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Serope Kalpakjian. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 3rd Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995.
Electrolytic Cell Used to Produce Aluminum
99.5% to 99.9% pure aluminum (iron and silicon chief impurities)
(Oxygen released at
anode attacking carbon)
(Dissoved Al2O3)
(Deposited in
liquid state on
lining; sinks to
bottom)
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Cast Aluminum Alloy Groups
Pure
Mn
Mg
Mg
Cu
Mg, Si
Zn
Richard A. Flinn and Paul K. Trojan. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990.
Typical Properties of Aluminum Alloys
Richard A. Flinn and Paul K. Trojan. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990.
Temper Designations
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
(Courtesy of Aluminum Company of America).
Temper Designations
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
(Courtesy of Aluminum Company of America).
Temper Designation Example
The specification for the T6 condition reads “solution heat treated plus
artificially aged.” What is the time-temperature chart for this, for a 6% Cu-
94% Al alloy, assuming the starting material is slow-cooled from 900F?
A
B) Quench to keep ?
B supersaturated with Cu
C
? +?
William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985.
Stress Corrosion Cracking
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Commercially Pure Aluminum
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Strain Hardening/Strain Softening
Recall For ductile materials with no prior work hardening, true s-e behavior
follows power law: ? = K?n (strain hardening eqn)
where K = strength coeff., n is strain hardening exponent
• Strain hardening occurs when n>0.2
• Strain softening occurs when n<0.1
Serope Kalpakjian. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 3rd Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995.
Portions of Aluminum Rich Phase Diagrams
5000 Series
Aluminum
>7% Mg for
precipitation
hardening
Richard A. Flinn and Paul K. Trojan. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990.
Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Non-
Heat-Treatable Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys
Wide range
of strength
Good
forming
and
welding
Corrosion
resistant
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Non-
Heat-Treatable Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Aluminum-Copper Phase Diagram
Copper is one of the most important alloy elements (precipitation hardening)
5.65% Cu
Richard A. Flinn and Paul K. Trojan. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990.
Chemical Compositions and Applications of
Aluminum-Copper Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Binary Aluminum-Copper Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Microstructures of Binary Aluminum-Copper Alloys
Lower Temp (<130C), Impede dislocations
(Increased hardening, Decreased ductility) Overaging
(decreased hardness)
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Commercial Wrought Aluminum-Copper Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Typical Mechanical Properties of Heat-Treatable
Aluminum-Copper Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Chemical Compositions and Applications of
Aluminum-Copper-Magnesium Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Heat-
Treatable Aluminum-Copper-Magnesium Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
2024 Alloy
Mg and Si form
MgSi2 precipitate
Mn or Cr increases
strength, grain size
control
Cu increases
strength, but >0.5%
reduces corrosion
resistance
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Heat-
treatable Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon Alloys
Significant strengthening
due to increased energy
required to break MgSi2
bonds (as dislocations
pass through precipitates)
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Chemical Compositions and Applications of Aluminum-Zinc-
Magnesium and Aluminum-Zinc-Copper Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
Aluminum-Zinc-Magnesium-Copper Alloys
William F. Smith. Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 1981.
7075 Alloy
Endurance
Strength
Serope Kalpakjian. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 3rd Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995.