degree of confidence in results: This storm occurred during a period of limited data, so our confidence
in these results is slightly less than normal due to limited rainfall reports and limited hourly data throughout
the storm center. Several supplemental estimated stations were added based on inferences from old
isohyetal maps (NWS and EPRI) and discussions/summaries of the storm. I feel good about our analysis
given the great cooperation we had from the Detroit NWS and the information they provided. Further
confidence was instilled into the results when we found the DAD results compared rather favorably to those
computed in the EPRI study.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1206_1 -85.3125 43.6125 985 1,000 25-Aug 70.50 2.31 0.22 63 2.090 77.50 77.5 3.22 0.28 77 2.940 1.407
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Maine, New Hampshire and adjacent portions of Canada
Storm Dates: March 29 0500 UTC – April 4, 1987 0400 UTC (120-hours)
Event: Synoptic (rain-on-snow)
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 44.2575
Longitude: -71.1791
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 8.40” (PINKHAM NOTCH, NH)
Number of Stations: 345 (236 Daily, 24 Hourly, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 17 Hourly Pseudo, 66
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Yes, conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_03
Spatial resolution: 00:00:30 decimal degrees (0.2 sq. miles)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: All in all, we have relatively high confidence in the results of this storm analysis.
Given this was a rainfall event errors associated with snow were not an issue, but wind-induced
undercatch is suspected at some locations. Hourly stations were spaced evenly throughout the area,
giving reliable timing to the rainfall throughout the domain.

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1199_1 -71.1791 44.2575 3,533 3,500 15-Apr 67.00 1.95 0.61 56 1.340 71.00 71.0 2.36 0.70 64 1.660 1.239
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Kentucky, Ohio River Valley
Storm Dates: February 12-16, 1989
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.9958
Longitude: -88.2625
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1981-2000) February Precipitation
Radar Included: No
We have a high degree of confidence in the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern is
dependent on basemap, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1277_1 -88.2625 36.9958 352 400 1-Mar 64.00 1.68 0.07 50 1.610 70.50 70.5 2.31 0.09 63 2.215 1.376
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SPAS-NEXRAD Analysis
General Storm Location: New York, Northeast Region
Storm Dates: January 18-20, 1996
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1 - None
Latitude: 42.065
Longitude: -74.395
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1981-2010) March Precipitation, modified with Canada Elevation
Radar Included: Yes
*** Rerun of original analysis on 7/9/2014, Towanda, PA hourly data was incorrect it contained
Tyrone, PA station data. DAD values changed a little (-0.1 to 0.2), this was mostly at small area sizes
(1- to 25-sqmi)
The purpose of this storm analysis was for calibration at the Ashokan basin in New York. We have a high
degree of confidence in the station based hourly storm results, the spatial pattern is dependent on basemap
and radar, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations. The radar data for this storm
event was not good, a lot of missing data, especially across the Ashokan basin. It should be noted the 5-
min data might not be very accurate as a result of the radar data, but the hourly values are considered to
be accurate. A blend of level II and level III radar data were require, see email string in data directory.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1291_1 -74.3950 42.0650 3,389 3,400 3-Jan 73.00 2.60 0.73 68 1.870 73.50 73.5 2.67 0.75 69 1.920 1.027
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General Storm Location: Mainly Kentucky and Tennessee.
Storm Dates: February 28 - March 4, 1997
Event: General storm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.1000
Longitude: -85.6700
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 13.51
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 13.04
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM Mean (1971-2000) March precipitation and SPAS ippt precipitation
Spatial resolution: 36 seconds (~ 0.40 mi2)
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on WDT NEXRAD data (unblocked) and extensive gauge
data, we have a very high degree of confidence in the results. There were a few areas of radar beam
blockage in the domain, these areas were adjusted using a beam blockage mask. The radar blocked areas
did not affect the SPAS analysis. The Southeastern region was not included in the DAD, these regions did
not have radar coverage and the results are not completely accurate so they were not included in the
analysis.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1244_1 -85.6700 38.1000 548 500 15-Mar 68.50 2.10 0.11 59 1.990 70.00 70.0 2.25 0.11 62 2.140 1.075
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General Storm Location: New England
Storm Dates: April 2-4, 2005
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 2 (New York/PA)
Latitude: 41.97
Longitude: -74.29
Max. Observed Amount: 6.07” during core precip period, 6.15” for entire storm event (West
Shokan, NY)
Number of Stations: 1039 (477 Daily, 234 Hourly, 0 Hourly Estimated, 0 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 73
Hourly Pseudo, 246 Supplemental, and 9 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM April Precipitation
Spatial resolution: 36 seconds (0.35 sq-mi)
Radar Included: Yes (none missing)

Reliability of Results: The radar data across south central Pennsylvania, extreme northwestern New
York and Canada is somewhat unreliable given it’s beyond the range of the radars used in this analysis.
A USGS report says “more than 5 inches of rain was recorded by rain gages at Blakeslee, Lehighton, and
Mount Pocono in northeastern Pennsylvania,” however the Blakeslee, Lehighton, and Mount Pocono
gauges in the NWS storm summary report (below) only indicate 4.35, 4.83, and 4.80 inches respectively.
Although the final rainfall totals at these locals end up slightly higher than observed, they all remained
under five inches. We couldn’t ignore the actual data, so the analysis reflects the values in the NWS
table and not the USGS text.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1257_2 -74.2900 41.9700 693 700 17-Apr 69.50 2.20 0.15 61 2.045 72.00 72.0 2.47 0.16 66 2.310 1.130
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General Storm Location: New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, western Massachusetts and
adjacent portions of Canada)
Storm Dates: October 7-11, 2005 (10/7/2005 0900 UTC – 10/10/2005 0000 UTC)
Event: Synoptic plus tropical storm (Tammy) remnants
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.7699
Longitude: -72.7500
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 15.60 inches at Halifax, VT (all but 0.20” of this fell during the
CPP, hence the maximum point rainfall is 15.40”). 12.75 inches was reported at Gunstock Ski
Area, VT – although considered “unofficial,” this was reported in Storm Data so it was accepted
into this analysis.
Number of Stations: 462 (126 Daily, 87 Hourly, 1 Hourly Estimated, 40 Hourly Pseudo, 206 Supplemental,
and 2 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM October Precipitation
Radar Included: Yes (KGYX, KBW, KCXX, KENX and Canadian radar WVY**)
Reliability of results: Given the extensive gauge data and decent radar data, we have a great deal of
confidence in the magnitude and spatial distribution of rainfall for this analysis. The only exception to this
is across north-central Vermont where a large radar blockage area exists; fortunately however, relatively
light rainfall occurred across this area. **Also, Canadian radar data is only available every 10-minutes,
instead of 5-minutes in the U.S., so that forced all of the radar data to a 10-minute time step – although not
significant, this too diminished the overall accuracy of this analysis slightly.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1201_1 -72.7500 42.7699 1,492 1,500 24-Sep 80.00 3.60 0.43 82 3.170 81.50 81.5 3.86 0.45 85 3.410 1.076
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General Storm Location: Tamaqua, PA
Storm Dates: 6/26/2006 0100Z – 6/28/2006 1000Z
Event: Thunderstorm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.675
Longitude: -75.375
Max. Grid/Radar Rainfall Amount: 12.26” (Grid/Pixel Point)
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 11.79” (11.97” grid cell at Aldenville, ALDP1)
Number of Stations: 491 (99-hourly, 21 hourly estimated, 78-daily 293-supplemental) gauging stations
within the defined search domain.
SPAS Version: 4.0
Base Map Used: No
Spatial resolution: 0.36 mi2
Radar Included: Yes (multiple stations were merged)
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, & 57 hours
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1047_1 -75.3750 41.6750 1,260 1,300 10-Jul 71.00 2.36 0.28 64 2.080 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.33 74 2.660 1.279
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General Storm Location: Central Park, NY
Storm Dates: 4/15/2007 0300Z – 4/16/2007 1700Z
Event: Nor’Easter
DAD Zone_1
Latitude: 41.11 degrees
Longitude: -73.44 degrees
Maximum SPAS Rainfall Amount: 9.44” (Grid/Pixel Point)
Maximum Rain Gauge Amount: 9.30” (Rivervale, NJ)
Number of Stations: 307 (105-hourly, 14-hourly pseudo, 188-daily convert to supplemental) gauging
stations within the defined search domain.
SPAS Version: 4.0
Spatial resolution: 44.179 seconds
Radar Included: Yes
Radar reflectivity data was used from the KDIX and KENX radars. After sectorization optimization, the
scan-scale precipitation grids were summed and blended (from KDIX- and KENX-based radars) into
seamless hourly grids.

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1041_1 -73.4400 41.1100 122 100 1-May 71.00 2.36 0.02 64 2.340 74.00 74.0 2.73 0.03 70 2.700 1.154
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General Storm Location: New England and adjacent ports of Quebec, Canada
Storm Dates: April 28-30, 2008
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 45.55
Longitude: -69.08
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 4.60” at Waterville, ME (5.21” was max for storm)
Number of Stations: 318 (122 Daily, 101 Hourly, 1 Hourly Estimated, 28 Hourly Pseudo, 66 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM April Precipitation
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: We have a great deal of confidence in the magnitude and spatial distribution of
rainfall for this analysis. With the exception of parts of Quebec north of Vermont, north of New Hampshire
and west of southern Maine, we are confident in the temporal distribution of rainfall for this analysis. Given
the extensive gauge data and decent radar data, including Canadian radar (WVY, XAM and WMB), we
have better than average confidence in the overall results.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1202_1 -69.0800 45.5500 1,519 1,500 15-May 68.50 2.10 0.30 59 1.800 74.50 74.5 2.79 0.37 71 2.425 1.347
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General Storm Location: Western and Central Tennessee, Southwestern Kentucky and adjacent portions
of nearby states
Storm Dates: April 30 – May 3, 2010
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.06
Longitude: -86.91
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 19.70” at WARNER PARK, TN, followed by 19.51” at USGS
SR840 Rain gauge No. 4 near Bending Chestnut, TN followed by 19.41” at CoCoRaHS Camden
4.5 NW, TN.
Number of Stations: 753 (120 Daily, 52 Hourly, 46 Hourly Pseudo, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 5 Hourly
Estimated, 521 Supplemental, and 8 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Mean (1971-2000) PRISM May Precipitation
Radar Included: Yes
Degree of confidence in results: This was a difficult storm to analyze due to the extreme intensities,
strong spatial rainfall gradients, large amount of data, relatively low radar reflectivity values across
western Tennessee where among the heaviest rains fell. However, given this analysis was based on
NEXRAD data and a plethora of gauge data, our confidence in the results is high.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1208_1 -86.9056 36.0611 623 600 15-May 75.00 2.85 0.15 72 2.700 76.50 76.5 3.07 0.16 75 2.905 1.076
256
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General Storm Location: Portsmouth, NC
Storm Dates: September 26 - October 1, 2010
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 35.175
Longitude: -77.215
Estimated)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: NOAA Stage IV September 26-30, 2010 Precipitation
Spatial resolution: 0.01 (~ 0.40 mi2)
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, daily data, supplemental station data and
NEXRAD Radar. We have a high degree of confidence in the radar/station based storm total results, the
spatial pattern is dependent on the radar data and basemap, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly
pseudo stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1350_1 -77.2150 35.1750 39 0 15-Sep 81.50 3.86 0.00 85 3.860 83.50 83.5 4.21 0.00 89 4.210 1.091
261
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264
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Hybrid Storms
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Northeast; New York, Pennsylvania
Event: Hurricane Georges
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.5042
Longitude: -76.7958
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: us_ppt_in_map_1961_1990_usda_northamerica
Spatial resolution: 00:00:36
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data (H), hourly estimated pseudo data (HEP),
hourly pseudo data (HP), daily data (D) and supplemental data (S). We have a high degree of confidence
in the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap. It matches well
with the isohyetal map from USACE NA 1-27. The timing is based on hourly, hourly estimated pseudo and
hourly pseudo stations. One HEP station was created blending the station and DAD table from NA 1-27
for the 6 hour duration.
ELEV Trans Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail. Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail.
SPAS Storm ID LON LAT ELEV Td @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
Round Date Elev. Elev.
1629_1_gen -76.1708 42.5042 1,567 1,600 15-Jul 76.00 2.99 0.41 74 2.580 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.43 78 2.860 1.109
268
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Haywood, WI
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 45.9958
Longitude: -91.0958
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: 1699_isohyetal_sm
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 362 hourly pseudo stations, daily data and supplemental
station data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total results. The spatial
pattern is dependent on the USACE isohyetal basemap. Timing is based on the hourly pseudo stations.
Several daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues and to ensure data consistency.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1699_1_GEN -91.4846 46.0130 1,190 1,200 15-Aug 73.00 2.60 0.28 68 2.320 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.34 80 3.100 1.336
279
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285
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Big Meadows, VA (USACE SA 1-28a)
Storm Dates: October 12-17, 1942
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.5458
Longitude: -78.4042
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM October 1942 Precipitation
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on digitized hourly data from the USACE SA 1-28a mass
curves, daily data, and supplemental station data. We have a good degree of confidence in the station
based storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap, and the timing is based on
hourly stations.
ELEV Trans Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail. SST Precip. Water PW Lookup Avail.
SPAS Storm ID LON LAT ELEV SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
Round Date Elev. Round Elev.
1340_1_gen -78.4042 38.5458 3,299 3,300 1-Oct 78.00 3.29 0.84 78 2.450 81.00 81.0 3.77 0.93 84 2.840 1.159
289
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291
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292
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293
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295
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296
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297
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298
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(Re-analysis of SPAS #1029)
General Storm Location: Northern Illinois (Aurora College, IL)
Storm Dates: July 17, 1996 0100 UTC – July 19, 1996 0000 UTC (48 hours)
Event: Mesoscale convective complex (MCC)
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.4575
Longitude: -88.0699
• 86 daily
• 28 hourly
• 32 hourly pseudo
• 26 supplemental
• 1 supplemental estimated
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: 1981-2010 Mean July Precipitation (PRISM)
Radar Included: Yes (KMKX, KLOT and KIND)
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hours
Reliability of Results: With the exception of the Southwestern corner of the analysis domain, we generally
have a high degree of confidence in the results. Although there was a good deal of measured daily rainfall
amounts in/around the storm center, a lack of hourly data forced us to develop and include several hourly-
pseudo stations based on radar data and a default Z-R relationship.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1286_1 41.4575 -88.0699 637 600 15-Jul 74.00 2.73 0.15 70 2.580 80.50 80.5 3.68 0.18 83 3.500 1.357
299
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302
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303
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Local Storms
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Catskill, NY
Storm Dates: July 26, 1819
Event: Convective Thunderstorm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.1842
Longitude: -73.8688
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: HMR 1 isohyetal pattern (HMR 1 Figure 25)
Spatial resolution: 0:00:15 second (~ 0.15 mi2)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on one hourly estimated station from HMR 1 and timing
based on HMR 1 and the American Journal of Science and Arts vol. IV 1822. We have a good degree of
confidence in the storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap (HMR 1 Isohyetal),
the timing is based on data hourly HMR 1 and the American Journal of Science and Arts vol. IV 1822
description. We only have a high degree of confidence in the 1-, 3-, and 8-hr point values, the remaining
durations are estimates based on the storm event description in the American Journal of Science and Arts.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1547_1 -73.8688 42.1840 1 0 15-Jul 73.00 2.60 0.00 68 2.600 77.50 77.5 3.22 0.00 77 3.215 1.130
306
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309
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Jewell, MD
Event: Local Convective
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.729
Longitude: -76.571
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Conus_prism_ppt_in_1981_2010_07
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: This storm is originally USACE NA 1-7a and 1-7b. This analysis was based on
hourly pseudo data, daily data and supplemental station data. We have a good degree of confidence for
the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap and we have a
high degree of confidence with the timing based on the location of the four hourly pseudo stations (see
below). One hourly USACE mass curve captured the largest storm center at Jewell, MD allowing high
confidence in the spatiotemporal isohyetal pattern of this critical location. Many daily stations lacked
timing, so they had to be converted into supplemental stations. Due to the four hourly pseudo stations
being consistent in timing, there isn’t much issue with having to turn so many daily stations into
supplemental stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1489_1 -76.5710 38.7290 163 200 10-Aug 71.50 2.42 0.05 65 2.365 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.06 80 3.380 1.429
310
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320
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General Storm Location: Cooper, MI
Storm Dates: September 1 – September 2, 1914
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.3708
Longitude: -85.5875
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Continental United States 2 year 6 hour (conus_0002yr06h)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: In addition to the NCDC stations, three hourly stations were digitized from the U.S.
Army Corp of Engineers (USACE) Storm Study Pertinent Data Sheet (included below). These stations only
provided precipitation timing for the time period beginning on August 31, 1914 at 6pm EST and ending at
6pm the following day. Due to the lack of hourly information, a 25-hour Core Precipitation Period (CPP)
was established for this time period. While precipitation did fall outside of the CPP, results are unreliable
due to the lack of data. The resulting DAD values are slightly less than those determined by the initial
USACE report. Major adjustments were completed in order to simulate USACE results, however the original
analysis likely over generalized the storm area and this analysis likely provides a more accurate depiction
of the event.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1426_1 -85.5875 42.3708 816 800 15-Aug 75.00 2.85 0.20 72 2.650 80.50 80.5 3.68 0.24 83 3.440 1.298
321
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Storm Precipitation Analysis System (SPAS) For Storm # 1343_1

SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Eastern Tennessee
Storm Dates: June 12, 1924 0600 UTC – June 13, 1924 0600 UTC
Event: Extreme “Cloud Burst”
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.30416
Longitude: -82.0625
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: Mean June Precipitation
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: We have a moderate degree of confidence in this analysis. A decent write-up in the
Monthly Weather Review (MWR) provided some important details for quantifying the timing and magnitude
of rainfall of this event – which was described as “one of the most terrific rainstorms ever recorded in eastern
Tennessee.” In fact, the MWR report provided enough information to support the creation of 2 pseudo
hourly stations near the storm center; although the exact 1-hour time steps of rainfall are uncertain, the 3
to 8-hour accumulations are reliable given the details provided in the MWR report. The individual hourly
rainfall was distributed using the temporal distributions provided in NOAA Atlas 14 Volume 2. The basemap
initially drove the storm center value up to 17.62”, which we felt to be too high. We constrained the storm
total to be 16.14” (1.16” more than highest observed) to account for the local orographic enhancement that
likely caused slightly higher rainfalls northeast of the observed maximums. This analysis is only reliable
in/near the storm center – the lack of hourly data outside of this are too limited to accurately time the daily
precipitation data.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1343_1 -82.0625 36.3042 3,164 3,200 15-Jul 76.00 2.99 0.77 74 2.220 81.50 81.5 3.86 0.92 85 2.940 1.324
330
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336
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Simpson, KY
Event: Simpson, KY HMR 52 Tale 21, HMR 45 Table 2-2, HMR 2
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.1042
Longitude: -83.2958
Number of Stations: 276 (137 Daily, 3 Hourly Estimated, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, and 135
Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: USGS total storm isohyetal
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, hourly pseudo data HMR reports and
supplemental information), daily data, and supplemental station data (USGS report). We have a decent
degree of confidence in the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on basemap,
and the timing is based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1344_1 -83.2958 38.1042 1,101 1,100 18-Jul 75.50 2.92 0.28 73 2.640 78.50 78.5 3.37 0.31 79 3.060 1.159
337
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340
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341
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342
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343
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345
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Ewan, NJ (USACE NA 2-4), re-run SPAS 1023
Storm Dates: August 31 - September 2, 1940
Event: Hurricane
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 39.6875
Longitude: -75.1807
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Blended PRISM September 1940 Ppt with SPAS Ppt
Radar Included: No
bucket survey data. Twenty-seven hourly station, from the USACE NA 2-4 report, were digitized and used
in the analysis. Data from SPAS 1023 were used in the analysis, additional data extraction was also
completed. We have a good degree of confidence in the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern
is dependent on the station data and the basemap, the timing is based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations.

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1534_1 -75.1807 39.6875 103 100 15-Aug 76.00 2.99 0.03 74 2.960 80.00 80.0 3.60 0.03 82 3.570 1.206
346
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349
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351
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352
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Smethport, PA
Event:
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.8438
Longitude: -78.2687
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount:
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap:
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1681_1 -78.2687 41.8438 1,956 2,000 15-Jul 77.50 3.22 0.53 77 2.690 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.53 78 2.760 1.026
354
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358
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359
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360
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361
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362
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SPAS Analysis
Event:
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 41.7188
Longitude: -78.0812
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap:
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1681_2 -78.0812 41.7188 2,193 2,200 15-Jul 77.50 3.22 0.57 77 2.645 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.58 78 2.710 1.025
363
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365
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366
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367
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368
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369
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370
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371
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SPAS Analysis
Event:
DAD Zone 3
Latitude: 41.9729
Longitude: -78.1937
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap:
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1681_3 -78.1937 41.9729 1,538 1,500 15-Jul 77.50 3.22 0.40 77 2.815 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.41 78 2.880 1.023
372
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SPAS Analysis
Event:
DAD Zone 4
Latitude: 41.9146
Longitude: -77.8979
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap:
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1681_4 -77.8979 41.9146 2,112 2,100 15-Jul 77.50 3.22 0.55 77 2.665 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.56 78 2.730 1.024
381
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384
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385
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386
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389
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SPAS Analysis
Event:
DAD Zone 5
Latitude: 42.3563
Longitude: -77.9479
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap:
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1681_5 -77.9479 42.3563 2,129 2,100 15-Jul 77.50 3.22 0.55 77 2.665 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.56 78 2.730 1.024
390
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393
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SPAS Analysis
Event:
DAD Zone 5
Latitude: 41.6021
Longitude: -78.5729
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap:
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1681_6 -78.5729 41.6021 2,071 2,100 15-Jul 77.50 3.22 0.55 77 2.665 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.56 78 2.730 1.024
399
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402
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403
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406
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: West Virginia
Event: USACE_OR_3_30
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.8958
Longitude: -80.7708
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Isohyetal basemap from USGS Notable Local Floods report
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: Three of the 44 supplemental stations were converted from the daily type due to
questionable observation times. The remaining 41 supplemental stations were digitized from the USGS
Notable Floods report. While there were additional supplemental stations added from the USGS report,
they were subsequently removed from the analysis due to inconsistencies with the isohyetal map from said
report. This isohyetal map was also digitized and used as the basemap for this storm in order to fully
represent this previous analysis. Ten of the eleven hourly stations were digitized from the USGS report
along with data from the USACE report OR 3-30. With the amount of data pulled from these trusted sources,
and the consistency of the results of this analysis against those previously published, this analysis is
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1536_1 -80.7708 38.8950 1,113 1,100 15-Aug 74.00 2.73 0.27 70 2.460 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.31 80 3.130 1.272
408
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Virginia/West Virginia Border
Storm Dates: June 16-19, 1949
Event: Tropical Remnants
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.8625
Longitude: -79.1875
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 14.26” at Brushy Run, VA
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 38.4292
Longitude: -78.4625
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 13.53” at Big Meadows 2, VA
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: PRISM Mean June 1971-2000
Radar Included: No
We have a high degree of confidence in the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is
dependent on the basemap, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations. An additional
twenty-two supplemental stations were created to ensure data consistency.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1546_1 -79.1875 38.8625 2,068 2,100 30-Jun 70.50 2.31 0.44 63 1.870 76.50 76.5 3.07 0.53 75 2.535 1.356
416
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: College Hill, OH
Storm Dates: June 4 (0600) - June 5 (0600), 1963
Event: Convective
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.0854
Longitude: -81.6479
Max. Grid/Radar Rainfall Amount: 19.39"
Number of Stations: 132 (53 Daily, 15 Hourly, 6 Hourly Pseudo, 1 Hourly Estimated, 57 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 9.0
Base Map Used: A basemap/grid was created based on USGS isohyetal.
Spatial resolution: 15 seconds*
Radar Included: No
*A higher spatial resolution (15-sec vs. 30-sec) was used in this analysis to better capture the spatial details.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1226_1 -81.6479 40.0854 974 1,000 15-Jun 68.50 2.10 0.21 59 1.890 76.50 76.5 3.07 0.27 75 2.800 1.481
422
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426
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SPAS Analysis
Storm Dates: July 22 – July 23, 1965
Event: Mesoscale Event with Embedded Convection (MEC) Convective
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.3625
Longitude: -83.7208
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Combined manually contoured base map with mean annual maximum 48-hour
precipitation associated with MEC’s
Spatial resolution: 0.2666 sq.mi.
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1402_1 -83.7208 36.3625 1,066 1,100 8-Aug 77.00 3.14 0.29 76 2.850 80.00 80.0 3.60 0.32 82 3.280 1.151
428
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433
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SPAS Analysis
Storm Dates: July 22 – July 23, 1965
Event: Mesoscale Event with Embedded Convection (MEC) Convective
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 36.1792
Longitude: -84.2292
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: Combined manually contoured base map with mean annual maximum 48-hour
precipitation associated with MEC’s
Spatial resolution: 0.2666 sq.mi.
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1402_2 -84.2292 36.1792 2,731 2,700 8-Aug 77.00 3.14 0.68 76 2.460 80.00 80.0 3.60 0.75 82 2.850 1.159
434
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438
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Wooster, Ohio – the "Independence Day storm"
Storm Dates: July 4-6, 1969 (July 4, 1969 0600 UTC – July 7, 1969 0500 UTC: 72 hours)
Event: Thunderstorm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.91458
Longitude: 81.9729
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 14.95”***
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 14.82” at Wooster 8 NNW***
Number of Stations: 509 (77 Daily, 46 Hourly, 2 Hourly Estimated, 3 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 14 Hourly
Pseudo, 360 Supplemental, and 7 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 8.5
Base Map Used: Blended USGS, USACE, NWS and SPAS total storm isohyetal converted into a grid.
Spatial resolution: 15 seconds* (~ 0.25 mi2)
Radar Included: No
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes**
Reliability of results: Although this storm analysis obviously did not use radar data, the abundant gauge
data and well positioned hourly rain gauges provided excellent spatial and temporal information and
therefore a very high degree of confidence in the final results.
*A higher spatial resolution (15-sec vs. 30-sec) was used in this analysis to better capture the spatial details.
** The southwestern portion of the domain was NOT included in the DAD zone since a separate squall line
passed through this area on July 6th, which is temporally very separate than the main event during the night
of July 4th.
*** An unreliable and unofficial amount of 18” was reported (see below) near Wooster, but we choose not
to use this amount because we couldn’t corroborate it with other sources. As it is, our storm center exceeds
the highest official rainfall amount by 0.13”.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1209_1 -81.9729 40.9146 1,164 1,200 15-Jul 76.00 2.99 0.31 74 2.680 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.33 78 2.960 1.104
439
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440
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441
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442
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443
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444
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SPAS Analysis
Storm Dates: April 2 – April 5, 1977
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 37.2792
Longitude: -81.8042
SPAS Version: 9.5
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: In addition to the NCDC stations, seven supplemental stations were added. There
were also seven hourly stations added via digitizing some of the stations listed in the TVA report. With the
density of stations available for this storm and with how closely the resulting SPAS analysis was to the TVA
report, this analysis is deemed quite reliable.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1362_1 -81.8042 37.2792 2,296 2,300 20-Apr 72.50 2.54 0.51 67 2.025 74.50 74.5 2.79 0.54 71 2.250 1.111
445
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446
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447
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448
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449
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450
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451
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Johnstown, PA
Storm Dates: July 18-19, 1977 (72-hours)
Event: Synoptic/Convective
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.3958
Longitude: -78.9542
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 12.06” North of Johnstown, PA
SPAS Version: 10
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on several hourly data, daily data and supplemental station
data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is
dependent on the basemap (us_ppt_in_map_1961_1990_usda_northamerica). It matches well with the
rainfall analysis from USGS (see below; https://archive.org/details/meteorologicalan00atmo). There is a
high degree of confidence with the timing based on the several hourly stations in and around the storm
center. Some daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues or removed due to duplicate
storm precipitation observations. Additional details can be found in the “read_me_1550.txt” file.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1550_1 -78.9542 40.3958 2,531 2,500 15-Jul 75.00 2.85 0.60 72 2.250 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.66 78 2.630 1.169
452
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453
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454
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455
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456
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General Storm Location: Rapidan, VA - Marion County
Storm Dates: June 26 – 27, 1995
Event: Orographic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.415
Longitude: -78.335
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 28.39” in 41 hours
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 27.4” – Storm Center as indicated by Sterling WSR-88D in
Smith et al., 1995 Catastrophic rainfall from an upslope thunderstorm in the central Appalachians:
The Rapidan storm of June 27, 1995
SPAS Version: 10
Basemap: PRISM June 1981-2010; ippt_allsites_1406_sum_in (SPAS-NEXRAD hrly basemap)
Radar Included: Yes
Radar Beam-Blockage shapefile created: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, daily data and supplemental station data
paired with SPAS-NEXRAD. We have a high degree of confidence for the radar and station based storm
total results. The spatial pattern dependent on the basemap and radar data with a high degree of confidence
with the timing based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1673_1 -82.9375 42.0042 600 600 15-Jul 71.00 2.36 0.13 64 2.230 77.50 77.5 3.22 0.17 77 3.050 1.368
457
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460
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461
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462
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General Storm Location: Rapidan, VA - Marion County
Storm Dates: June 26 – 27, 1995
Event: Orographic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.415
Longitude: -78.335
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 28.39” in 41 hours
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 27.4” – Storm Center as indicated by Sterling WSR-88D in
Smith et al., 1995 Catastrophic rainfall from an upslope thunderstorm in the central Appalachians:
The Rapidan storm of June 27, 1995
SPAS Version: 10
Basemap: PRISM June 1981-2010; ippt_allsites_1406_sum_in (SPAS-NEXRAD hrly basemap)
Radar Included: Yes
Radar Beam-Blockage shapefile created: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, daily data and supplemental station data
paired with SPAS-NEXRAD. We have a high degree of confidence for the radar and station based storm
total results. The spatial pattern dependent on the basemap and radar data with a high degree of confidence
with the timing based on hourly and hourly pseudo stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1406_1 -78.3350 38.4150 1,288 1,300 10-Jul 82.00 3.95 0.39 86 3.560 83.00 83.0 4.12 0.40 88 3.720 1.045
463
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464
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465
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466
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467
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468
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General Storm Location: Redbank, PA
Storm Dates: July 19, 1996
Event: Local
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.2550
Longitude: -79.1550
Max Grid Precipitation Amount: 9.42”
Max Observed Precipitation Amount: 9.371”
Base Map Used:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Radar Included: Yes

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1548_1 -79.1550 41.2550 1,737 1,700 15-Jul 74.00 2.73 0.40 70 2.330 78.00 78.0 3.29 0.46 78 2.830 1.215
469
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SPAS #1548 DAD Curves Zone 1

July 19, 1996
100,000
1-hour
2-hour
10,000 3-hour
4-hour
1,000 5-hour
Area (mi2)
6-hour
8-hour
100
12-hour
Total storm (12-

10 hour)
1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Maximum Average Depth of Precipitation (inches)
470
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471
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472
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473
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474
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General Storm Location: Sparta, NJ
Event: Local Thunderstorm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.03
Longitude: -74.64
Rainfall Amount: 16.70”
Base Map Used: A mosaic (KDIX, KOKX, KBGM and KDOX) total estimated radar rainfall grid.
Radar Included: Yes

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1017_1 -74.6400 41.0300 796 800 15-Aug 68.00 2.05 0.16 58 1.890 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.21 74 2.780 1.471
475
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476
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477
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478
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479
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480
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General Storm Location: Tabernacle, NJ
Storm Dates: 7/12/2004 0600Z – 7/13/2004 0800Z
Event: Convective Thunderstorm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 39.88
Longitude: -74.69
Rainfall Amount: 15.63” (Grid/Pixel Point)
Number of Stations: 319 (131-hourly, 2-hourly pseudo, 118-daily, and 68-supplemental) gauging stations
SPAS Version: 3.0
Base Map Used: No
Spatial resolution: 0.005944 decimal degrees (21.386139 seconds)
Radar Included: Yes

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1040_1 -74.6900 39.8805 56 100 30-Jul 74.00 2.73 0.03 70 2.700 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.03 80 3.410 1.263
481
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482
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483
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484
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485
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486
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General Storm Location: Delaware County, NY
Storm Dates: 6/19/2007 1600Z – 6/20/2007 0700Z
Event: Cloudburst Thunderstorm
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.01
Longitude: -74.90
Max. Grid/Radar Rainfall Amount: 11.69” (Grid/Pixel Point)
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 11.10” (9.58” grid cell at Bucket Data 6 “Upper Spring Brook”,
this station is located at a large precipitation gradient. Bucket Data 7 “Lower Spring Brook” Max.
Obs 11.00” 10.38 Grid Cell)
Number of Stations: 65 (17-hourly, 1 hourly pseudo, 29-daily, 18-daily supplemental) gauging stations
SPAS Version: 5.0
Base Map Used: No
Spatial resolution: 0.36 mi2
Radar Included: Yes, Weather Decision Technologies (WDT) Level-II radar reflectivity data based on
Binghamton, NY (KBGM) NEXRAD.
Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, & 16 hours

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1049_1 -74.9000 42.0100 2,157 2,200 1-Jul 71.00 2.36 0.46 64 1.900 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.55 74 2.440 1.284
487
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488
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489
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490
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491
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492
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General Storm Location: Islip, NY
Storm Dates: August 13, 2014
Event: Convective
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.805
Longitude: -73.065
Estimated)
SPAS Version: 9.5/10.0
Basemap: Default ZR Radar Estimated Rainfall
Radar Included: Yes
pseudo stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1415_1 -73.0650 40.8050 80 100 15-Aug 76.50 3.07 0.03 75 3.035 78.50 78.5 3.37 0.03 79 3.335 1.099
493
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494
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495
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496
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497
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498
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General Storm Location: Ellicott City, MD
Storm Dates: May 27-28, 2018
Event: Convective
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 39.2650
Longitude: -76.7550
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Precipitation derived from SPAS Default ZR
Spatial resolution: 0.01 decimal degree (0.37-sqmi)
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 963 hourly stations, daily data, supplemental station
data, and radar data. We have a good degree of confidence for the radar adjusted and station based storm
total results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the radar data, gauge data, and basemap. There is a
good degree of confidence with the timing based on the hourly stations near the storm center. Some daily
stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1700_1 -76.7550 39.2650 404 400 10-Jun 73.50 2.67 0.10 69 2.565 75.50 75.5 2.92 0.11 73 2.815 1.097
499
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500
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501
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502
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503
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504
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Tropical Storms
505
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Ohio (45.0,-84.0,37.0,-77.5)
Event: Synoptic
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.8458
Longitude: -80.8375
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: USACE Isohyetal Image
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 37 hourly stations, daily data, and supplemental station
data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is
fully dependent on the basemap created from the USACE Isohyetal image. Timing is based on the three
hourly pseudo stations. Several daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues and to
ensure data consistency.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1628_1 -80.8375 41.8458 665 700 27-Aug 72.50 2.54 0.17 67 2.370 75.50 75.5 2.92 0.18 73 2.740 1.156
506
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507
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508
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509
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510
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511
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512
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513
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514
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515
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516
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: North Carolina and South Carolina
Event: Alta Pass, NC (SA 2-9) and Kingstree, SC (SA 2-9a)
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 35.8792
Longitude: -81.8708
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM July 1916 Precipitation
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on hourly data, Hourly pseudo data (derived from storm
study mass curves), daily data, and supplemental station data. We have a high degree of confidence in
the station based storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on basemap, and the timing is based
on hourly and hourly pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1299_1 -81.8708 35.8792 1,968 2,000 15-Jul 74.00 2.73 0.47 70 2.260 78.50 78.5 3.37 0.54 79 2.825 1.250
517
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518
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519
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520
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521
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522
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523
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524
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525
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526
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527
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Vernon, FL
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 35.6042
Longitude: -79.0708
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 11.55” (Moncure, NC)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: USACE Report SA 3-23 Isohyetal Basemap

(nwsmetstat_isohyetal_spas1517_surf_surf_sm)
Spatial resolution: .2739
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: Seventy-six supplemental stations were added to ensure data consistency. Due to
the amount and integrity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) report, five hourly stations were
digitized based on the mass rainfall curves from the USACE report. With the density of stations available
and the consistency of the resulting SPAS analysis to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report, this analysis
is deemed quite reliable to the fact that this analysis had only 6 hourly stations on the eastern side of the
Appalachian Mountains. Attempts were made to the USACE branches for the full storm reports to no avail.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1517_2 -79.0708 35.6042 181 200 15-Sep 80.00 3.60 0.06 82 3.540 84.00 84.0 4.30 0.07 90 4.230 1.195
528
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529
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530
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531
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532
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533
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534
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535
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536
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537
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538
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539
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Vernon, FL
DAD Zone 3
Latitude: 35.9458
Longitude: -80.6958
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 9.63” (Settle, NC)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: USACE Report SA 3-23 Isohyetal Basemap

(nwsmetstat_isohyetal_spas1517_surf_surf_sm)
Spatial resolution: .2739
Radar Included: No
Reliability of Results: Seventy-six supplemental stations were added to ensure data consistency. Due
to the amount and integrity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) report, five hourly stations
were digitized based on the mass rainfall curves from the USACE report. With the density of stations
available and the consistency of the resulting SPAS analysis to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report,
this analysis is deemed quite reliable to the fact that this analysis had only 6 hourly stations on the
eastern side of the Appalachian Mountains. Attempts were made to the USACE branches for the full
storm reports to no avail.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1517_3 -80.6958 35.9458 766 800 15-Sep 80.00 3.60 0.24 82 3.360 84.00 84.0 4.30 0.27 90 4.030 1.199
540
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541
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542
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543
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544
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545
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546
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547
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548
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549
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550
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551
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Easton, MD
Storm Dates: September 2 -9, 1935
Event: Hurricane
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 38.8625
Longitude: -76.0708
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 16.70” at Easton, MD
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Conus_prism_ppt_in_1981_2010_09
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This storm is originally USACE SA 1-26. This analysis was based on hourly pseudo
data, daily data and supplemental station data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based
storm total results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap and we have a high degree of
confidence with the timing based on the location of the five hourly pseudo stations (see below). One hourly
USACE mass curve captured the largest storm center at Easton, MD allowing high confidence in the
spatiotemporal isohyetal pattern of this critical location. Some daily stations lacked timing, so they had to
be converted into supplemental stations. The five hourly pseudo stations were consistent in timing with one
another. There was no hourly data after the 6th, but so timing of the supplemental stations thereafter is
linear in trend. There isn’t much if any precipitation that SPAS has falling on the 7th (no more than 0.5” at
the very most).
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1490_1 -76.0708 38.8625 57 100 20-Aug 80.50 3.68 0.03 83 3.650 82.00 82.0 3.95 0.03 86 3.920 1.074
552
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553
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554
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555
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556
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557
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558
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559
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560
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Buck, CT
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.5542
Longitude: -72.6542
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM September 1938 Precipitation Grid
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on digitized hourly data from the USACE NA 2-2 mass
curves, daily data, and supplemental station. We have a high degree of confidence in the station based
storm total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap, and the timing is based on hourly
stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1341_1 -72.6542 41.5542 126 100 5-Sep 80.00 3.60 0.03 82 3.570 82.50 82.5 4.03 0.03 87 4.000 1.120
561
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562
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563
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564
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565
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566
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567
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568
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569
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570
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571
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572
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Tuckerton, NJ
Event: Synoptic, Remnants of hurricane
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 39.679
Longitude: -74.271
Number of Stations: 92 (7 Hourly, 2 Hourly Pseudo, 51 Daily, 32 Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_08
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on nine hourly stations (USACE NA 2-3, NCDC and
EDADSv2 storm report mass curves), daily data and supplemental station data. We have a good degree
of confidence for the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap
(conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_08). Spatially, it looks very similar to the rainfall analysis from USACE
(see below). There is a good degree of confidence with the timing based on the hourly stations near the
storm center. Some daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1567_1 -74.2710 39.6790 19 0 15-Aug 81.00 3.77 0.00 84 3.770 82.50 82.5 4.03 0.00 87 4.030 1.069
573
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574
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575
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576
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577
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578
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579
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580
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581
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582
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Idlewild, North Carolina (40.0, -86.0, 31.0, -74.0)
Storm Dates: August 10-August 16, 1940
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 36.3
Longitude: -81.45
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Continental United States 2-yr 24-hr (conus_0002y24h)
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: In addition to the NCDC stations, eighteen supplemental stations along with one
supplemental estimated station were added to ensure data consistency. Due to the amount and integrity
of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), no stations within the main storm area had hourly data available
to time precipitation on the last two days of the storm analysis. Upon further inspection of a Department
of Interior (DOI) report, several hourly stations were found and entered in. Looking in NCDC local
climatology, four hourly stations were found but in the northeast extent of the storm domain that were
used for timing of the precipitation. With the density of stations available and the consistency of the
resulting SPAS analysis, this analysis is deemed quite reliable in and near the storm center.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1342_1 -81.4500 36.3000 3,062 3,100 15-Aug 82.00 3.95 0.91 86 3.040 83.50 83.5 4.21 0.95 89 3.260 1.072
583
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584
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585
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586
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587
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588
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589
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590
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591
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Toronto, Ontario
Event: Hurricane Hazel
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 43.8375
Longitude: -79.9792
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Canadian Storm Study (ONT 10-54) Isohyetal Pattern
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 162 hourly stations, daily stations, supplemental station
data, the Canadian Storm Study Report ONT 10-54, and article from Anderson and Bruce 1957. We have
a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total results. The spatial pattern is dependent
heavily on the basemap. Timing is based on the hourly stations at the storm center. One daily station was
moved to a supplemental station due to timing issues and to ensure data consistency.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1630_1 -79.9792 43.8375 1,250 1,300 1-Oct 68.00 2.05 0.26 58 1.790 71.50 71.5 2.42 0.29 65 2.130 1.190
592
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593
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594
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595
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596
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597
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Slide Mountain, NY
Event: Hurricane Connie Remnants
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.0208
Longitude: -74.3958
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Isohyetal Map
Radar Included: No
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on 292 hourly stations, hourly pseudo, daily data and
supplemental station data. We have a good degree of confidence for the station based storm total results.
The spatial pattern is dependent on the isohyetal basemap. Timing is based on the hourly and hourly
pseudo stations. Several daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues and to ensure
data consistency.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1679_1 -74.3958 42.0208 2,798 2,800 5-Aug 73.00 2.60 0.62 68 1.980 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.68 74 2.310 1.167
598
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599
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600
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601
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602
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603
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Westfield, MA
Event: Local
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.12
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1243_1 -72.7000 42.1200 268 300 15-Aug 75.00 2.85 0.08 72 2.770 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.08 74 2.910 1.051
604
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605
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606
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607
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608
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609
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610
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611
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612
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Storm Precipitation Analysis System (SPAS) For Storm #1312B_2

SPAS Analysis
Storm Dates: October 3 – October 6, 1964
Event: Heavy frontal rain with moisture from Hurricane Hilda
DAD Zone 2 - Central
Latitude: 35.1375
Longitude: -82.8375
Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 17.53
SPAS Version: 9.5
totals
Radar Included: No
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1312B_2 -82.8375 35.1375 2,440 2,400 20-Sep 75.50 2.92 0.59 73 2.335 76.50 76.5 3.07 0.61 75 2.460 1.054
613
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614
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615
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616
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617
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618
Page 619 of 757

SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: West Shokan, NY
Event: Local
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 41.95
Longitude: -74.320
Radar Included: No

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1006_1 -74.3200 41.9500 907 900 1-Oct 78.00 3.29 0.25 78 3.040 80.76 81.0 3.77 0.27 84 3.500 1.151
619
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Duration (hours)
Area in Sq. Mi. 6 12 24 48 72 96 total
1.000 4.8 7.8 10.5 16.9 18.4 18.5 18.5
10.000 4.7 7.6 10.2 15.9 17.5 17.7 17.7
100.000 4.2 6.9 9.6 13.6 15.1 15.2 15.2
200.000 4.0 6.6 9.3 13.1 14.2 14.4 14.4
500.000 3.7 6.1 8.7 12.2 13.2 13.3 13.3
1000.000 3.5 5.6 8.2 11.3 12.2 12.3 12.3
5000.000 2.6 4.1 6.3 8.8 9.6 9.7 9.7
10000.000 1.8 3.1 4.7 7.1 7.8 7.9 7.9
Final DAD Curves

West Shokan, NY 10/15-17/1955
10000
6-hour
12-hour
1000
Area (Sq. Miles)
24-hour
100
48-hour
72-hour
10
Total
storm
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Maximum Average Depth of Precipitation (inches)
620
Page 621 of 757
Mass Curve - Storm #1006

20.00
West Shokan, NY 10/15-17/1955
18.00
H 0km SLIDE MOUNTAIN
16.00
14.00 D 9.69km PEEKAMOOSE
12.00 D 9.97km FROST VALLEY

Inches
10.00
D 11.11km PHOENICIA
8.00
D 11.12km WEST SHOKAN
6.00
4.00
2.00
.00
1
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
Index Hour
621
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622
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623
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Tyro, VA (Tropical Storm Camille)
Event: Tropical Storm Camille
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 37.8125
Longitude: -79.0042
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Blended USGS total storm map and PRISM August 1969 Precipitation
Radar Included: No
bucket survey data. Hourly station USACE Tyro, VA was digitized from the USACE Storm Studies report.
Bucket survey rainfall timing and magnitude at the storm center (Tyro, VA) were diligently recorded and
utilized in the SPAS storm analysis. We have a good degree of confidence in the station based storm total
results, the spatial pattern is dependent on the station data and the USGS basemap, the timing is based
on hourly and hourly pseudo stations. *** Could not match the 22.0" rainfall amount in 6-hours based on
the USACE Storm Study report (Listed as Station R, "Tyro, VA").
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1491_1 -79.0042 37.8125 799 800 5-Aug 77.50 3.22 0.22 77 3.000 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.23 80 3.210 1.070
624
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625
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626
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627
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628
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629
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630
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631
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SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Pennsylvania, New York
Event: Hurricane Agnes
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 42.0375
Longitude: -78.0708
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1971-2000) June Precipitation
Radar Included: No
bucket survey data from the USGS report. We have a high degree of confidence in the station based storm
total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on basemap, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly
pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1276_1 -78.0708 42.0375 2,398 2,400 5-Jul 72.50 2.54 0.53 67 2.005 77.50 77.5 3.22 0.62 77 2.595 1.294
632
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633
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634
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635
Page 636 of 757
636
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637
Page 638 of 757
638
Page 639 of 757

SPAS Analysis
General Storm Location: Pennsylvania
Event: Hurricane Agnes
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 40.5375
Longitude: -76.6208
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1971-2000) June Precipitation
Radar Included: No
bucket survey data from the USGS report. We have a high degree of confidence in the station based storm
total results, the spatial pattern is dependent on basemap, and the timing is based on hourly and hourly
pseudo stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1276_2 -76.6208 40.5375 1,617 1,600 5-Jul 78.00 3.29 0.43 78 2.860 80.00 80.0 3.60 0.46 82 3.140 1.098
639
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640
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641
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642
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643
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644
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645
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Storm Dates: September 15-19, 1999 (remnants of Hurricane Floyd)
Event: Hurricane remnants
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 44.26
Longitude: -71.34
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 9.54” at Mt. Washington, NH and 8.25” at Pinkham Notch, NH
Number of Stations: 312 (215 Daily, 32 Hourly, 17 Hourly Pseudo, 1 Hourly Estimated, 42 Supplemental,
SPAS Version: 8.5
Spatial resolution: 36 seconds (~0.34 sq-mi)
Radar Included: Yes

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1198_1 -71.3400 44.2600 3,414 3,400 1-Sep 75.00 2.85 0.79 72 2.060 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.90 80 2.540 1.233
646
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647
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648
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649
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650
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651
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652
Page 653 of 757

Storm Dates: September 15-19, 1999 (remnants of Hurricane Floyd)
Event: Hurricane remnants
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 44.53
Longitude: -72.81
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 11.35” at Mt Mansfield, VT
Number of Stations: 312 (215 Daily, 32 Hourly, 17 Hourly Pseudo, 1 Hourly Estimated, 42 Supplemental,
SPAS Version: 8.5
Spatial resolution: 36 seconds (~0.34 sq-mi)
Radar Included: Yes

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1198_2 -72.8100 44.5300 3,026 3,000 1-Sep 75.00 2.85 0.70 72 2.150 79.00 79.0 3.44 0.80 80 2.640 1.228
653
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654
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655
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656
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657
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658
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659
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General Storm Location: Eastern Seaboard
Storm Dates: September 13, 1999 – September 17, 1999
Event: Hurricane Floyd
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 34.005
Longitude: -77.9950
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 24.06” at Southport 5 N, NC
Number of Stations: 974 (430 Daily, 97 Hourly, 46 Hourly Pseudo, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 397
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Continental United States 2-year 24-hour basemap (conus_0002y24h)
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: 397 supplemental stations were added to ensure the data matches what can actually
occur and that the data more closely resemble reports from this storm. Many of these stations were
incorporated from previous analyses of Hurricane Floyd (SPAS storms 1002 and 1012) along with other
storm data reports. Due to the orientation and integrity of the station data, three additional stations were
incorporated. Lack of hourly stations in east central North Carolina forced the creation of a radar estimated
hourly pseudo station to assist in timing and intensity. With the density of stations available for this storm
and with how closely the resulting SPAS analysis was to the storm data report, this analysis is deemed
quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1552_1 -77.9950 34.0050 31 0 1-Sep 78.00 3.29 0.00 78 3.290 82.00 82.0 3.95 0.00 86 3.950 1.201
660
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661
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662
Page 663 of 757
663
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664
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665
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666
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DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 37.2750
Longitude: -76.5550
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 18.13” at Yorktown, VA
SPAS Version: 10.0
Radar Included: Yes
quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1552_2 -76.5550 37.2750 0 0 1-Sep 78.00 3.29 0.00 78 3.290 82.00 82.0 3.95 0.00 86 3.950 1.201
667
Page 668 of 757
668
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669
Page 670 of 757
670
Page 671 of 757
671
Page 672 of 757
672
Page 673 of 757
673
Page 674 of 757

DAD Zone 3
Latitude: 40.9950
Longitude: -74.2850
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 14.45” at Pompton Lake, NJ
SPAS Version: 10.0
Radar Included: Yes
quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1552_3 -74.2850 40.9950 214 200 1-Sep 77.50 3.22 0.06 77 3.155 81.00 81.0 3.77 0.06 84 3.710 1.176
674
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675
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676
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677
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678
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679
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680
Page 681 of 757

DAD Zone 4
Latitude: 42.2950
Longitude: -74.0050
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 11.74” Cairo, NY
SPAS Version: 10.0
Radar Included: Yes
quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1552_4 -74.0050 42.2950 417 400 1-Sep 77.50 3.22 0.11 77 3.105 81.00 81.0 3.77 0.12 84 3.650 1.176
681
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682
Page 683 of 757
683
Page 684 of 757
684
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685
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686
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687
Page 688 of 757

General Storm Location: Mid-Atlantic States – Hurricane Isabel
Event: Hurricane Isabel
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 35.8625
Longitude: -76.5042
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 7.75” at Edenton, NC
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Mean annual maximum 48-hour precipitation associated with MLCs
Radar Included: Yes

Reliability of results: One Hundred ninety-six supplemental stations were added to ensure the data
matches what can actually occur and that the data more closely resemble reports from this storm. Due to
the orientation and integrity of the station and radar data, these stations were retained to depict the storm
precipitation pattern and intensity. A radar beam blockage mask was applied for regions of the storm
domain where radar coverage was not available along with blocked radar beams from the Appalachian
Mountains. With the density of stations available for this storm and with how closely the resulting SPAS
analysis was to the storm data report, this analysis is deemed quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1535_1 -76.5042 35.8625 9 0 3-Sep 80.50 3.68 0.00 83 3.680 82.00 82.0 3.95 0.00 86 3.950 1.073
688
Page 689 of 757
689
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690
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691
Page 692 of 757
692
Page 693 of 757
693
Page 694 of 757

General Storm Location: Mid-Atlantic States – Hurricane Isabel
Event: Hurricane Isabel
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 37.9125
Longitude: -79.0292
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 20.20” at Upper Sherando, VA
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Mean annual maximum 48-hour precipitation associated with MLCs
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: One Hundred ninety-six supplemental stations were added to ensure the data
matches what can actually occur and that the data more closely resemble reports from this storm. Due to
the orientation and integrity of the station and radar data, these stations were retained to depict the storm
precipitation pattern and intensity. A radar beam blockage mask was applied for regions of the storm
domain where radar coverage was not available along with blocked radar beams from the Appalachian
Mountains. With the density of stations available for this storm and with how closely the resulting SPAS
analysis was to the storm data report, this analysis is deemed quite reliable.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1535_2 -79.0292 37.9125 2,281 2,300 3-Sep 80.50 3.68 0.67 83 3.010 82.00 82.0 3.95 0.69 86 3.260 1.083
694
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695
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696
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697
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698
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699
Page 700 of 757

General Storm Location: Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland
Event: Convective/Remnants of Hurricane Gaston
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 37.705
Longitude: -77.375
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 12.60” at Richmond, VA
Number of Stations: 199 (108 Daily, 46 Hourly, 14 Hourly Pseudo, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo and 30
Supplemental)
SPAS Version: 10.0
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: This analysis was based on several hourly data, daily data, supplemental station
data and one hourly estimated pseudo station. We have a good degree of confidence for the station
based storm total results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the basemap
(us_ppt_in_map_1961_1990_usda_northamerica). The radar data was also excellent with very little beam
blockage. There is a high degree of confidence with the timing based on the several hourly and hourly
pseudo stations. Some daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues or removed due
to erroneous storm precipitation observations. A couple hourly stations were changed to hourly pseudo
stations due to values being too low (affecting the integrity of the spatial pattern) when compared to
nearby hourly stations.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1551_1 -77.3750 37.7050 182 200 15-Aug 81.00 3.77 0.06 84 3.710 82.50 82.5 4.03 0.06 87 3.970 1.070
700
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701
Page 702 of 757
702
Page 703 of 757
703
Page 704 of 757
704
Page 705 of 757

General Storm Location: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, New York, Kentucky
Event: Hurricane Ivan
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 40.645
Longitude: -80.385
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1981-2010) September Precipitation
Radar Included: Yes
pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1275_1 -80.3850 40.6450 1,055 1,100 1-Sep 72.00 2.47 0.25 66 2.220 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.28 74 2.710 1.221
705
Page 706 of 757
706
Page 707 of 757
707
Page 708 of 757
708
Page 709 of 757
709
Page 710 of 757
710
Page 711 of 757

General Storm Location: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, New York, Kentucky
Event: Hurricane Ivan
DAD Zone 2
Latitude: 40.605
Longitude: -76.465
SPAS Version: 9.5
Basemap: PRISM 30-yr Mean (1981-2010) September Precipitation
Radar Included: Yes
pseudo stations.
@ Storm
@ Storm
IPMF
1275_2 -76.4650 40.6050 1,603 1,600 1-Sep 72.00 2.47 0.36 66 2.110 76.00 76.0 2.99 0.41 74 2.580 1.223
711
Page 712 of 757
712
Page 713 of 757
713
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714
Page 715 of 757
715
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716
Page 717 of 757

General Storm Location: Southeast United States
Storm Dates: June 13 – June 15, 2006
Event: Tropical Storm Alberto
DAD Zone 1 –
Latitude: 34.3350
Longitude: -81.0050
Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 8.77” at Raleigh, NC
Number of Stations: 1170 (718 Daily, 292 Hourly, 1 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 50 Hourly Pseudo and 109
Supplemental) * Note: The DAD zone ** Note: Given the recentness of this storm event, daily data from our
internal/NCDC-based database was not available..
SPAS Version: 10.0
Basemap: Prism Conus 2-year 24-hour climatological base map
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: Nearly half, or 50 of the 109, supplemental stations were co-located with hourly
pseudo stations. The timing of these stations is therefore as reliable as possible. There were also 165
additional USGS daily stations incorporated, a significant contribution to the reliability and density of stations
in this analysis. With the vast number of stations, the thorough inspection of data, and the precipitation
totals for various periods throughout the storm being consistent with previous reports, this analysis is
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1526_1 -81.0050 34.3350 408 400 29-Jun 81.00 3.77 0.12 84 3.650 83.50 83.5 4.21 0.13 89 4.080 1.118
717
Page 718 of 757
718
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719
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720
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721
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722
Page 723 of 757

General Storm Location: Northern New Jersey, southeastern New York, extreme eastern Pennsylvania,
western Connecticut, western Massachusetts and southwestern Vermont.
Storm Dates: Aug. 27, 2011 12Z - Aug. 29, 2011 05Z (42-hours)
Event: Hurricane Irene
DAD Zone 1 – Catskills and portions of south-western NY
Latitude: 42.30
Longitude: -74.16

* Note: The DAD zone 3 storm center is situated on the eastern boundary of the DAD zone and should be considered
carefully given entire storm around the center was NOT analyzed.
Number of Stations: 797 (1 Daily**, 228 Hourly, 0 Hourly Estimated, 0 Hourly Estimated Pseudo, 71 Hourly
Pseudo, 493 Supplemental, and 4 Supplemental Estimated) * Note: The DAD zone ** Note: Given the recentness
of this storm event, daily data from our internal/NCDC-based database was not available..
SPAS Version: 9.0
Basemap: PRISM Mean (1971-2000) August precipitation
Spatial resolution: 36 seconds (~0.36 mi2)
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of results: Given the largely unblocked, clean and QC’d radar data coupled with extensive
gauge data, we have a high degree of confidence in the results of this analysis.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1224_1 -74.1600 42.3000 2,263 2,300 15-Aug 81.50 3.86 0.68 85 3.180 83.00 83.0 4.12 0.70 88 3.420 1.075
723
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724
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725
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726
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727
Page 728 of 757
728
Page 729 of 757

General Storm Location: Mid-Atlantic States
Storm Dates: September 4, 2011 – September 9, 2011 (96-hours analyzed)
Event: Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 39.985
Longitude: -76.495
Supplemental, 5 Supplemental Estimated)
SPAS Version: 9.5
Base Map Used: NWS Stage 4 Storm Total Precipitation 4-km grid
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of Results: This storm was particularly difficult given large amount of data that required
extensive QC. A great deal of effort was put into QCing the hourly data. When in doubt, the station was
often simply removed. Fortunately, this storm occurred during the CoCoRaHS era, so it coupled with NCDC
data, provided a spatially dense sample size for anchoring the precipitation magnitudes. Good radar data
was also available and helped overcome the limited hourly data, particularly in areas where pseudo hourly
gauges (based on the radar data and SPAS-generated ZRs) were added to the analysis. All in all, however,
we are confident in the results of this analysis with the exception of areas across southeastern Virginia,
where the analysis struggled with the extremely heavy rain from thunderstorms late in the analysis period
occurred; less confidence also exists outside the DAD zone where radar data was less reliable. I also
question some of the shortest (<3 hr) rainfalls derived by SPAS; I believe they may be too high in places.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1298_1 -76.4950 39.9850 226 200 20-Aug 81.50 3.86 0.06 85 3.800 83.50 83.5 4.21 0.07 89 4.140 1.089
729
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730
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731
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732
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733
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734
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735
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General Storm Location: East Coast
Event: Hurricane Matthew
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 34.4550
Longitude: -78.8650

• 1313 Daily
• 165 Hourly
• 0 Hourly Estimated
• 0 Hourly Estimated Pseudo
• 6 Hourly Pseudo
• 254 Supplemental
• 0 Supplemental Estimated
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Default Radar
Radar Included: Yes
Reliability of Results: This analysis was based on 1738 hourly stations, daily data, supplemental station
data and NEXRAD Radar. We have a good degree of confidence for the radar/station based storm total
results. The spatial pattern is dependent on the radar data and basemap. Timing is based on the hourly
and hourly pseudo stations. Several daily stations were moved to supplemental due to timing issues and
to ensure data consistency.
@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1669_1 -78.8650 34.4550 103 100 22-Sep 82.50 4.03 0.03 87 4.000 84.00 84.0 4.30 0.04 90 4.260 1.065
736
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737
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738
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739
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740
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741
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742
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General Storm Location: East Coast
Event: Hurricane Florence
DAD Zone 1
Latitude: 34.235
Longitude: -77.765
Number of Stations:
SPAS Version: 10.0
Base Map Used: Default Radar
Spatial resolution:
Radar Included: Yes

@ Storm
SST @ 30,000 ft
@ Storm
IPMF
1720_1 -77.7850 34.2350 0 0 31-Aug 82.00 3.95 0.00 86 3.950 83.00 83.0 4.12 0.00 88 4.120 1.043
743
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744
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745
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746
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747
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748

FINAL Probable Maximum Precipitation Study For Pennsylvania (2019) - APENDIX - F PDF

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Pennsylvania Storm List Appendix F

GENERAL STORMS ........................................................................................................................... 1

General Storm Location: Paterson, NJ

Storm Dates: September 20-25, 1882

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 17.88”

Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 17.80”

Number of Stations: 22 (3 Hourly Pseudo, 19 Supplemental)

SPAS Version: 10.0

Basemap: Blended basemap based on USACE NA 1-3 and conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_09

Spatial resolution: 00:00:30 (~ 0.30 mi2)

Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes

General Storm Location: Northeastern United States, Johnstown Flood

Storm Dates: May 29 (0600) - June 3 (0500), 1889

Event: Flash Flood Event

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 10.11"

Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 9.80"

Number of Stations: 176 (33 Daily, 5 Hourly, and 138 Supplemental)

SPAS Version: 9.5

Basemap: Monthly Weather Report Isohyetal Grid

Spatial resolution: 00:00:30 (~ 0.30 mi2)

Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes

General Storm Location: Paterson, NJ

Storm Dates: 45.0, -78.0, 37.0, -70.0

Event: Synoptic, Remnants of hurricane

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 15.96”

Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 15.51”

Number of Stations: 356 (2 Hourly, 7 Hourly Pseudo, 262 Daily, 85 Supplemental)

SPAS Version: 10.0

Basemap: Blended basemap based on USACE GL 4-9 and conus_prism_ppt_in_1971_2000_10

Spatial resolution: 00:00:30 (~ 0.30 mi2)

Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes

General Storm Location: Vade Mecum, NC

Storm Dates: August 23-28, 1908

Event: Extreme precipitation event

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 17.91”

Number of Stations: 175

SPAS Version: 10.0

Spatial resolution: 0.2697

Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: No

General Storm Location: Ironwood, MI

Storm Dates: July 19-23, 1909

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 13.41”

Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 13.21”

Number of Stations: 128

SPAS Version: 10.0

Base Map Used: PRISM_ppt_basemap_full

Spatial resolution: 0.2293

Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes

General Storm Location: Bellefontaine, OH

Storm Dates: March 22-27, 1913

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 11.44”

Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 11.19”

Number of Stations: 1105

SPAS Version: 10.0

Base Map Used: Blend of isohyetal and us_ppt_in_map_1691_1990_usda_NA

Spatial resolution: 0.2565

Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis: Yes

General Storm Location: New England and adjacent portions of Canada

Storm Dates: March 9 (2300 UTC) – 13 (0200 UTC), 1936

Event: Synoptic (Major rain-on-snow event)

Max. Grid Rainfall Amount: 9.70”

Max. Observed Rainfall Amount: 7.85” (Pinkham Notch, NH)

SPAS Version: 8.5