Australian/New Zealand Standard: On-Site Domestic-Wastewater Management

AS/NZS 1547:2000
AS/NZS 1547
Australian/New Zealand Standard™
On-site domestic-wastewater
management
Accessed by PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED on 20 Jan 2006
AS/NZS 1547:2000
Australian/New Zealand Standard™
On-site domestic-wastewater
management
Originated in Australia as part of Int 320 -1951.

Previous edition AS 1547:1994.
Originated in New Zealand as part of NZS 4610:1982.
AS 1547-1994 and part of NZS 4610:1982 jointly revised,
amalgamated and redesignated as AS/NZS 1547:2000.
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© Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, PO Box 1055, Strathfield, NSW 2135
and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020.
ISBN 0 7337 3439 1
AS/NZS 1547:2000 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee
WS/13/1 On-site Domestic-wastewater Management to supersede AS 1547-1994, Disposal systems
for effluent from domestic premises and, in part, NZS 4610:1982 Household septic tank systems.
The revision has been broadened in scope to:
(a) Include performance statements necessary to define outcomes and to accommodate new
technologies.
(b) Provide the basic performance provisions for septic tanks (AS/NZS 1546.1-1998) and introduce
performance requirements to cover all types of wastewater-treatment units and land-application
systems.
(c) Set out the administrative and managerial responsibilities, and the education and training
needed to ensure that on-site domestic-wastewater systems could be effective long-term options.
(d) Give guidance on operation and maintenance of on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
(e) Give guidance for on-site evaluation.
(f) Give guidance on soil assessment.
(g) Provide options for on-site domestic wastewater-treatment and land-application systems.
(h) Give guidance on design, construction and installation.
This revision does not address issues of sustainable reuse of wastewater.
This Standard is presented in four parts:
PART 1: General
General background and definitions relevant to the whole Standard.
PART 2: Performance
Performance statements for on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
PART 3: Management of on-site domestic-wastewater systems

Detailed discussion of the requirements for effective management of on-site domestic-
wastewater systems, including their operation and maintenance.
This is an informative Part of the Standard.
PART 4: Means of compliance

Means of compliance with the performance statements of Part 2.
4.1 Site-and-soil Evaluation
4.2 Land-application systems
4.3 Wastewater-treatment units
4.4 Other wastewater systems
4.5 Construction and installation
Appendices accompany Clauses 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5.
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Part 3 of this Standard covering management of the construction and use of on-site domestic-
wastewater systems is informative only. Its presence in this Standard reflects its importance to the
Committee.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application
of the appendices to which they apply. For example, a ‘normative’ part or appendix is an integral
part of the Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is for information and guidance only.
Clauses prefixed by “Comment” and printed in italic are comments, explanations, and summaries
of technical background, recommended practice or suggest approaches that satisfy the intent of
the Standard.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Standards New Zealand gratefully acknowledges the use of some figures which were extracted
from ARC Environment, Technical Publication No. 58, 2nd edition, November 1994, published
by the Auckland Regional Council.
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AS/NZS 1547:2000 4
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 6
PART 1 : GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STANDARD ...................................................................................... 9
1.2 SCOPE AND INTERPRETATION ................................................................................ 9
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................... 9
1.4 APPLICATION ............................................................................................................ 10
1.5 LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................ 10
1.6 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................. 11
1.7 ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... 17
PART 2 : PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................................... 19

2.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 PERFORMANCE: MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 20
2.3 PERFORMANCE: SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION ................................................ 21
2.4 PERFORMANCE: WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ......................................................... 22
2.5 PERFORMANCE: CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION ................................. 26
PART 3 : MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ............... 30

3.1 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 30
3.2 APPLICATION ............................................................................................................ 30

3.3 CONTEXT OF USE ..................................................................................................... 30
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS, FEATURES AND PROCEDURES ...................... 30
3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ROLES ..................................................................................... 32
3.6 EDUCATION AND TRAINING .................................................................................. 38
3.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ........................................................................ 40
APPENDIX 3A OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES ................................... 44
PART 4 : MEANS OF COMPLIANCE ........................................................................................ 54

4.1 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION ................................................................................ 54
4.2 LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................. 61
4.3 WASTEWATER-TREATMENT UNITS ...................................................................... 65
4.4 OTHER WASTEWATER SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 67
4.5 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION ................................................................ 68
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APPENDICES
4.1A SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION:PROCEDURES .................................................... 74
4.1B SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION FOR PLANNING, REZONING AND
SUBDIVISION OF LAND .......................................................................................... 81
4.1C SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION FOR INDIVIDUAL LOTS ................................... 87
4.1D SITE AND SOIL PROPERTIES .................................................................................. 95
4.1E DISPERSIVE SOILS AND SODICITY .................................................................... 101
4.1F SOIL PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT – CONSTANT-HEAD TEST .............. 102
4.2A LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS – SYSTEM SELECTION AND SIZING ......... 111
4.2B LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS – GUIDANCE ON SELECTION .................... 127
4.2C WATER-BALANCE AND LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS ............................... 137
4.2D TYPICAL DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER FLOW DESIGN ALLOWANCES .......... 141
4.3A RECOMMENDED CAPACITIES FOR CONVENTIONAL SEPTIC TANKS ........ 143
4.5A CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF TRENCHES, BEDS AND
ETA/ETS SYSTEMS ................................................................................................. 147
4.5B CONSTRUCTION OF MOUND SYSTEMS ............................................................ 156
4.5C CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
SHALLOW SUB-SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ................................ 160
4.5D CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ........................................................................ 164
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FOREWORD
The WS/13/1 Committee is made up of public health regulators, environmental protection regulators,
consultants, soil scientists, local government health and environment inspectors, system manufacturers,
plumbers and drainlayers, who collectively represent many years of experience in this area. It is the
Committee’s firm belief that on-site domestic-wastewater-treatment is a viable, long-term, sustainable
system of wastewater management.
At least 20 % of the populations of Australia and New Zealand depend on on-site wastewater-treatment
of their personal and domestic wastes.
For a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard to have status, it must accommodate the current
legislative requirements and on-site domestic-wastewater practices of both countries. Land-
development pressures, the need for quality, and need for practical guidance on means of enhancing
the overall performance of on-site wastewater practices must also be accommodated.
Where there is likely to be uncertainty in the outcome of the design and its installation, sufficient
factors of safety must be available to ensure that the long-term performance objectives are met.
Further, given the wide range of choice of design criteria utilized by designers and consultants, the
Standard must ensure that sound public health and environmental outcomes are achieved, regardless
of the design approach selected.
The failures of the past are due in large measure to a lack of understanding of the systems by the
users, inappropriate capacity of tanks, or poor siting or design of land-application systems. In addition,
people are transient; people are forgetful and negligent; there is a lack of knowledge about the
operation and maintenance of on-site domestic-wastewater systems; and there is a lack of or
insufficient, management, control, and provision of guidance for on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
Standards for septic tanks and domestic effluent land application have previously been developed in
the expectation that a technically exact approach to design and implementation was possible. Time
has shown this expectation to be misplaced. Any one of a number of factors can vary throughout the
year and could prevail in determining the effective performance of an on-site system. In addition,
most areas in Australia and New Zealand are composed of soils that are not amenable to a basic
prescriptive approach of septic tank plus trench system, and in many cases the prescriptive approach
has not achieved sound environmental outcomes. Finally, the standard clean water percolation test,
which has been used for so long, has shown its limitations and is no longer used by most modern
designers as the sole design approach.
The Committee has adopted a new approach that focuses on outcomes, i.e. desired results, that are
needed to achieve sustainable public health and environmental performance and the processes needed
to achieve these, rather than prescribing how to achieve such outcomes. This has resulted in a
significantly different Standard.
It is the Committee’s belief that if on-site domestic-wastewater systems are to be effective and
sustainable, and to play their part in protecting public health and the environment, a system of
management and control needs to be in place. The Committee largely considers that the initiation of
a control process infrastructure and the establishment of on-going support and guidance, by default
falls to the regulatory authorities to take up. However it is done, some system of management and
control, either regulatory or private or both, needs to be instigated for the greater benefit of public
health and the environment.
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In creating Part 3, the Committee defines and builds up a system that should lead to two goals:
sustainable on-site domestic-wastewater systems; and compliance with regulatory requirements for
on-site wastewater systems. Formulation of a regulatory process, and allocation of responsibilities
do not form part of this Standard.
The application of this Standard does not circumvent other approvals, licences or permits needed
from any regulatory authority.
The term ‘land-application’ has been used in place of the more familiar term ‘disposal’. This has
been done to recognize that the septic tank (or other on-site wastewater-treatment unit) provides
only partial treatment of wastewater flow and that the soil and vegetation within the land-application
area both treat and take up the effluent.
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PART 1 : GENERAL
CONTENTS
PART 1 : GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STANDARD ........................................................................................ 9

1.2 SCOPE AND INTERPRETATION .................................................................................. 9
1.2.1 Systems covered .............................................................................................. 9
1.2.2 System size ...................................................................................................... 9
1.2.3 Greywater reuse ............................................................................................... 9
1.2.4 Interpretation ................................................................................................... 9
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................... 9
1.4 APPLICATION .............................................................................................................. 10
1.4.1 General........................................................................................................... 10
1.4.2 Innovative and alternative materials, systems and methods .......................... 10
1.5 LEGISLATION .............................................................................................................. 10
1.5.1 Australia......................................................................................................... 10
1.5.2 New Zealand .................................................................................................. 10
1.6 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................... 11
1.7 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 17
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Standard

On-site domestic-wastewater management
Part 1: GENERAL
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STANDARD

The objective of this Standard is to provide the requirements for primary and secondary-treatment
units for all persons and agencies involved with sustainable and effective on-site domestic-
wastewater management.
1.2 SCOPE AND INTERPRETATION

1.2.1 Systems covered
The on-site domestic-wastewater systems covered by this Standard include both primary and secondary
wastewater-treatment units and associated land-application systems. The Standard gives specific
details for septic tanks for domestic all-waste, blackwater and greywater; and specific details for
land-application and absorption systems, including conventional trenches and beds, evapo-
transpiration systems, mounds and irrigation areas. These are regarded as the current most commonly
used systems and are used as examples throughout the Standard.
1.2.2 System size

The systems covered in this Standard are designed for wastewater flows up to a maximum of
14 000 L/ week, from a population equivalent of up to 10 persons.
1.2.3 Greywater reuse

This Standard covers the subsurface land-application of greywater after primary treatment. It does
not cover the direct application of greywater onto land for reuse purposes, nor does it provide details
of greywater-diversion systems.
1.2.4 Interpretation
The word “shall” identifies a mandatory requirement for compliance with the Standard. The word
“should” refers to practices which are advised or recommended.
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1289 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes
Method 3.8.1 – Soil classification tests – Dispersion – Determination of Emerson
class number of a soil
1319 Safety signs for the occupational environment
2439 Perforated plastics drainage and effluent pipe and fittings
2439.2 Perforated effluent pipe and associated fittings for sewerage applications
2698 Plastics pipes and fittings for irrigation and rural applications
2758 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes
2758.1 Part 1: Concrete aggregates
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AS/NZS
1477 PVC pipes and fittings for pressure applications
1546 On-site domestic-wastewater-treatment units
1546.1 Part 1: Septic tanks
2648 Underground marking tape
2648.1 Part 1: Non-detectable tape
3500 National plumbing and drainage code
3500.2.2 Part 2.2: Sanitary plumbing and drainage – acceptable solutions
4129(Int) Fittings for polyethylene (PE) pipes for pressure applications
4130 Polyethylene (PE) pipes for pressure applications
NZS
3121 Specification for water and aggregate for concrete
4402 Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes
NZS/AS
1319 Safety signs for the occupational environment
1.4 APPLICATION
1.4.1 General
This Standard is intended to be used by regulators, administrators, planners, wastewater practitioners,
educators, real estate staff/lawyers and homeowners. It shall be read in conjunction with the regional
and district plans, by-laws, rules and regulations of relevant regulatory authorities of Australia and
New Zealand.
1.4.2 Innovative and alternative materials, systems and methods

This Standard does not preclude the use of any material, system, design or method of implementation
provided the completed system and installation meet the performance requirements of this Standard.
Comment. Details of such systems and installations and methods should be submitted to the
relevant authority for approval. Systems not covered by this Standard are usually the province
of the specialist or consultant.
1.5 LEGISLATION
1.5.1 Australia
The relevant regulatory authority controls the collection and treatment of domestic-wastewater. This
authority may operate under the guidance of the State health department, or may be the State health
department itself – working in conjunction with the department responsible for the environment or
with split responsibility depending on the overall size of the system – or alternatively be the State
environmental agency.
1.5.2 New Zealand

1.5.2.1 New Zealand Building Code
The performance requirements for the construction and operation of on-site domestic-wastewater
systems are covered in the New Zealand Building Code, which is contained in the First Schedule of
the Building Regulations 1992.
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This Standard, through Parts 1 and 4, will comply with the requirements of the New Zealand Building
Code in respect of:
Clause B1 Structure
Clause B2 Durability
Clause G1 Personal Hygiene
Clause G13 Foul Water
Clause G14 Industrial Liquid Waste
This Code also requires compliance with public health and environmental standards. Public health
requirements are controlled by the relevant local authority operating under the guidance of the Ministry
of Health.
1.5.2.2 Resource Management Act

The Resource Management Act 1991 is operated by local authorities (regional councils and territorial
authorities) and through regional plans imposes environmental constraints on systems and the effluent
produced. Territorial authorities (district and city councils), operating to the regional plan and to the
Building Act 1992, will give a building consent to install a system and will advise if a special
resource consent is required from the regional council in addition to the building consent.
1.6 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.6.1 Absorption
The absorption and/or uptake of effluent into the soil by capillary action.
1.6.2 Absorption trench or bed or area

A land-application system which uses the principle of absorption.
1.6.3 Adsorption
The physical or chemical attachment of substances to the surface of soil particles.
1.6.4 Aerated wastewater-treatment system (AWTS)

A system which uses the processes of aeration followed by clarification to achieve biological treatment
of wastewater.
Comment. AWTS units have been known as “aerated septic tanks” in Australia and as “home
aeration plants” or “household package plants” in New Zealand.
1.6.5 Aggregate
Piles of rock meeting the requirements of AS 2758.1 or NZS 3121.
1.6.6 All-waste
The combined blackwater and greywater from a dwelling or premise that is generating domestic
waste.
1.6.7 Blackwater
Wastes discharged from the human body either direct to a dry-vault toilet or through a water closet
(flush toilet) and/or urinal.
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1.6.8 Best practicable option (BPO)

That option for wastewater servicing and/or treatment and/or land-application that best meets public
health, environmental and economic objectives.
1.6.9 Boulder
A natural, geological entity with middle dimension greater than 600 mm.
1.6.10 Collection well

(See Holding tank)
1.6.11 Conventional septic tank

A basic septic tank built in traditional style comprising tank, inlet and outlet fittings, possibly a
partition, inspection and access holes and covers. See also SEPTIC TANK.
1.6.12 Desludging
Removal of the accumulated sludge and scum from the septic tank.
1.6.13 Design area

The area of any particular lot where the land-application area and its reserve area are to be located.
1.6.14 Design irrigation rate (DIR)

The loading rate that applies to the irrigation of a land-application area with effluent of a secondary
quality. It is expressed in L/m2/week or mm/week. If a spray-irrigation system is used, the secondary
effluent is subject to continuous disinfection.
1.6.15 Design loading rate (DLR)

The long term acceptance rate (LTAR), reduced by a factor of safety, expressed in L/m2/day or
mm/day as applied to the horizontal design area of a land-application system.
1.6.16 Dispersive soil

A soil that has the ability to pass rapidly into suspension in water.
1.6.17 Domestic-wastewater
Wastewater originating from household or personal activities including water closets, urinals, kitchens,
bathrooms (including shower, washbasins, bath, spa bath but not spa) and laundries. Includes such
wastewater flows from facilities serving staff/employees/residents in institutional, commercial and
industrial establishments, but excluding commercial and industrial wastes, large-scale laundry
activities and any stormwater flows.
1.6.18 Drainage
An indication of the local soil wetness conditions likely to occur in most years.
Soil wetness is further described as very poorly drained, poorly drained, imperfectly drained,
moderately well drained, well drained and rapidly drained.
1. Very poorly drained: Water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table remains at
or near the surface for most of the year.
2. Poorly drained: All horizons remain wet for periods of several months.
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3. Imperfectly drained: Some horizons are wet for periods of several weeks.
4. Moderately well drained: Some horizons may remain wet for as long as one week after water
addition.
5. Well drained: Some horizons may remain wet for several days after water addition.
6. Rapidly drained: No horizon is normally wet for more than several hours after water addition.
1.6.19 Dry vault

A chamber that receives and treats human and domestic organic waste using a biological degradation,
or dehydrating process. The only water used is for cleaning or assisting the biological degradation
process.
1.6.20 Effluent
The liquid discharged from a wastewater-treatment unit.
1.6.21 Environment
Surroundings, including natural and physical resources, community and neighbourhood relating to
health, aesthetic, social, economic and cultural conditions.
1.6.22 Environmental performance

The performance of on-site domestic-wastewater systems relative to both public health protection
and protection of the natural and physical environment.
1.6.23 Evapo-transpiration-absorption (ETA) trench, bed or area (Australia)

A land-application system that embodies the principles of evaporation, transpiration and absorption.
1.6.24 Evapo-transpiration-seepage (ETS) trench, bed or area (New Zealand)

A land-application system that embodies the principles of evaporation, transpiration and absorption.
1.6.25 Exclusion area

Areas such as building platforms, rocky outcrops, poor soils that would not support an on-site
domestic-wastewater system.
1.6.26 Expected available area (EAA)

The areas that can be expected to be favourable for land-application systems pending further
information.
1.6.27 Fabric
The appearance of the soil material described in terms of the presence or absence of peds; the lustre
or lack of lustre of the ped surfaces; and the presence, size and arrangement of pores (voids) in the
soil mass.
1.6.28 Favourable
Site or soil conditions, including all relevant environmental and other attributes, which are sufficient
to meet or exceed the performance criteria of this standard for the specified wastewater management
system(s) under consideration.
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1.6.29 Filter cloth

Any durable, permeable textile material suitable for use with soil, rock or earth.
1.6.30 Greywater
The domestic wastes from baths, showers, basins, laundries and kitchens specifically excluding
water closet and urinal wastes. Greywater does not normally contain human waste unless laundry
tubs or basins, are used to rinse soiled clothing or baby’s napkins.
1.6.31 Groundwater
The body of water in the soil, all the pores of which are saturated with water. If the body of water is
present at all times it represents permanent or true groundwater.
1.6.32 Holding tank

A tank used for holding wastewater prior to pumping out (sometimes called a COLLECTION WELL).
1.6.33 Impermeable layer

Soil layer with permeability less than 10 % of that of the overlaying soil layer. The term “impermeable”
is not to be taken in a literal sense.
1.6.34 Infiltration
Passage of water into soil.
1.6.35 Land-application system

The system used to apply effluent from a wastewater-treatment unit into or onto the soil for further
in-soil treatment and absorption.
1.6.36 Long-term acceptance rate (LTAR)

The maximum rate that a land-application system can treat primary or secondary effluent. It allows
for loss to the soil by percolation through the base and side-walls of the system and other losses to
the atmosphere by evaporation and evapo-transpiration.
1.6.37 Maintenance certificate

A document that certifies that an on-site domestic-wastewater system has been inspected by an
accredited person and is judged to be properly operated and maintained.
1.6.38 Ped
An element of soil structure. Peds are lumps of soil that can be separated from each other by hand.
Void spaces between peds control the passage of water through the soil.
1.6.39 Perched water-table

Groundwater that has beneath it unsaturated soil material into which the groundwater drains. A
perched water-table is nearly always periodic or seasonal.
1.6.40 Performance objectives

The outcomes that a system must attain in order to be acceptable.
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1.6.41 Performance requirements

The functions that a system has to perform in order to operate as defined.
1.6.42 Performance criteria

The qualitative or quantitative description of the performance requirement.
1.6.43 Permeability
(See Soil permeability)
1.6.44 Population equivalent

The ratio of the total quantity of waste produced to that defined as being produced from one person
in a dwelling.
1.6.45 Primary treatment

The separation of suspended material from wastewater by settlement and/or floatation in septic
tanks, primary settling chambers etc., prior to effluent discharge to either a secondary-treatment
process, or to a land-application system.
1.6.46 Producer statement

A written declaration by a person responsible for an activity/product/process, setting out the
performance requirements, how these are to be met and the measures required to assess their
effectiveness.
1.6.47 Regulatory authority

An authority that is empowered by statute to be responsible for managing or controlling an aspect of
on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
1.6.48 Reserve area

An area set aside for future use as a land-application area to replace or extend the original land-
application system.
1.6.49 Rock
A natural entity of geological origin with middle dimension between 200 mm and 600 mm.
1.6.50 Scum
The floating mass of wastewater solids buoyed up by entrained gas, grease or other substances
which form an accumulating layer on the liquid surface inside the treatment tank.
1.6.51 Secondary treatment

Aerobic biological processing and settling or filtering of effluent received from a primary treatment
unit. Effluent quality following secondary treatment is expected to be equal to or better than
20 g/m3 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and 30 g/m3 suspended solids.
1.6.52 Septage
The pumpout contents of a septic tank (or primary compartment of an AWTS) removed during
desludging operations, which includes scum, sludge and tank liquid.
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1.6.53 Septic tank

A single or multiple chambered tank through which wastewater is allowed to flow slowly to permit
suspended matter to settle and be retained, so that organic matter contained therein can be decomposed
(digested) by anaerobic bacterial action in the liquid. The term covers tanks used to treat all-waste,
greywater or blackwater.
1.6.54 Setback
The distance that a wastewater system must be situated from any facility, boundary or body of water.
1.6.55 Sewerage
The network of collection drains carrying domestic wastewater or effluent away from properties for
off-site treatment.
1.6.56 Site-and-soil evaluation (SSE)

An assessment of public health, environmental, legal, economic factors and the evaluation of site
and soil characteristics in a development area, sub-division or individual lot.
1.6.57 Site-and-soil check (SSC)

An evaluation of potential effects imposed by a domestic-wastewater system on the environment. It
is a component of the SSE.
1.6.58 Slickenslides
The skin or coating formed on (usually) large units of soil, which will show striations or grooves
resulting from the periodic rubbing together of the soil units due to shrinkage and swelling in response
to moisture change.
1.6.59 Sludge
The semi-liquid solids settled from wastewater.
1.6.60 Sodic
A soil condition in which the percentage of exchangeable sodium is high enough to cause significantly
increased clay dispersivity, decreased soil structure stability and to potentially decrease soil
permeability.
1.6.61 Soil absorption zone

The volume of soil that is required to filter, isolate and absorb wastewater micro-organisms, nutrients
and particles. For normal soils the zone is such that the path length required is at least 0.6 m. For
sandy soils greater volumes of soil may be required.
1.6.62 Soil permeability

A calculated value derived from the rate at which a head of liquid is absorbed into soil, usually
measured in m/d as Ksat.
1.6.63 Terrain-soil map unit

An individual mapped area (polygon) which contains a definable slope or group of soils which
require individual soil evaluation prior to use as a land-application area.
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1.6.64 Wastewater
The used water arising from domestic activities in dwellings, institutions or commercial facilities
consisting of all-waste, greywater, or blackwater. Wastewater is defined as FOUL WATER in the
New Zealand Building Code.
1.6.65 Wastewater system

An on-site domestic-wastewater system that receives, treats and absorbs wastewater within the
property boundaries of the site of generation.
1.6.66 Wastewater-treatment unit

A primary or secondary treatment system.
1.6.67 Watercourse
A stream that:
(a) Has visible bed and banks, i.e. an eroded channel howsoever small but not a defined non-
eroded grassy course or drainage depression.
(b) Is partially fed with water from some source other than surface water run-off (e.g. springs,
snowfields, spongy soil that absorbs rainfall and then releases it into the stream over a longer
period).
1.6.68 Water-table
The upper surface of groundwater below which the soil is permanently saturated with water.
1.6.69 Wetland
A system for further treatment of effluent consisting of a bed of rock or other durable media in which
wetland plants are grown.
1.7 ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations as utilized in this Standard are set out below.
AWTS Aerated Wastewater-treatment System

BOD5 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BPO Best Practicable Option
DIR Design Irrigation Rate
DLR Design Loading Rate
EAA Expected Available Area
ETA Evapo-transpiration-absorption
ETS Evapo-transpiration-seepage
Ksat Permeability Rate
LTAR Long-term Acceptance Rate
O&M Operation and Maintenance
SS Suspended Solids
SSC Site-and-soil Check
SSE Site-and-soil Evaluation
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PART 2 : PERFORMANCE
CONTENTS
PART 2: PERFORMANCE .......................................................................................................... 19
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 19

2.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 19
2.1.2 Function and context of use ........................................................................... 19
2.2 PERFORMANCE: MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE
DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER SYSTEMS .................................................................... 20
2.2.1 Performance objectives .................................................................................. 20
2.2.2 Performance requirements ............................................................................. 20
2.3 PERFORMANCE: SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION ................................................. 21
2.3.1 Performance objectives .................................................................................. 21
2.4 PERFORMANCE: WASTEWATER SYSTEMS .......................................................... 22
2.4.2 Performance criteria ...................................................................................... 24
2.5 PERFORMANCE: CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION .................................. 26
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Pa rt 2 : PE R FO R MAN C E
2.1 GENERAL
2.1.1 Scope
This Part of the Standard identifies the performance statements that cover the overall design and
sustainable management of on-site domestic-wastewater systems. These performance statements set
performance objectives which are followed by performance requirements and then, when possible,
with performance criteria.
2.1.2 Function and context of use

2.1.2.1 Function
On-site wastewater systems are designed to process domestic-wastewater or human excreta, or both.
Successful on-site domestic-wastewater management requires an understanding and control of all
stages of the wastewater system so that the public health and environmental standards required by
the regulatory authority are met.
The commonly available systems rely on a solids-reduction stage followed by an effluent treatment
stage by its application to the land. Management must therefore cover the evaluation of a site and its
soil, the capacity and structure of the solids-reduction unit (wastewater-treatment unit), the nature of
the land-application system, the construction and installation of the total wastewater system and its
operation and maintenance.
The performance statements describe what is required in order to achieve sustainable management
of on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
2.1.2.2 Context of use

On-site domestic-wastewater systems are usually sited within the property boundaries of the premises
producing the wastewater and come within the daily ‘control’ of the occupier of those premises.
Different types of wastewater system require different degrees of control as the complexity of the
system increases. When premises change, the ‘history’ of the construction and installation of the
system, occupancy, performance and operation and maintenance can become lost. This can lead to
neglect and possible failure with resulting public health and environmental concerns.
The factors, which need to be assessed and managed, that affect the final type of system to be
installed are:
(a) The land available for installing a system may be flat or hilly. It may have a good depth of
natural soil or rock or a mixture of both. The soil itself may have chemical characteristics that
make it unsuitable for long term application of partially treated domestic wastewater.
(b) Wastewater-treatment units and land-application systems may be installed in the ground, near
the surface or be free-standing in the open air. In these situations systems may be exposed to
the effects of the weather, internal loads/pressures, external loads/pressures and any ground
movement. In addition corrosion of materials is possible internally from the wastewater, and
externally from the surrounding environment.
The knowledge base for the long term use and sustainability of systems has grown and has resulted
in new requirements, often more conservative, for conventional wastewater-treatment units and land-
application systems. In addition, improvements in wastewater systems in general, have resulted in
the system designer now having a wide range of techniques or combination of techniques available
to match a particular type of soil.
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2.2 PERFORMANCE: MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER

SYSTEMS
The key performance objectives for any on-site domestic-wastewater management system shall be:
(a) To protect public health by ensuring that:
(i) all discharges comply with the relevant public health requirements;
(ii) risks associated with the discharge of human waste and domestic-wastewater to the
environment are minimized.
(b) To maintain and enhance the quality of the environment by ensuring that:
(i) environmental quality objectives set by the regulator are attained;
(ii) surface and groundwater are not polluted;
(iii) soil productivity is maintained or enhanced;
(iv) cumulative and adverse environmental effects comply with the relevant environmental
requirements.
(c) To maintain and enhance community amenity by ensuring that:
(i) on-site domestic-wastewater systems are managed so as to achieve sustainable long-

term performance;
(ii) the on-site system design and its implementation contribute to improving and sustaining
aesthetic values within individual properties and groups of properties (such as
subdivisions);
(iii) the requirements of any community resource utilization programme for the reuse of
resources within wastewater are met.

2.2.2.1 Public health and environment
Site investigation and design procedures shall include the evaluation of potential public health and
environmental effects and shall ensure that the final on-site domestic-wastewater management system
will produce effluent that complies with the public health and environmental quality requirements of
the regulatory authority. The final choice of system shall incorporate:
(a) Measures to ensure that the option of full sewerage servicing has been assessed and compared
with on-site servicing and the best practicable option (BPO) selected.
Comment. Sewered servicing includes full sewerage or on-site pretreatment and the collection
of effluent for subsequent off-site centralized treatment and effluent disposal.
(b) Measures to control potential public health nuisances.
(c) Measures to achieve sustainable use of soils and their capacity to assimilate nutrients, other
dissolved salts, bacteria and other biological organisms of human origin.
(d) Measures to ensure that the effects of the wastewater systems are contained within the property
boundaries including, if necessary, the use of setbacks.
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(e) Measures to control the effects of an on-site domestic-wastewater system on surface water
and groundwater flows and the quality of natural waters such that subsequent use of those
waters is not impaired or compromised.
(f) Measures for control of odours generated by decomposition and stabilization processes within
an on-site domestic-wastewater system during normal operation and routine maintenance
(O & M).
(g) Measures for protecting public health from diseases that can be transmitted by airborne droplets.
2.2.2.2 Community amenity

The design of an on-site domestic-wastewater system for an individual property or group of properties
(e.g. subdivision) shall consider community values. In particular:
(a) The siting, installation and operation of on-site domestic-wastewater systems shall be controlled
so that nuisance is avoided.
(b) The installed system shall not detract from, nor lower, property and neighbourhood community
values.
(c) Social and cultural values shall be given appropriate consideration through consultation with
the community groups and individuals that have an interest.
2.2.2.3 Resource utilization

When there is a community (e.g. a subdivision) wastewater reuse programme, or when wastewater
reuse is to be part of an individual site design, the provision of the on-site domestic-wastewater
system shall be undertaken so that:
(a) Public health considerations take priority over any resource utilization criteria in cases where
any potential conflict exists.
(b) Materials and energy are used to maximum efficiency during construction, installation and
on-going operation.
(c) Water is conserved or reused and the residual sludge and scum are used beneficially, whenever
practicable.
Comment. Water usage is minimized through use of in-house water conservation measures,
fittings and techniques.
2.3 PERFORMANCE: SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION

The Site-and-soil Evaluation shall:
(a) Provide sufficient information for deciding whether or not a development area, sub-division
or lot is suitable for on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
(b) Provide detailed site-specific information identifying the site factors and soil factors that must
be taken into account when selecting or designing a wastewater system.
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2.4 PERFORMANCE: WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

2.4.1.1 General
Any wastewater system shall:
(a) Be of sufficient capacity to receive, treat, and absorb all wastewater outputs from premises on
a property.
(b) Complete the treatment, uptake and absorption of the final effluent within the boundaries of
the property.
(c) Avoid the likelihood of creating unpleasant odours, or the accumulation of offensive matter.
The above shall be undertaken in a manner which:
(d) Protects and enhances public health.
(e) Achieves environmental management objectives for air, land and water resources.
2.4.1.2 Capacity
Wastewater systems shall have adequate capacity for treating the flow of wastewater and have
sufficient storage for the solids that build up before removal. Wastewater systems shall be able to:
(a) Hold the normal flow of domestic wastes from a range of population equivalents up to
10 persons.
(b) Allow for normal peak flows.
(c) Allow for short-term unusual/overload production of wastes.
(d) Allow for sludge and scum to build up.

2.4.1.3 Design and structure

2.4.1.3.1 General
Wastewater systems shall be constructed of durable materials. They shall be watertight, be capable
of withstanding vertical, lateral and uplift loads imposed by any situation for which they are designed
to be installed.
2.4.1.3.2 Wastewater-treatment units

Wastewater-treatment units shall be designed:
(a) To prevent the direct flow of wastewater between inlet and outlet.
(b) To avoid the likelihood of blockage.
(c) So that the entire structure of the unit and its associated inspection and access covers and/or
extensions are integrally sound, and avoids penetration by roots, entry of groundwater, or
entry by insects.
(d) To avoid contamination of soils, groundwater and watercourses.
(e) From materials which are resistant or impervious both to the waste contained in the treatment
unit and to groundwaters for the serviceable life of the unit.
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(f) To avoid the likelihood of foul air and gases creating an odour nuisance and entering buildings.
(g) With access for removal of wastewater-treatment unit contents.
(h) To reduce the likelihood of unauthorized access by people.
(i) To remain integral for their serviceable life.
(j) To prevent the likelihood of damage from superimposed loads or normal ground movement.
(k) To be able to resist hydrostatic uplift pressures.
(l) To be able to perform adequately with only normal maintenance over their serviceable life.
Comment. Wastewater-treatment units include, but are not restricted to, conventional septic
tank units; alternative septic tank units; aerated wastewater-treatment systems; sand filters;
wetlands.
2.4.1.3.3 Land-application systems

Land-application systems shall:
(a) Have a low probability of becoming unstable or collapsing, or of causing loss of amenity,
through undue deformation, response to vibration, degradation, or other physical characteristics
during construction or alteration and throughout the life of the system when in use. Factors to
be considered include:
(i) self-weight;
(ii) imposed gravity loads arising from use;
(iii) earth pressure;
(iv) groundwater;
(v) earthquake;
(vi) reversing or fluctuating operation;
(vii) differential movement;
(viii) vegetation;
(ix) adverse effects on buildings;
(x) time dependent effects including soil creep and shrinkage;
(xi) being made from materials which are impervious both to the wastewater and to water
in the soil;
(xii) blockage and leakage.
(b) Provide reasonable access for maintenance, cleaning and clearing blockages.
(c) Provide against the likelihood of unauthorized access by people.
2.4.1.3.4 Mechanical and electrical equipment

All mechanical and electrical components shall be readily accessible for maintenance or replacement.
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2.4.1.4 Serviceable life

2.4.1.4.1 New Zealand
The serviceable life of a wastewater system shall be a minimum of 15 years.
Mechanical and electrical components are exempt from this requirement provided the design meets
Clause 2.4.1.3.4.
Comment. The New Zealand Building Code requires a durability of 15 years for a wastewater
system. The serviceable life is attained if the system is designed, constructed, installed, operated
and maintained in accordance with this Standard.
2.4.1.4.2 Australia
The anticipated life of any elements of a wastewater system that have a serviceable life of less than
15 years, shall be nominated.
Mechanical and electrical components are exempt from this requirement provided the design meets
Clause 2.4.1.3.4.
Comment. The soil-based element of a wastewater system is one to which a reduced life might
apply. The requirement for a reserve area acknowledges this.
Nevertheless, provided the soil assessment was appropriate, the loading rates do not exceed
the recommended design, and that all other aspects of construction, installation, operation and
maintenance are in accordance with this Standard, a minimum serviceable life of 15 years is
considered achievable.
2.4.2 Performance criteria

2.4.2.1 Capacity
The criteria used in this Standard are:
(a) A daily allowance of 200 L/person for all-waste units.

Comment. This is conservative to ensure that the unit has capacity to cope with peak discharge
rates or for temporary or unusual overloads.
(b) A flow of wastewater from a range of population equivalents up to 10 persons – being

14 000 L/week for all-waste wastewater flow.
Comment. The flow limit of 14 000 L/week represents an average daily flow for design sizing
purposes, of 2000 L from up to 10 persons in a single residence, or an institutional or
commercial facility which may have a varying 7-day or 5-day operation averaged out over a
full week.
(c) Sludge and scum accumulation from:
(i) all-waste ......................... 80 L/person/year;
(ii) greywater........................ 40 L/person/year;
(iii) blackwater ...................... 50 L/person/year.
Comment. These accumulation rates are based on the best available information at the time
of publication.
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2.4.2.2 Septic tanks

2.4.2.2.1 Additional capacity requirements
In addition to Clause 2.4.2.1, the capacity shall be designed for:
(a) Retention of the average daily flow for at least 24 hours.
(b) Sludge removal when sludge accumulation reduces settling volume below 24 hrs retention,
usually at 3 – 5-year intervals.
Comment. This Standard adopts a conservative approach to sizing based on consideration of
the current availability of improved community water supply, the use of modern appliances and
facilities and on the assumption that water-conservation devices are not being used. The
minimum recommended capacities for septic tanks based on the above criteria are given in
Appendix 4.3A. However, in situations where there is a limited water supply or water-conserving
devices are likely to be fully used, see Clause 2.4.2.2.2.
2.4.2.2.2 Calculation of septic tank capacities – reduced water supply

Minimum design capacities for septic tanks for use in areas with limited water supply such as remote
area recreational facilities, mobile homes, pensioner cottages, or when full water reduction facilities
are in use (see Appendix 4.2D), shall be determined by:
(a) Providing for around 24 hours settling volume plus 8 hours hydraulic buffering volume for
the daily flows from the design population equivalent.
(b) Providing for scum and sludge accumulation over a 5-year period using the rates set out in
Clause 2.4.2.1(c).
2.4.2.2.3 Garbage grinders

If garbage grinders are to be used then the septic tank capacity shall be the subject of specific design.
The use of garbage grinders with conventional septic tanks is not recommended. Conventional septic
tanks are not designed to cope with solids and flows from garbage grinders and the capacities
recommended in this Standard do not make allowance for garbage grinders.
2.4.2.3
Performance criteria for wastewater-treatment units shall be based on the criteria developed for
septic tanks as given in Part 1, section 2, Clause 2.4 of AS/NZS 1546.1.
The criteria and associated tests cover:
(a) Inlet and outlet fittings: cross-sectional area;
(b) Joints: sealed, watertight and structurally sound. Test described.
(c) Partitions: structurally sound and integral with tank. Test described.
(d) Access openings and covers: size, location, sealed, watertight, load-bearing and non-accessible
by children;
(e) Inspection openings and covers: size, location, sealed, watertight, load-bearing and easily
used;
(f) Extensions: watertight; ➤
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(g) Water-tightness: test described;
(h) Integrity in handling and use: maximum crack width 0.1 mm (approx.). Test described.
(i) Integrity of material of manufacture: test described;
(j) Hydrostatic uplift: shall not move when subjected to uplift forces;
(k) Lateral loads: no structural failure, undue distortion due to lateral loads of 6.6 kPa/m depth.
Test described.
(l) Top loads: no failure under a top load of 5 kN. Test described.
2.4.2.4 Effluent quality

The regulatory authorities shall be consulted for the environmental and land-application effluent
criteria and quality requirements relevant to the areas within their jurisdiction.
Comment. The ability of any particular environment to absorb effluent depends on many of the
factors referred to in this Standard. Some areas will be able to accept a lower quality of effluent
than others, the difference being based on constraints such as the proximity of the land-
application system to groundwater or the sensitivity of native vegetation to high levels of nutrients
(particularly in Australia). This knowledge is local and so the setting of the criteria for the
allowable quality of effluent to a land-application system is primarily the role of the local
regulatory authority, through a consultation process with its community.
2.5 PERFORMANCE: CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

2.5.1.1 General
Any on-site assembly or construction of wastewater systems shall be done so that the joints and
junctions are watertight. Subsequent installation shall be done in a manner which preserves the
integrity of the wastewater system and the installation design in stable soil conditions.
2.5.1.2 Site work

Site work shall be carried out:
(a) To provide stability for any construction on the site.
(b) So as not to affect the stability of nearby structures.
(c) To prevent flotation.
and to take account of the effects of:
(d) Changes in groundwater level.
(e) Water, weather and vegetation.
(f) Ground loss and slumping.
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2.5.1.3 Distribution system

The distribution system shall:
(a) Convey wastewater-treatment unit effluent to the appropriate part of the system.
(b) Be constructed to avoid the likelihood of blockage or leakage.
(c) Be supported, jointed and protected in a way that will avoid the likelihood of penetration of
roots or the entry of groundwater.
(d) Be constructed to avoid the likelihood of damage from superimposed loads or normal ground
movement.
(e) Provide reasonable access for maintenance or clearing of blockages.
In addition the system may need to:
(f) Be ventilated to avoid the likelihood of foul air and gases accumulating in the system.
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PART 3 : MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE DOMESTIC-

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
PART 3: MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ............... 30
3.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 30

3.2 APPLICATION .............................................................................................................. 30
3.3 CONTEXT OF USE ...................................................................................................... 30
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS, FEATURES AND PROCEDURES ........................ 30
3.4.1 Administration and management ................................................................... 30
3.4.2 Construction, installation and operation ........................................................ 31
3.4.3 Advice and education .................................................................................... 31
3.4.4 Reports ........................................................................................................... 32
3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ROLES ....................................................................................... 32
3.5.1 General ........................................................................................................... 32
3.5.2 The regulatory authority ................................................................................ 35
3.5.3 Planners/surveyors/land developers .............................................................. 35
3.5.4 Site evaluators/soil assessors ......................................................................... 35
3.5.5 Designers ....................................................................................................... 36
3.5.6 Installers/contractors ...................................................................................... 37

3.5.7 Equipment manufacturers and suppliers ........................................................ 37
3.5.8 Desludging/pumpout contractors ................................................................... 37
3.5.9 Homeowners .................................................................................................. 38
3.5.10 Estate agents and property transfer lawyers .................................................. 38
3.6 EDUCATION AND TRAINING ................................................................................... 38
3.6.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................... 38
3.6.2 Promotion of education and training ............................................................. 38
3.6.3 Education and training programmes .............................................................. 39
3.6.4 Certification ................................................................................................... 39
3.6.5 System users .................................................................................................. 39
3.6.6 Training groups .............................................................................................. 39
3.6.7 Forums ........................................................................................................... 39
3.6.8 Implementation of training provisions .......................................................... 40
3.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE .......................................................................... 40
3.7.1 General ........................................................................................................... 40
3.7.2 O & M procedures ......................................................................................... 40
3.7.3 O & M guidelines .......................................................................................... 40
3.7.4 Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 41
3.7.5 Registration of on-site wastewater systems ................................................... 42
3.7.6 Health ............................................................................................................. 43
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APPENDIX 3A OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES .................................... 44
3A1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 44

3A2 APPLICATION .............................................................................................................. 44
3A3 CONTENT OF O & M GUIDELINES .......................................................................... 44
3A3.1 General........................................................................................................... 44
3A3.2 O & M guidelines .......................................................................................... 44
3A3.3 System information........................................................................................ 45
3A4 TECHNICAL INFORMATION WHICH MAY BE USEFUL FOR GUIDELINES ..... 45
3A4.1 General........................................................................................................... 45
3A4.2 Reserve areas ................................................................................................. 45
3A4.3 Alternative systems ........................................................................................ 46
3A4.4 Operation of conventional wastewater-treatment and land-application
systems........................................................................................................... 46
3A5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS .......................................... 48
3A5.1 Advice to a home owner/occupier on use of the system ............................... 48
3A5.2 Advice on maintenance ................................................................................. 49

3A5.3 Advice on operating problems ....................................................................... 50
3A5.4 Advice on the consequences of failure .......................................................... 50
3A5.5 Advice on home owner/occupier responsibilities .......................................... 50
3A5.6 Advice on alternative on-site wastewater systems ........................................ 51
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Pa rt 3 : MANAG E M E NT O F O N - S ITE D O M E STI C -

WAS T E WAT E R SYS T E M S
(Informative)
3.1 SCOPE
Part 3 of this Standard identifies and gives guidance on management procedures, criteria,
implementation and information which would lead to sustainable on-site domestic-wastewater systems
being operated in compliance with the public health and environmental requirements of the regulatory
authorities.
Clause 3.4 identifies the factors, parameters and procedures that can lead to successful and effective
overall management and control.
Clause 3.5 identifies the people who should be involved in the various phases of planning, site
evaluation, design, installation, construction, and operation and maintenance (O & M).
Clause 3.6 outlines the education and training needs of the people identified in Clause 3.5.
Clause 3.7 identifies, in greater detail than in Clause 3.4, what is needed for effective management
of operation and maintenance of on-site wastewater systems.
Appendix 3A gives guidance on the content of O & M information.
3.2 APPLICATION
Part 3 of this Standard is intended for use by those involved in the regulation, administration and
management of on-site domestic-wastewater systems. It also provides information to the general
community and special interest groups, e.g. environmental groups.
It is hoped that the information will be used to adapt existing or to develop new administrative
structures and procedures to achieve the performance and outcomes required by this Standard.
3.3 CONTEXT OF USE

It has been observed that the major deficiency with on-site domestic-wastewater systems has been a
lack of overall control and integration of site investigation, design, installation, operation and
maintenance, training and the provision of information.
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS, FEATURES AND PROCEDURES

This Clause identifies the factors, features and procedures that are needed, in addition to basic public
health and environmental requirements, for proper regulation.
3.4.1 Administration and management

Successful administration and management will need:
(a) A procedure to ensure that the option of full-sewerage servicing has been assessed and compared
with on-site servicing, and that the best practicable option (BPO) has been selected.
(b) Identification of all persons interested in or likely to be affected by any wastewater system
proposal, including a record of what consultation was undertaken and its outcome.
(c) Public health limits for any utilization of wastewater materials as resources.
(d) Environmental standards for effluent management.
(e) The ongoing evaluation of cumulative environmental effects.
(f) Performance requirements for wastewater systems for particular sites and subdivisions.
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(g) Performance criteria and parameters for particular sites and subdivisions.
(h) Mechanisms for assessing new and innovative materials, systems and procedures.
(i) Monitoring of special designs, installations, and/or operation and maintenance features.
(j) A procedure for recording onto individual property titles details of the site, the type of
wastewater system installed and the final effluent management requirements.
Comment. This option is not available to all Australian States. It is acceptable in New
Zealand. Some local authorities require a formal acknowledgement by the property owner
of their legal responsibilities before completing the transfer of ownership.
(k) A process for decommissioning wastewater systems e.g. for the purpose of upgrading or
replacing the system.
(l) Liaison with any local or regional sewerage authority on matters such as providing reticulated
wastewater servicing where on-site systems can no longer meet performance objectives.
(m) An information management system that links all relevant databases, Site-and-soil Reports,
Design Reports etc.
3.4.2 Construction, installation and operation

Successful administration of the construction, installation and operation of wastewater systems will
need:
(a) A procedure certifying construction and installation.

Comment. A wastewater system should be certified following construction and installation
that it conforms to design requirements and specifications; and that installation and
commissioning of any equipment has been carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions. Certification should be by the designer (or designers’ agent, or the installer/
constructor acting as the ‘designer’), or independent technical experts.
(b) Regular evaluation of the performance of all wastewater systems.
(c) A procedure for certifying that a wastewater system is functioning properly.
(d) Databases of appropriate records for all activities.
3.4.3 Advice and education

Those with responsibility for any aspect of wastewater management (see Clause 3.5) will need:
(a) Readily available advice on managing a wastewater system.
(b) Appropriate education and training programmes.
(c) Training for all relevant administrative, inspection and field staff.
(d) A procedure for certifying competency for specific tasks.
(e) Promotion of the performance requirements for on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
(f) Regular production and distribution of information on O & M for owners and occupiers.
(g) Readily available copies of information on O & M for all agents and parties involved in
managing the wastewater systems. ➤
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(h) Regularly updated education, training and information.

(i) The establishment of a ‘Maintenance Certificate’ programme.
Comment. An annual licensing scheme could be linked to the maintenance certificate which
would incorporate a need to keep adequate installation and maintenance records and a
need to carry out an acceptable level of maintenance.
(j) Regular forums for exchanging information amongst all persons involved in on-site wastewater
management and servicing.
3.4.4 Reports
An effective system of management will need reports to be lodged with the relevant approval authority.
The following are suggested as necessary.
3.4.4.1 Site-and-soil evaluation report

This report details the results of an assessment of a development area, subdivision or individual lot
for the public health, environmental, legal and economic factors which are likely to impinge on
the siting and design of a land-application system; and an evaluation of the site and soil
characteristics to determine feasible options for designing and sizing a land-application system.
(Refer to Clause 4.1.5 and associated appendices to 4.1).
3.4.4.2 Design report

The Design Report, presented with an application for permission to install an on-site domestic-
wastewater system(s), would consist of:
(a) Relevant aspects of the Site-and-soil Evaluation Report.
(b) A report on the selection of the land-application system, refer to Clause 4.2.4 and associated
appendices to Clause 4.2.
(c) A report on the selection of the wastewater-treatment unit, refer to Clause 4.3.6 and associated
appendix to Clause 4.3.
For non-conventional systems the Design Report should provide sufficient information to show that
the performance objectives of Part 2 of this Standard have been met.
3.4.4.3 Installation and commissioning report

Installation and Commissioning Reports cover the ‘as-built’ records of the system together with
the results of commissioning tests to demonstrate correct construction and installation. (Refer to
Clause 4.5.6.3 and associated appendices to Clause 4.5).
3.4.4.4 Maintenance report

Maintenance reports cover ongoing inspection and maintenance operations in order to monitor the
operation of the wastewater system. (Refer to Clause 3.7.4 and associated Appendix 3A).
3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ROLES

3.5.1 General
The purpose of this section is to identify those persons who have a role to play in managing and
implementing processes that lead to the effective and sustainable performance of on-site wastewater
systems. It will identify some of the main aspects of the roles of these people. Table 3.1 lists the
essential stages in the implementation process and suggests who should be involved in each stage.
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TABLE 3.1
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES AND PERSONS INVOLVED – ESSENTIAL STAGES
A: PLANNING FOR UNSEWERED AREAS
Implementation stage Implementation processes Implemented by
1. Planning study Site-and-soil Evaluation to • Planning authorities

determine areas which are • Environmental authorities
(See Clause 4.1) most favourable for new • Resource management
developments authorities
• Public health authorities
Identifying constraints to
new development
Evaluating environmental
effects
B: UNSEWERED SUBDIVISION PROPOSALS
1. Feasibility study Review of sewered versus • Developer

unsewered option for waste- • Planner/surveyor
(See Clause 4.1) water servicing of particular • Public health authority
land(s) under study • Environmental authority
• Planning authority
• Sewerage authority
Site-and-soil Evaluation to • Developer

check areas are suitable for • Planner/surveyor

subdivision • Site evaluator
• Local government
• Environmental authority
Evaluating environmental • Site evaluator

effects • Environmental authority
2. Subdivision design Site-and-soil Check • Site evaluator

Site-and-soil Evaluation • Site evaluator/soil assessor
(See Clause 4.1) Lot size and layout design • Surveyor
Design reporting • Designer
3. Systems design Selecting and sizing land- • Designer

application system • Local government
(See Clauses 4.2, 4.3
and 4.4) Determining capacity of • Designer
wastewater-treatment unit • Local government
Table 3.1 continued on next page
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TABLE 3.1
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES AND PERSONS INVOLVED - ESSENTIAL STAGES
(continued)
4. System installation Constructing and/or installing • Installer/contractor

wastewater-treatment unit • Designer
(See Clause 4.5) and land-application system • Local government
5. System use Operation and maintenance • Home owner/occupier

(See Clause 3.7) • Pumpout contractor
• Maintenance certificate
inspector
Monitoring • Home owner/occupier
inspector
C: INDIVIDUAL LOT IN EXISTING SUBDIVISION
1. Feasibility Review whether off-site or • Developer/owner/builder

on-site servicing is the best • Regulatory authority
(See Clause 4.1) practical option
2. Site investigation Site-and-soil Check • Site evaluator

Site-and-soil Evaluation • Site evaluator/soil assessor
(See Clause 4.1) Design reporting • Designer
3. Systems design Selecting and sizing land- • Designer

application system • Local government
(See Clauses 4.2, 4.3
and 4.4) Determination of the capacity • Designer
of the wastewater-treatment • Local government
unit
4. System installation Constructing and/or installing • Installer/contractor

wastewater-treatment unit and • Designer
(See Clause 4.5) land-application system • Local government
5. System use Operation and maintenance • Home owner/occupier

(See Clause 3.7) • Desludging/Pumpout
contractor
inspector
Monitoring • Home owner/occupier
inspector
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3.5.2 The regulatory authority

The role of regulatory authorities is particularly significant for achieving the performance requirements
of this Standard. Management and implementation needs central definition, instigation and monitoring
through a system of control, supported by an information management system, which could ultimately
be regulatory, or private, or both. A sustainable system of on-site domestic-wastewater management
will need to have responsibilities clearly defined for each stage.
3.5.3 Planners/surveyors/land developers

Persons who plan, design or develop subdivisions in unsewered areas should ensure that they:
(a) Consider wastewater management requirements from the start of the initial planning phase.
(b) Evaluate the sustainability and environmental implications in terms of public health, land use,
energy, material and financial resources, and that these are compared with those for sewerage
(see Clause 2.2.2.1). The BPO should be adopted. (Refer to Clause 3.4.1(a).)
(c) Ensure that key personnel from within their organizations are accredited through an appropriate
training programme.
(d) Adequately assess site capabilities and carry out Site-and-soil Checks (SSC) prior to deciding
the layout of a subdivision.
(e) Reserve adequate areas of suitable soils for on-site land-application systems.
(f) Evaluate potential cumulative environmental effects arising from long-term use of on-site
systems and that these should satisfy the performance objectives of this Standard and those
set by the regulatory authority.
(g) Take professional responsibility that subdivision proposals incorporating on-site wastewater
systems achieve the performance requirements of this Standard.
(h) Provide design reports and plans to local authorities, land owners and land purchasers.
(i) Establish provisions for protecting potential land-application areas during sub-division
construction, trafficking with heavy equipment, and removal of topsoil.
(j) Ensure that provisions for on-site operation and maintenance are detailed in applications and
plans for subdivision.
3.5.4 Site evaluators/soil assessors

These may include appropriately trained soil scientists, geotechnical engineers, civil and environmental
engineers, land surveyors or other experienced people who undertake land-capability evaluations.
They should ensure that they:
(a) Have attended the appropriate accredited training programme.
(b) Are familiar with any regulatory requirements for site evaluation.
(c) Supervise and are responsible for any technicians or other personnel who assist with obtaining
site evaluation data and information.
(d) Certify that the site evaluation procedures have been undertaken in accordance with this
Standard and any additional requirements of the relevant regulatory authority. ➤
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(e) Accept professional liability for the site evaluation and the resultant interpretations, conclusions
drawn, and recommendations made.
(f) Provide appropriate certified reports (Site-and-soil Reports) and plans as required.
3.5.5 Designers
These may include professional engineers, soil scientists, drainage contractors or plumbers with
appropriate training and experience in design and installation practice. They should ensure that
they:
(a) Have attended the appropriate accredited training programme.
(b) Complete a Design Report appropriate to the scale and extent of the on-site system(s) under
design. The Design Report should accompany any permit/ consent/approval application to the
relevant regulatory authority.
(c) Are familiar with information on current installation trade practices, the range of materials
and methods employed, the types of machinery available to the installer and the level of
operator competence required for their use.
(d) Are familiar with any requirements for community amenity and resource utilization.
(e) Certify on completion of the installation, that it has been installed/constructed in accordance
with its design and any additional requirements of the relevant regulatory authority.
Comment. Certification may be required by regulatory authorities to be by independent
technical experts or independent qualified chartered engineers.
(f) Prepare a set of “as-built” or “work-as-executed” plans/details to be lodged with the owner or
occupier of the facility being serviced by the on-site system and with the relevant regulatory
authority if required. This installation record should include:
(i) a detailed sketch showing the location of all parts of the wastewater system, site facilities
(buildings, driveways, etc.) and property boundaries;
(ii) details of setbacks, irrigation areas, reserve areas;
(iii) the sizes and capacities of any equipment, such as a pump and the wastewater-treatment
unit;
(iv) the equipment supplier’s repair or maintenance agency;
(v) the servicing schedule and duties.
(g) Prepare a set of O & M guidelines specific to the on-site system as designed and installed or
constructed. These should be lodged with the owner or occupier and with the regulatory
authority or their agency if required.
Comment. The O & M guidelines should include specific detail on the capacity of the
system, the wastewater-producing fixtures for which it has been designed, and the
implications of overloading if additional fixtures are added beyond the capacity of the
system.
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3.5.6 Installers/contractors
These may include certified drainlayers and plumbers, technical or professional engineering people
or any other persons with appropriate experience in construction and installation. They should ensure
that they:
(a) Have attended the appropriate accredited training programme which should include training in
the philosophy of current and new design approaches and in installing on-site wastewater
systems.
(b) Consult with the designer in respect of the intention of the design, and the installation/
construction methods and procedures essential to achieving design integrity.
(c) Liaise with the designer during installation/construction so that a certificate of compliance
with design can be completed, particularly when unusual or innovative design approaches are
being used that are beyond their current experience.
(d) Certify with the designer that all equipment incorporated as part of the wastewater system has
been installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s and/or supplier’s instructions and in
accordance with any other conditions established by the regulatory authority.
3.5.7 Equipment manufacturers and suppliers

Equipment manufacturers and suppliers should ensure that:
(a) Key personnel from within their organization have attended the appropriate accredited training
programme.
(b) A set of assembly and installation instructions are provided for every wastewater-treatment
unit.
(c) Quality-control processes are set in place to ensure that they receive relevant feedback from
designers, installers and constructors for on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
(d) O & M instructions (where relevant) are provided for purchasers.
(e) An appropriate on-call O & M backup service is available for users.
3.5.8 Desludging/pumpout contractors

Such contractors should ensure that:
(a) All field personnel have undertaken an appropriate training programme.
(b) Full records are kept for at least 10 years of desludging/pumpout operations of wastewater-
treatment units, and that they notify the owner or occupier and the regulatory authority or
agency if required, of unusual circumstances and/or wastewater-treatment unit defects
discovered during servicing.
All record sheets are retained for at least 10 years from their date(s) of issue.
(c) Scum/sludge and all septage material taken from the site during desludging/ pumpout are
disposed of and/or utilized by an approved facility or agency.
(d) Measures are in place during desludging/pumpout to protect staff and any other persons who
could be affected by the activity.
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3.5.9 Homeowners
Homeowners should fully inform themselves about the on-site wastewater system on their property
and its operation and maintenance.
Comment. Absentee owners should ensure that occupiers are similarly informed.
The owner should ensure that maintenance is certified regularly, in full and on time.
Owners should also ensure that details and requirements for O & M (including plans, design reports,
equipment brochures, etc.) are retained on the property and readily accessible to the occupier.
3.5.10 Estate agents and property transfer lawyers

Estate agents and lawyers handling the sale, purchase or letting of properties and facilities serviced
by wastewater systems should ensure that:
(a) They are aware of the type and location of the wastewater system for each property and
facility.
(b) Prospective purchasers and/or occupiers are made aware of the details of the wastewater system,
including O & M requirements.
(c) They supply each purchaser and occupier with a copy of the current O & M guidelines for the
particular system.
(d) Purchasers and occupiers certify that they have received working details of the system and are
aware of its type and location.
(e) Prospective purchasers of land in a new subdivision development are aware of the requirements
of this Standard.
(f) Appropriate site- and effluent-management requirements and constraints are entered onto
individual property titles (e.g. exclusion areas such as building platforms, rocky outcrops,
poor soil areas; land-application areas; reserve areas).

Comment. This option may not be available to all Australian States. It is acceptable in
New Zealand. Some local authorities require a formal acknowledgement by the property
owner of their legal responsibilities before completing the transfer of ownership.
3.6 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

3.6.1 Purpose
Education and training should include instruction about the requirements of this Standard.
Comment. All persons administering, designing, installing and servicing on-site domestic-
wastewater systems will need to understand the principles of wastewater-treatment units and
land-application.
3.6.2 Promotion of education and training

The initiation and promotion of education and training should be undertaken by an appropriate
tertiary educational institution, professional body, manufacturer’s association, or by other training
providers who have been approved by a relevant qualifications authority.
Comment. Ideally education and training programmes should be initiated, promoted and co-
ordinated by one body.
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3.6.3 Education and training programmes

The provisions of this Standard should be a component of all education and training.
All persons having responsibility for on-site domestic-wastewater systems (excluding users such as
home owners and occupiers) should undertake three levels of education and training. These are:
(a) Level One: Basic principles course, including awareness of the provisions of the Standard.
(b) Level Two: Application course specific to the person’s role.
(c) Level Three: Refresher course to provide updates on new technologies and practices and with
local and regional experience in meeting performance objectives.
3.6.4 Certification
All persons, on successful completion of each training programme (or appropriate element), should
receive a Certificate.
3.6.5 System users

Homeowners and occupiers should be periodically provided with educational material on the principles
and practices important in operating and maintaining their on-site domestic-wastewater system.
Comment. Such educational materials could be distributed via local government rating agencies
with the annual rate notices, with the manufacturer’s guidelines or manuals, by certifying or
maintenance personnel, by estate/land agents or property-transfer lawyers at times of change
of ownership or occupancy.
3.6.6 Training groups

Specific training groups should be available for (but not be restricted to):
(a) Surveyors and land developers;
(b) Planners;
(c) Site evaluators and soil assessors;
(d) Designers;
(e) Installers, and constructors and drainlayers;
(f) Pumpout and maintenance contractors;
(g) Manufacturer’s agents and service agents;
(h) Regulators (health officers, drainage inspectors, water-quality managers and independent
certifiers);
(i) Estate agents and property-transfer lawyers.
3.6.7 Forums
It is suggested that there be regular open forums where all persons involved in on-site wastewater
systems, including users, can share information, solve problems and make contact across disciplines.
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3.6.8 Implementation of training provisions

Ideally, the training provisions outlined above should be required of persons newly engaged in on-
site domestic-wastewater management commencing from the date of introduction of this Standard.
Similarly, all existing practitioners should be required to commence training within 3 years.
3.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

3.7.1 General
Operation and maintenance (O & M) of on-site wastewater systems is essential for their long-term
viability. O & M procedures are needed to help achieve sustainable and effective long-term
performance from the wastewater system so that it complies with public health and environmental
requirements.
O & M management procedures may be undertaken for a whole community or they may be left to
the individual house owner or occupiers to establish for themselves. Alternatively, both options
could be available within a community.
Regular O & M of on-site domestic-wastewater systems will help guard against inefficiency and
failure of the system. The user should understand how to make the wastewater system work properly
and how to look after it. Also, there needs to be monitoring of how well the system is working.
Comment. Proper O & M applied to a well designed and installed on-site wastewater system
will help achieve an almost indefinite lifetime of service.
3.7.2 O & M procedures

O & M administration procedures should ensure that:
(a) Regularly updated O & M guidelines are provided to all on-site domestic-wastewater system
users.
(b) O & M is undertaken regularly as required by the type of system.

(c) O & M continues despite any changes of ownership or any changes in use of the site.
3.7.3 O & M guidelines

3.7.3.1 Preparation
O & M guidelines should be prepared and/or published by the:
(a) Designer for individual on-site systems.
(b) Manufacturer for specific items of equipment.
(c) Development agency where there are subdivisions.
(d) Relevant regulatory authority.
Material that may be used in the production of an O & M guideline is given in Appendix 3A, following
Part 3.
Comment. Appendix 3A sets out what should be contained in any O & M guidelines for house
owners or occupiers together with basic technical information to support the content. This
technical information covers advice on the proper use of the wastewater system, on routine
maintenance and on recognizing operating problems.
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An understanding of how the on-site wastewater system works is desirable for successful
operation and maintenance.
3.7.3.2 Copy of O & M guidelines

A copy of any O & M Guidelines relevant to the wastewater system installed should be kept in an
accessible location within the building served by the wastewater system. This location should be
advised to the new owner or occupier on a change of ownership or tenancy.
3.7.4 Monitoring
3.7.4.1 General
All wastewater systems should be monitored to ensure that they are operating properly and are being
regularly maintained.
3.7.4.2 Monitoring frequency

The monitoring frequency should take into account the age of the systems, experience with similar
on-site system performances, any recent history of poor maintenance on a particular (or similar) site,
any approval conditions and the type of system.
3.7.4.3 Community-wide schemes

Any community-wide O & M monitoring scheme should be audited by an organization accredited to
do so. Where monitoring identifies the need for remedial action, this should be communicated to the
particular property owner. Results should be kept for at least 10 years.
Comment. In areas of concentrated development using on-site wastewater system servicing,

regulatory authorities may wish to consider a community-wide O & M scheme either using
their own or contract staff, together with a special rating or levy on each property owner. This
could entail:
(a) A community-wide septic-tank desludging scheme on a 3-year (or other approved) cycle
for permanently occupied localities.
(b) A community-wide regular inspection programme for infrequently occupied localities such
as holiday or recreational areas.
(c) Allowing for private contractual arrangements to be administered by a representative group

on behalf of the community being served.
3.7.4.4 Individual systems

Where there is a need to monitor individual on-site wastewater systems, it is recommended that a
maintenance check is undertaken on a regular schedule by an organization accredited to do so,
following which a Maintenance Certificate should be issued. (See Clause 3.7.4.6.)
Comment. In certain circumstances, a homeowner or occupier may be allowed to carry out

maintenance checks themselves. This should be monitored by an organization accredited to do
so. A reminder to the owner or occupier of the requirement to undertake maintenance checks
within a certain period (e.g. 3 months) will probably be necessary.
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3.7.4.5 O & M record sheets

O & M record sheets should be kept readily accessible and O & M actions recorded as appropriate
(see Figure 3.1). They should be available to any agency that is certifying that the wastewater
system is being operated and maintained properly, and by the local regulatory authority if required.
Record sheets should be kept for at least 10 years.
Record sheets should be designed with space for:

(a) Notes and dates of maintenance events such as sludge and scum depths, pump-outs, other
inspections, stoppages, faults, and any remedial actions taken.
(b) Any results of effluent quality testing (where stipulated) compared to the standards set.
3.7.4.6 Maintenance certificate

3.7.4.6.1 Certificate
A Maintenance Certificate should include:
(a) Certification by a qualified and experienced person that the wastewater system is operating
and performing effectively.
(b) A note of any specific O & M attention which is due.
(c) Identification of any O & M problems, their likely cause and recommended remedial action.
(d) Any evidence of system capacity being exceeded.
(e) Effluent quality testing where secondary treatment is being used.
(f) Note of actions taken and results achieved following recommendations for remedial work
after the previous routine inspection.
(g) A recommendation on when next to desludge.

(h) Any other relevant matters.
Maintenance Certificates should be kept for at least 10 years.
Comment. Under this system, the owner and/or occupier become responsible for commissioning
the maintenance check, undertaking any remedial works as recommended by the Maintenance
Certificate, and paying the costs involved.
3.7.4.6.2 Maintaining records, certificates and guidelines

The house owner or occupier should be responsible for keeping copies of the record sheets,
maintenance certificates and guidelines up-to-date.
3.7.5 Registration of on-site wastewater systems

On-site wastewater systems should be registered to keep track of:
(a) Change of ownership;
(b) Change in size of the premises;
(c) Change of use of premises;
(d) Demolition of premises.
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3.7.6 Health
All persons undertaking O & M activities should ensure that at all times precautions are taken to
protect their own health and the health of other persons at risk from the activity.
FIGURE 3.1 – EXAMPLE RECORD SHEET
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APPENDIX 3A
O PE RAT I O N AN D MAI N TE NAN C E G U I D E LI N E S
(Informative)
3A1 SCOPE
This Appendix suggests what might be useful in O & M Guidelines and provides basic technical
information covering operation, maintenance and monitoring of on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
3A2 APPLICATION
This Appendix is intended to provide information for use by authors of O & M guidelines.
3A3 CONTENT OF O & M GUIDELINES

3A3.1 General
The majority of on-site wastewater systems are owned privately with the house owner or occupier
responsible for O & M. It is important that the house owner or occupier has basic information to
hand and understands what periodic attention and actions are required for the type of system installed.
There must be a description of any local infrastructure covering the organizations and people involved
in O & M for on-site domestic-wastewater systems. Their roles and responsibilities should be given
so that the role and responsibility of the house owner/occupier is put into context.
3A3.2 O & M guidelines

The O & M guidelines need to include, at least, the following management and technical matters:
(a) An outline of the management needs of on-site domestic-wastewater systems and the roles
and responsibilities of those involved.
(b) Descriptions of the types of on-site wastewater system(s) installed in the area. This should
include information on how they function and an understanding of how they meet public-
health and environmental requirements.
(c) The household water-using activities which are likely to affect the successful operation of the
on-site wastewater system.
(d) The management of the wastewater-treatment units and the land-application system.
(e) The maintenance needed for each wastewater-treatment unit including regular pumping out
of sludge or septage.
(f) The operation and maintenance of distribution boxes, siphons, pumping units, gates and valves.
(g) The need for, and extent of, monitoring (such as inspection frequency and testing requirements).
(h) The maintenance tasks such as care of vents, surface water and groundwater drainage lines,
flushing of pumped distribution lines and trimming of evapo-transpiration plantings.
(i) The limitations of the system (e.g. capacity, level of treatment).
(j) Contact details for emergency services.
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3A3.3 System information

Where no system information, O & M guidelines or O & M record sheets are available, home
owners and occupiers should be advised where they may be obtained.
3A4 TECHNICAL INFORMATION WHICH MAY BE USEFUL FOR GUIDELINES

3A4.1 General
The most common form of an on-site wastewater system is the conventional septic tank and subsoil
absorption trench serving a household in a semi-urban locality that is not sewered or in a rural-
residential development (see Figure 3A1). The septic tank is the primary treatment system with the
trench providing both in-soil treatment of the effluent residuals flowing from the septic tank, and its
uptake and absorption by evapo-transpiration, nutrient transfer and infiltration.
3A4.2 Reserve areas

The purpose of setting aside a reserve area for future extension of a land-application system is to
allow a factor of safety against unforeseen malfunction or failure, perhaps following increased
household occupancy or inadvertent misuse of the system.
This ensures it is possible to provide additional pre-treatment or to extend the land-application system
if appropriate.
FIGURE 3A1 THE SEPTIC TANK AND LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEM
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3A4.3 Alternative systems

Modern on-site developments may include:
(a) Primary treatment and/or secondary treatment
(i) two-stage or multiple-stage septic tanks;
(ii) single-chamber septic tanks with filters to control solids;
(iii) aerated wastewater-treatment systems;
(iv) sand filters (re-circulating, intermittent, or pulse dosed);
(v) constructed wetlands (reed beds);
(vi) composting toilets.
(b) Distribution (of treated effluent to land-application area)
(i) drop boxes;
(ii) distribution boxes;
(iii) siphon chambers;
(iv) pump-sump dosing chambers.
(c) Land-application
(i) modified trench systems;
(ii) evapo-transpiration seepage trenches and beds;
(iii) evapo-transpiration beds;

(iv) mounds;
(v) sub-surface drip-irrigation systems;
(vi) surface drip-irrigation systems;
(vii) surface spray-irrigation systems.
3A4.4 Operation of conventional wastewater-treatment and land-application systems

3A4.4.1 The septic tank
The septic tank pre-treats the wastewater before it goes to the land-application system. Three main
things happen in the septic tank (Figure 3A2):
(a) Solids settle to the bottom of the tank and form a layer of sludge.
(b) Lighter wastes such as fat and grease float to the surface and form a scum layer.
(c) Bacteria, which live in the septic tank, help break down the solid wastes and reduce the volume
of sludge collecting in the bottom of the tank.
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Where a two-stage septic tank is provided, the bulk of the sludge and scum will be retained in the
first stage.
Important: If the tank is not operated and maintained properly, excessive solids will pass to the
land-application system. This will quickly clog up, causing health hazards, and need expensive
reinstatement of the absorption area.
FIGURE 3A2 THE SEPTIC TANK
3A4.4.2 The land-application system

Effluent from the wastewater-treatment unit receives further treatment by natural processes in the
land-application system. The type of system used depends on the soil conditions, the slope of the
lot, vegetation and underlying subsoil conditions such as hardpan or rock or high water table. Several
types of system are commonly used. They are:
(a) Trenches
These are the most common type and are generally used on lots which are reasonably flat and
where water soaks into the soil readily in all weather conditions. Properly designed absorption
trenches can also be used on sloping sections where absorption is good. Commonly, perforated
pipes, self-supporting arch trenching or box trenching are laid in trenches filled with aggregate
or rock. (Refer to Figures 4.5A1, 4.5A2, 4.5A3 and 4.5A4.) Effluent flows out of the trenching
material into the trenches and then soaks into the surrounding soil. The soil and bacteria in the
soil treat the effluent further.
(b) Beds
Beds are shallower forms of trenches (see Figure 4.5A5).
(c) Evapo-transpiration absorption/seepage systems

Where these systems are used, the effluent is piped through specially constructed beds or
trenches incorporating plants. These plants absorb a proportion of the effluent through their
root systems and release it to the atmosphere through their leaves during the natural process of
transpiration. The ground also absorbs some of the effluent. (Refer to Figures 4.5A6 and
4.5A7.) ➤
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(d) Mound systems

The mound system permits the absorption area to be sited in a location where the natural
water-table can approach the ground surface. The mounds are filled with medium-grade sand
to provide suitable filtering for treatment of the effluent, before it soaks down into the
groundwater table. A pump- or siphon-dosing system distributes effluent uniformly through
a bed of aggregate placed over the top of the fill. The surfaces of the mound are grassed or
planted with shrubs. (Refer to Figure 4.5B1.)
(e) Irrigation systems

Only secondary-treated effluent complying with the effluent-quality requirements of Part 4,
Appendix 4.2A, 4.2A10.6 is applied by irrigation systems. These systems may be one of three
types:
(i) sub-surface drip in which dripper lines are buried in the topsoil at shallow depth (refer
to Figure 4.5C1);
(ii) surface drip in which dosing lines are laid on prepared ground surface and covered in
bark or mulch (refer to Figure 4.5D1);
(iii) spray systems that distribute treated (and disinfected) effluent over the surface of the
ground.
Irrigation systems operate both by soil absorption and by evapo-transpiration from plants including
grass, shrubs and trees.
3A4.4.3 The distribution system

Gravity-loaded systems can have a ‘distribution box’ located between the primary or secondary
wastewater-treatment unit and the land-application system. This is designed to direct the flow of
effluent to different parts of the absorption area in order to rest the balance of the area. This prevents
trenches and beds becoming clogged by saturated conditions when air needed to assist in-soil treatment
is excluded from the pores of the soil. Alternatively, dosed systems can have a siphon or pump unit
discharging effluent to the land-application system two or three times a day. This allows air to return
to the soil pores as effluent soaks away between doses.
3A5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

The following sections advise on operation and maintenance to be specifically directed to the home
owner/occupier and user of an on-site domestic-wastewater system.
3A5.1 Advice to a home owner/occupier on use of the system

For the on-site wastewater system to work well, there are some good habits to encourage and some
bad habits to avoid:
(a) In order to reduce sludge building up in the tank:
(i) scrape all dishes to remove fats, grease, etc. before washing;
(ii) keep all possible solids out of the system;
(iii) don’t use a garbage grinder unless the system has been specifically designed to carry
the extra load (see Clause 2.4.2.2.3);
(iv) don’t put sanitary napkins and other hygiene products into the system.
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(b) In order to keep the bacteria working in the tank and in the land-application area:
(i) use biodegradable soaps;
(ii) use a low-phosphorus detergent;
(iii) use a low-sodium detergent in dispersive soil areas;
(iv) use detergents in the recommended quantities;
(v) don’t use powerful bleaches, whiteners, nappy soakers, spot removers and disinfectants;
(vi) don’t put chemicals or paint down the drain.
(c) Conservation of water will reduce the volume of effluent requiring disposal to the land-
application area, make it last longer and improve its performance. Conservation measures
include:
(i) installation of water-conservation fittings;
(ii) taking showers instead of baths;
(iii) only washing clothes when there is a full load;
(iv) only using the dishwasher when there is a full load.
(d) Avoid overloading the system by spacing out water use as evenly as possible.
Comment. Do not do all the washing on one day. Do not run the washing machine and
dishwasher at the same time.
3A5.2 Advice on maintenance

(a) The primary wastewater-treatment unit (septic tank) will need to:
(i) be desludged regularly i.e. every three to five years or when scum and sludge occupy
2/3 of the volume of the tank (or first stage of a two-stage system);
(ii) be protected from vehicles;
(iii) have any grease trap cleaned out regularly;
(iv) keep the vent and/or access cover of the septic tank exposed;
(v) have any outlet filter inspected and cleaned.
(b) The land-application area needs protection as follows:
(i) spray or irrigation areas are not play areas for children and access should be restricted;
(ii) any evapo-transpiration areas should be designed to deter pedestrian traffic;
(iii) no vehicles or stock should be allowed on trenches or beds;
(iv) deep rooting trees or shrubs should not be grown over absorption trenches or pipes;
(v) keep the surface water diversion drains upslope of and around the land-application area
should be kept clean to reduce absorption of rainwater into trenches or beds; ➤
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(vi) the baffles or valves in the distribution system should be periodically (monthly or
seasonally) changed to direct effluent into alternative trenches or beds, as required by
the design.
(c) Evapo-transpiration and irrigation areas should have their grass mowed and plants maintained
to ensure that these areas take up nutrients with maximum efficiency.
(d) Signs for spray irrigation areas should ensure that appropriate warning signs are always visible
to persons undertaking any activity near a spray irrigation area.
(e) Check equipment and:
(i) follow the manufacturer’s instructions for maintaining and cleaning pumps, siphons
and septic tank filters;
(ii) clean disc filters or filter screens on irrigation-dosing equipment periodically by rinsing
back into the primary wastewater-treatment unit;
(iii) flush drip irrigation lines periodically to scour out any accumulated sediment.
3A5.3 Advice on operating problems

Problems can occur with systems which have not been maintained and where absorption areas have
become blocked or clogged. The warning signs are obvious:
(a) Absorption field is wet or soggy with wastewater ponding on the surface of the ground.
(b) There is a smell of “sewage” near the septic tank or absorption area.
(c) The drains and toilets run slowly.
(d) The grease trap is full or blocked.

3A5.4 Advice on the consequences of failure

A failed septic tank and land-application system is a serious health and environmental hazard and
can lead to:
(a) Spread of infectious diseases.
(b) Breeding of mosquitoes and attraction of flies and rodents.
(c) Nuisance and unpleasantness.
(d) Pollution and infection of waterways, beaches, streams and shellfish beds.
(e) Contamination of bores, wells and groundwater.
(f) Alteration of the local ecology.
3A5.5 Advice on home owner/occupier responsibilities

Home owners and occupiers are legally responsible to keep their on-site wastewater system in good
working order. If any of the warning signs in Paragraph 3A5.3 are evident, the home owner or
occupier must contact the nearest local government office without delay.
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3A5.6 Advice on alternative on-site wastewater systems

Specific O & M measures will be required for alternative on-site wastewater-treatment units,
equipment, facilities and land-application systems beyond what has been outlined above. These
should be obtained from:
(a) The designer and installer (i.e. design basis; operating requirements; enhancement of factors
of safety).
(b) Equipment suppliers (i.e. regular maintenance schedule; spare parts list; call-out contact details;
operational instructions).
(c) Local government (i.e. inspections schedule; reporting defects).
(d) The regional environmental control agency (i.e. monitoring requirements; flow records;
reporting environmental incidents).
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PAR T 4 : M EAN S O F C O M PLIA N C E
Part 4 contains five major clauses covering:
4.1 Site-and-soil Evaluation
4.2 Land-application systems
4.3 Wastewater-treatment units
4.4 Other wastewater systems
4.5 Construction and installation
These clauses cover the principles of their topics and are supported extensively by appendices.
Clause Supporting Appendix
4.1 Site-and-soil Evaluation 4.1A Site-and-soil Evaluation: Procedures

4.1B Site-and-soil Evaluation for planning, rezoning
and subdivision of land
4.1C Site-and-soil Evaluation for individual lots
4.1D Site and soil properties
4.1E Dispersive soils and sodicity
4.1F Soil permeability measurement – constant-head test
4.2 Land-application systems 4.2A Land-application systems – system selection and

sizing
4.2B Land-application systems – Guidance on selection
4.2C Water-balance and land-application systems

4.2D Typical domestic-wastewater flow design allowances
4.3 Wastewater-treatment units 4.3A Recommended capacities for conventional septic

tanks
4.4 Other wastewater systems None
4.5 Construction and installation 4.5A Construction and installation of trenches, beds
and ETA/ETS systems
4.5B Construction of mound systems
4.5C Construction and installation requirements for
shallow sub-surface drip irrigation systems
4.5D Construction and installation requirements for surface
irrigation systems
NOTE: The Means of Compliance clauses allow alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the
Standard provided the performance requirements of Part 2 are met.
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PART 4 : MEANS OF COMPLIANCE

CONTENTS
PART 4 : MEANS OF COMPLIANCE ....................................................................................... 54
4.1 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION ................................................................................. 54

4.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 54
4.1.2 Application .................................................................................................... 54
4.1.3 Site-and-soil Evaluation ................................................................................ 55
4.1.4 Results of Site-and-soil Evaluation ............................................................... 58
4.1.5 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 60
4.2 LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS .............................................................................. 61

4.2.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 61
4.2.2 Application .................................................................................................... 61
4.2.3 Design considerations for land-application systems ..................................... 61
4.2.4 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 64
4.2.5 Means of compliance ..................................................................................... 64
4.3 WASTEWATER-TREATMENT UNITS ....................................................................... 65

4.3.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 65
4.3.2 Application .................................................................................................... 65
4.3.3 Structure......................................................................................................... 65
4.3.4 Capacity ......................................................................................................... 65
4.3.5 Alternative wastewater-treatment units ......................................................... 65
4.3.6 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 66
4.4 OTHER WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 67

4.4.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 67
4.4.2 Application .................................................................................................... 67
4.4.4 Solids ............................................................................................................. 67
4.4.5 Effluent .......................................................................................................... 67
4.4.6 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 67
4.5 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION .................................................................. 68

4.5.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 68
4.5.2 Application .................................................................................................... 68
4.5.3 Construction of wastewater systems .............................................................. 68
4.5.4 Installation of wastewater systems ................................................................ 68
4.5.5 Installation instructions.................................................................................. 69
4.5.6 Commissioning and inspections .................................................................... 70
4.5.7 Non-standard construction and installation ................................................... 71
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Pa rt 4 : M EAN S O F C O M PLIAN C E
4.1 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION

4.1.1 Scope
This Clause of Part 4 of the Standard sets out Site-and-soil Evaluation (SSE) procedures for
development areas, subdivisions and individual lots to meet the performance objectives given in
Clause 2.3 of Part 2. It provides a methodology and a set of procedures for determining the nature of
a site and of its soil. It also provides methodologies and techniques for determining soil categories
that are used for the design of land-application systems.
NOTE:
Previous Standards have related soil assessment procedures in terms of permeability (or percolation)
testing to effluent Design Loading Rates. This Standard adopts a different approach. Soil profile
inspections, which consider several important soil properties, are used as the main tool to determine soil
categories. These are then matched to a best estimate of effluent infiltration capacity known as the long-
term acceptance rate (LTAR) from which recommended Design Loading Rates (DLR) and Design Irrigation
Rates (DIR) are assigned within each soil category. Soil permeability testing is a useful tool to help
confirm the soil category for design purposes, particularly if there is any element of doubt, or if the design
is not to be conservative, but permeability test results are not used as the sole determinant of soil category.
4.1.2 Application
4.1.2.1
Clause 4.1 and associated appendices (Appendices 4.1A, 4.1B, 4.1C, 4.1D, 4.1E and 4.1F) are intended
for use by regulatory authorities, planners, consultants, local government officers and others who
need to decide on whether a development area, subdivision or lot is favourable for installing on-site
domestic-wastewater systems. Clause 4.1 is a necessary precursor to Clause 4.2 of this Standard,
which covers the selection and design of land-application systems to match the Site-and-soil Evaluation
results.
Comment. The Appendices 4.1A, 4.1B, 4.1C, 4.1D, 4.1E and 4.1F cover the following aspects
of site and soil evaluation.
4.1A Site-and-soil Evaluation: Procedures
4.1B Site-and-soil Evaluation for planning, re-zoning and subdivision of land
4.1C Site-and-soil Evaluation for individual lots
4.1D Site and soil properties
4.1E Dispersive soils and sodicity
4.1F Soil-permeability measurement – constant-head test
4.1.2.2
When site evaluation experience, research results or performance practice can demonstrate that less
conservative or less rigorous procedures than those covered in 4.1 provide an equal or superior
result in achieving the performance objectives of this Standard, they can be adopted. However,
justification for their adoption must be lodged with and accepted by the relevant approval authority.
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4.1.3 Site-and-soil evaluation

4.1.3.1 General methodology
The SSE procedure shall:
(a) Assess the public health, environmental, legal and economic factors which are likely to impinge
on the siting and design of a land-application system.
(b) Evaluate the site-and-soil characteristics to determine feasible options for the design and sizing
of land-application systems.
(c) Compile all information collected during the SSE on appropriate plans and forms and in
reports. The information is then available to the system designer for inclusion in a Design
Report.
4.1.3.2 Sewerage systems

For new developments, the option of individual on-site systems shall be evaluated and compared
with off-site alternatives such as common-effluent drainage systems or modified or conventional
sewerage and the BPO chosen (see Clause 2.2.2.1).
4.1.3.3 Types of site-and-soil evaluation

The main types of SSE are:
(a) SSE surveys of land prior to zoning or re-zoning the land use
Comment. This type of survey is usually carried out either over one or more local government
areas for regional long-term planning purposes, or when potential development areas within
a local government jurisdiction are being assessed.
(b) SSE surveys for multiple adjacent sites such as subdivisions

The purpose of these surveys is to evaluate if the area is favourable for land-application systems
and to determine those areas requiring further evaluation.
Comment. Such surveys are more efficient than a series of individual lot inspections.
(c) SSE for individual lots
The purpose of this evaluation is to identify potential land-application and reserve areas on a
lot and to gather sufficient site and soil information for the selection and design of the wastewater
system.
4.1.3.4 Site-and-soil evaluation procedure – Summary

The SSE shall consist of a staged process, (see Clause 4.1.3.5 for details), undertaken by suitably
qualified and experienced personnel (see Part 3). The process shall consist of:
(a) Desk-top study

An initial evaluation of the development area, subdivision or lot shall be made to collate
relevant site information (including legal description, site plans, set-back requirements, soil
maps and environmental factors) prior to the site and soil check. ➤
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(b) Comprehensive site-and-soil check (SSC)

An on-site inspection involving traverses by foot shall be made to record the land surface
features such as topography, slope, buildings and services and to identify potential
environmental and other constraints. This inspection shall define the expected available area
(EAA) for a land-application system and delineate the exclusion area. This aspect of the SSC
shall also be used to determine the extent of any soil assessment required.
(c) Detailed site and soil assessment

A detailed subsoil investigation shall examine and record the soil profile and soil features
within the EAA. This leads to the testing of soil permeability when appropriate and the allocation
of soil categories. The investigation determines soil characteristics and potential soil limitations,
provides an evaluation of the Long-term Acceptance Rate (LTAR), and enables the
determination of a Design Loading Rate (DLR) or a Design Irrigation Rate (DIR).
If soil assessment is required, a Standard Procedure and a Modified Procedure are available,
(see Paragraph 4.1C3.1).
Comment. Modified individual Site-and-soil Evaluations are possible where sufficient

information is available to local authorities to be confident that cumulative and/or off-site
environmental risks are expected to be low. In some cases, this will be where the existing
surveys indicate little risk; the proposed site is surrounded by adequately functioning systems;
or the development is sufficiently sparse for impacts to be insignificant.
Where cumulative and/or off-site environmental risks are deemed to be high by local
authorities, then a conservative approach to the site evaluation should be undertaken and
the Standard procedure used. Alternatively consideration should be given to off-site
wastewater servicing.
(d) Evaluation of results and preparation of a SSE Report. (Refer to Clause 4.1.4.)
The relevant approval authority, land developer, or on-site domestic-wastewater consultant
will usually produce the SSE Report depending on the size, nature and interest in the land
involved (development area, subdivision or individual lot). The SSE Report must be available
to the wastewater-system designer for use and inclusion (in whole or in part), in the Design
Report, see (f) below.
(e) Selection of design parameters

Determination of optimum design parameters for the on-site domestic-wastewater system.
(f) Selection of wastewater system and preparation of a Design Report. (Refer to Clause 4.2.4.)
Comment. The procedure above covers most site and soil investigations. It is not exhaustive.
Other factors may need to be considered and other techniques may need to be employed. For
situations outside the coverage of this Standard, the use of a specialist should be considered.
4.1.3.5 Site-and-soil evaluation procedure – detailed steps

Detailed steps for the evaluation of a site and assessment of its soil are to be found in Appendices
4.1A (which refers to Appendices 4.1E and 4.1F) and 4.1D.
Detailed steps for the evaluation of subdivisions and individual lots are to be found in Appendices
4.1B and 4.1C.
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4.1.3.6 Extent and intensity of site-and-soil evaluation

The initial desktop study will help determine the extent of the evaluation necessary for a particular
development area, subdivision or individual site. The intensity of site evaluation shall be matched
against the size of the development and the likely nature and extent of potential health and
environmental impacts as determined by the SSC. This includes the impact of construction activity
on the ability of each site to function as a land-application area.
The intensity of a SSE may be varied according to:
(a) The volume, usage pattern or scale of the proposed on-site wastewater application (e.g. an
isolated lot or subdivision; a large lot size; a small lot size; size of EAA; likely volume of
wastewater flow).
(b) The cumulative risk to health and the environment of the on-site wastewater application.
(c) The previous land uses and the anticipated variability and complexity of site and soil parameters
in the EAA.
(d) The availability and nature of data from previous investigations (e.g. for adjacent or nearby
sites where the existing data records can be readily confirmed as comparable or representative
of the new areas under investigation).
(e) The performance record of local on-site systems (e.g. if the performance record is poor there
may be a need for higher levels of Site-and-soil Evaluation than normal).
Comment. It should be borne in mind that existing system failure might be because of
under-design or lack of maintenance.
Comment. It is expected that in areas where health and environmental impacts are minimal,
such as isolated rural properties, the extent of site evaluation can be scaled down. This would
also apply where cumulative impacts are not expected to be significant. For example with large
“lifestyle” blocks in areas where water-quality problems are not an issue, or in the use of
vacant lots within existing subdivisions for which a range of good site information is available
about on-site domestic-wastewater systems on neighbouring properties.
For subdivision of new land, the site evaluation will need to assess, as appropriate, whether
every lot/property is favourable. Indeed, this may be the determining factor in the sizing and
layout of individual lots or properties. The option of individual on-site systems should be
evaluated and compared with off-site alternatives such as common effluent drainage systems
or modified or conventional sewerage (see Clause 4.1.3.2). Applications for subdivision consent
should provide sufficient information to regulatory authorities to demonstrate that lots will be
capable of accommodating the on-site systems proposed.
4.1.3.7 Timing of site-and-soil evaluation

4.1.3.7.1 General
The SSE shall take account of construction or landscaping activity on site and on the state of the soil.
4.1.3.7.2 Subdivision
When major earthworks are required, the evaluation process shall be staged to include evaluations at
the time of subdivision design; after the sub-division has been constructed; and before the on-site
wastewater systems are designed in detail.
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4.1.3.7.3 Individual sites

For individual sites in existing subdivisions, the evaluation shall consider the timing and the impacts
of proposed building and landscaping works on the wastewater system’s location, design and
construction.
4.1.3.7.4 Seasons
The timing of the evaluation shall also consider the effects of seasonal (winter/summer) and/or
episodic variations on likely site conditions.
Comment. Many site and soil assessment procedures are not relevant or valid when soils are
saturated.
4.1.4 Results of site-and-soil evaluation

4.1.4.1 Determination of soil category
The evaluation process shall result in the collection of all relevant information on soil drainage,
structure, texture and indicative soil permeability of the soil that is required to filter, isolate, and
absorb wastewater micro-organisms, nutrients and particles, in the soil absorption zone. This
information is then reviewed in terms of Table 4.1.1 and is used to determine the soil category to be
assigned for design purposes.
Comment. The soil category, along with any specific site and soil limitations that have
significance, will determine whether on-site land-application systems are feasible and will
lead to the selection and design of the overall wastewater system.
4.1.4.2 Design loading rate (DLR)

The Design Loading Rate (DLR) shall be either selected from the tables in this Standard appropriate
to the preferred land-application system and determined soil category, or shall be determined and
justified by other techniques allowed by this Standard.
Comment. Appendix 4.2A assigns DLR values to soil categories for the current most commonly
used land-application systems.
In this Standard a conservative approach has been adopted in the determination of DLR. The
DLR for each soil category is set lower than the corresponding estimated LTAR value.
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TABLE 4.1.1
DETERMINATION OF SOIL CATEGORY
Soil Soil texture Structure Indicative Indicative

category permeability drainage class
(see Note 1) (Ksat) (see Note 3)
(m/d)
(see Note 2)
1 Gravels and sands Structureless >3.0 Rapidly drained

(Massive)
2 Sandy loams Weakly structured > 3.0 Well drained
Massive 1.4-3.0
3 Loams High/moderate 1.5-3.0 Moderately well

structured drained
Weakly structured 0.5-1.5

or massive
4 Clay loams High/moderate 0.5-1.5 Imperfectly drained

structured
Weakly structured 0.12-0.5
Massive 0.06-0.12
5 Light clays Strongly structured 0.12-0.5 Poorly drained

(Note 4)
Moderately structured 0.06-0.12
Weakly structured < 0.06

or massive
6 Medium to heavy Strongly structured 0.06-0.5 Very poorly drained

(Note 4) clays
Moderately structured < 0.06
Weakly structured < 0.06

or massive
NOTES:
1 Soil Category determination shall take into account the soil horizons within the depth range into which
effluent is absorbed (see Clause 4.1.4 and Paragraph 4.1A8). Figure 4.1A1 may be used to report on
the overall soil category determined from the inspection of the individual soil layers.
2 The values of indicative permeability Ksat are based on the movement of water, not effluent, through
the soil. They are estimates only and shall be used with caution in assisting the determination of the
Soil Category. In the field, soil permeability is strongly influenced by the presence of biological channels
such as old root holes, termite, ant and worm passages, as well as shrinkage cracks, and not merely by
soil texture. A virgin clay-based soil under native bush could easily be ten times as permeable as the
same soil under frequent cultivation or compacted by heavy traffic.
3 Indicative drainage classes are based on the assumption that drainage is governed only by the indicative
permeability and that external factors play no role.
4 For clay-dominated soils having dispersive (sodic) or shrink/swell behaviour, specialist soil advice
and special design techniques will be required to enable their utilization for land-application systems.
Generally these soils will have very poor drainage.
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4.1.5 Reporting
All information collected during the site evaluation process detailed in Appendix 4.1A shall be fully
reported by the site evaluator/site assessor in a Site-and-soil Evaluation Report and shall be available
to the designer for inclusion within a Design Report (see Clause 4.2.4).
Comment. Example data report sheets for use in compiling the SSE report are:
(a) Soil-profile information and data sheet (Figure 4.1A1, Appendix 4.1A)
(b) Site plan – Individual lot (Figure 4.1C1, Appendix 4.1C)
(c) Site information sheet (Figure 4.1C2, Appendix 4.1C)
(d) Site-and-soil Evaluation Form – Individual lot (Figure 4.1C3, Appendix 4.1C)
(e) Soil Permeability Field Record Sheet – Example (Figure 4.1F3, Appendix 4.1F)
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4.2 LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS

4.2.1 Scope
This Clause of the Standard establishes requirements for land-application system design, siting and
sizing to meet the performance requirements and criteria for wastewater systems given in Part 2 of
this Standard.
Land-application systems featured in this Standard are based on those which, currently, are most
commonly used.
The systems covered in detail are:
(a) Absorption trenches and absorption beds – Appendix 4.2A7

(b) Evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage beds/trenches – Appendix 4.2A8
(c) Mounds – Appendix 4.2A9
(f) Sub-surface and surface irrigation – Appendix 4.2A10
4.2.2 Application
Clause 4.2 and its associated appendices (Appendices 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C and 4.2D), are intended for
use by regulatory authorities, planners, consultants, local government officers and others who are
involved in considering the design of a particular land-application system for a particular site.
Comment. The Appendices 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C and 4.2D cover the following aspects of choosing
a land-application system.
(a) Land-application systems – system selection and sizing Appendix 4.2A
(b) Land-application systems – guidance on selection Appendix 4.2B
(c) Water-balance and land-application systems Appendix 4.2C

(d) Typical domestic-wastewater design flows Appendix 4.2D
4.2.3 Design considerations for land-application systems

4.2.3.1 Minimum design requirements
The technical guidelines and associated appendices for land-application systems in Clause 4.2 adopt
a conservative approach to design criteria and to design-loading or design-irrigation rates. Where
design experience, and/or research results, and/or performance practice can demonstrate that less
conservative approaches provide an equal or superior result in achieving performance objectives,
they can be adopted. Justification for their adoption shall form part of the final Design Report.
Comment. The final decision will remain with the approval authority.
4.2.3.2 Design process

The design process is detailed in Appendix 4.2A. The process shall use the results of the site evaluation
(see Clause 4.1 and associated Appendices) and the subsequent determination of soil categories and
loading rates along with any environmental constraints and opportunities to select, size and position
the land-application system (and associated wastewater-treatment unit). It shall determine or identify:
(a) The location of the land-application area. ➤
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(b) The location and size of a reserve land-application area.
(c) Any water conservation measures to be installed.
(d) Any wastewater recycle and re-use facilities.
(e) The location of wells and drinking water supply.
(f) The constraints identified in the SSC such as:
(i) location and variation of groundwater level;
(ii) risks to soil stability of introducing final effluent into the ground and consequent
exacerbation of soil erosion, creep or movement;
(iii) the potential for land to be affected by floodwaters.
(g) Any site modifications necessary to achieve performance requirements such as surface and
groundwater drainage, soil supplementation or evapo-transpiration planting.
(h) Access requirements for desludging the wastewater-treatment unit and other operation and
maintenance activities.
(i) The method to be employed to help distribute the effluent uniformly onto the land-application
area.
(j) Any other future development of the site.
4.2.3.3 Siting considerations

Land-application systems shall be sited so that:
(a) Where practical, they are exposed to prevailing winds and not shaded from the sunlight, or are
placed where nearby plants can help evapo-transpire the effluent.
(b) They do not affect, or are not affected by and comply with requirements for setback distances
from buildings, property boundaries, retaining walls, embankments, swimming pools etc.
Comment. Setback distance requirements vary from one regulatory authority to another.
There is no agreed setback or series of setback distances.
(c) Any above-ground irrigation system complies with the relevant regulatory authorities’
guidelines.
(d) Below-ground installations can be identified on the surface.
Comment. Knowledge of where the system and its components are located is essential for
any future maintenance. Some systems require a clearly marked perimeter around the
designated land-application area.
(e) They comply with performance requirements set by this Standard and/or the relevant regulatory
authority with respect to:
(i) clearance from groundwater;
(ii) coping with flooding;
(iii) avoiding pollution of any watercourse, canal, dam or waterbody.
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4.2.3.4 Reserve area

A reserve area of 100 % of the design area shall be available on a site for expansion, for resting of the
land-application system, or for duplication of the land-application system if unforeseen circumstances
require this at some future time. The reserve area shall be protected from any development that
would prevent it being used in the future.
Comment. The 100 % requirement is normally applied to conventional septic tank units followed
by a conventional trench land-application system. However it may be reduced or even eliminated
if an improved wastewater-treatment is provided; alternative land-application systems are
utilized; if dose loading and/or alternating loading of the design land-application areas are
employed; or where a Standard Procedure for site evaluation (see Appendix 4.1C) supports a
reduction in area. Such reduction or elimination in reserve area requirements should be
compatible with regulatory authority rules or requirements.
On small allotments, it may not be possible to provide a reserve area. The designer, in consultation
with the regulatory authority, should assess the options available for the site and select an
appropriate design that will provide security in case of unexpected failure.
4.2.3.5 Distribution system

The effluent distribution system shall be designed to accept outflow from the wastewater-treatment
unit and to convey it securely to the land-application system where it shall be distributed uniformly
and effectively.
When a pump system is used, the pump chamber shall be fitted with a high water-level alarm and a
minimum storage volume of 12 hours flow shall be provided within the wastewater-treatment and
pumping system.
Comment. The distribution system can consist of drip-loading devices, gravity-flood dosing,
siphon, or pressure-pump dosing units, with provision for alternating loading of separate sections
of the land-application areas. The type of distribution system should be justified within the
Design Report.
4.2.3.6 Nutrients
Land-application systems may be subject to nutrient discharge restrictions under environmental
controls imposed by a regulatory authority. The site evaluation procedures shall identify the nature
and degree of such restrictions that shall then be incorporated into the design of the system.
4.2.3.7 Rainfall surface flow control

The system shall be protected from rainfall and run-off infiltration using methods such as the
installation and use of bunds, cut-off drains, or improved surface drainage as appropriate. Alternatively,
the land-application system shall be shaped to shed rainfall.
4.2.3.8 Land use activity

Activities such as recreational games, gardening areas, or grazing animals, shall be controlled or
prohibited so that soil compaction or interference with the function of the land-application area is
minimized.
Unless allowed for by the design, the land-application area shall not be:
(a) Paved or sealed; ➤
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(b) Subject to vehicular traffic (other than a pedestrian-controlled lawnmower);
(c) Subject to regular foot traffic such as pathways and clothesline areas.
Comment. Garden areas around the land-application area can be specifically designed to
enhance water uptake from the soil by evapo-transpiration and to improve soil aeration.
4.2.4 Reporting
A report shall be produced that covers the issues discussed in Clauses 4.2.3.2 to 4.2.3.8 together with
their proposed solutions. This shall be included in the Design Report. (Refer to Clause 3.4.4.)
Comment. This report forms part of a full Design Report which will include the results of
considerations detailed in Clause 4.3 of this Standard covering the design sizing requirements
for septic tanks, including all-waste tanks, blackwater tanks and greywater tanks, or alternative
wastewater-treatment and alternative toilet systems.
4.2.5 Means of compliance

Systems selected and sized in accordance with the design rules set out in Appendices 4.2A to 4.2D
are deemed to comply with the provisions of this Standard. Non-standard installations and designs
outside the provisions of this Standard may be acceptable, provided they meet the performance
requirements and performance criteria of Part 2.
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4.3 WASTEWATER-TREATMENT UNITS

4.3.1 Scope
Clause 4.3 of this Standard identifies the capacity and structural requirements for ‘conventional’ and
‘alternative’ wastewater-treatment units to meet the performance requirements of Part 2.
Alternative wastewater-treatment units are regarded as adaptations of the basic septic tank.
Other wastewater systems, including alternative toilet systems are covered in Clause 4.4.
4.3.2 Application
Clause 4.3 and its associated Appendix 4.3A is intended for use by regulatory authorities, planners,
consultants and local government officers.
Comment. Appendix 4.3A covers recommended capacities for conventional septic tanks.
4.3.3 Structure
The structural performance requirements and criteria for conventional and alternative wastewater-
treatment units are to be found in Part 2 of this Standard. Part 2 defines the performance requirements
and refers to AS/NZS 1546.1 for performance criteria and associated tests.
4.3.4 Capacity
4.3.4.1 General
Part 2 of this Standard sets the performance requirements and criteria in regards to the capacity of
conventional or alternative wastewater-treatment units. This leads to the recommended minimum
capacities for conventional septic tanks shown in Appendix 4.3A. This Appendix covers septic tanks
when used to treat all-waste, greywater and blackwater.
4.3.4.2 Flow
Wastewater-treatment units in general shall be of sufficient volume to cope with the flow range
generated from a population equivalent of up to 10 persons and a maximum flow rate of up to
14 000 L/week.
4.3.4.3 Holding tanks

Holding tanks used to store domestic-wastewater prior to removal off-site are not covered by this
Standard. Their sizing requirements shall be in accordance with local regulatory requirements. In all
other respects, they shall comply with AS/NZS 1546.1.
4.3.5 Alternative wastewater-treatment units

4.3.5.1 General
Conventional septic-tank treatment units may be modified. For example, totally new components or
systems may be devised for inclusion in the tank, or extra treatment stages added to further treat the
tank effluent.
In general, the modifications are made to:
(a) Reduce the amount of suspended solids in the septic tank effluent being forwarded to the
land-application system, so that the system is more sustainable.
(b) Improve the overall quality of the effluent, so that the size of the land-application area is
reduced. ➤
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Comment. Alternative wastewater-treatment units may be based on or incorporate:

(a) As modifications to conventional septic tanks
(i) two-stage or multiple-tank configurations;
(ii) gas-baffled outlet tees;
(iii) up-flow rock-filter outlets; screen-vaulted outlet filters; settling plate outlet filters;
(iv) siphon or pump-dosing chamber(s) within the tank or within one of its stages (or
chambers).
(b) As an additional treatment stage following the septic tank
(i) aeration and disinfection, e.g. aerated wastewater-treatment systems, (AWTS);
(ii) sand filters;
(iii) constructed wetlands (reed beds).
4.3.5.2 Effluent quality

4.3.5.2.1 General
Alternative wastewater-treatment units are designed to produce a quality of effluent ranging from an
improved primary effluent to a secondary effluent. Design Loading Rates for improved primary
effluent from modified septic tanks may be adopted up to the maximum rates set out in Table 4.2A1
provided they are justified by a design report and approved by the approval authority. DLRs for
secondary effluent are also specified in Table 4.2A1. Secondary-effluent quality levels are defined
in Note 5 to Table 4.2A1.
4.3.5.2.2 Systems producing secondary effluent

Systems that produce secondary effluent shall be subject to specific design and sizing appropriate to
their intended application. They shall be installed/constructed, operated and maintained in accordance
with the designer’s or manufacturer’s instructions, which shall be sufficient for the system to meet
the performance requirements of this Standard.
4.3.5.2.3 Secondary-effluent producer statement

The designer or manufacturer shall provide a “producer statement” confirming how the alternative
wastewater-treatment unit achieves the effluent quality for which it is designed. The statement shall
describe the effluent quality in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Suspended
Solids (SS).
4.3.6 Reporting
The selection and sizing of the wastewater-treatment unit shall be incorporated into the Design
Report (refer to Clause 3.4.4), which includes the report associated with the land-application system
selection (see Clause 4.2.4).
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4.4 OTHER WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

4.4.1 Scope
Clause 4.4 identifies the requirements for other wastewater systems not covered by Clauses 4.2 and
4.3 and includes alternative toilet systems.
Comment. Alternative toilet systems may include or incorporate dry-vault units utilizing natural
processes for the decomposition of the waste, or may treat the wastewater using physical,
chemical or biological means. Examples are waterless composting toilets, dehydrating toilets,
incineration toilets and chemical toilets. These may be the subject of separate Standards.
4.4.2 Application
Clause 4.4 is intended for use by regulatory authorities, planners, consultants and local government
officers.

Wastewater systems shall meet the relevant capacity and structural performance requirements of
Part 2 of this Standard.
4.4.4 Solids
4.4.4.1 Solids
Any solids accumulated from the wastewater systems shall be handled with care and disposed of in
accordance with accepted practice, ensuring public health is maintained.
4.4.4.2 Risk management plan

A risk-management plan shall be drawn up when it is possible for untreated or partially treated
solids to come into contact with people or animals.
4.4.5 Effluent
4.4.5.1 Alternative toilet systems

Any effluent or waste liquid from an alternative toilet system e.g. urine or other drainage, shall be
treated and applied to land either separately as for blackwater, or in combination with greywater in
accordance with this Standard. Any other treatment of waste liquid shall be in a manner that has the
approval of public health authorities, refer Table 4.2A1, Notes 7 and 8.
4.4.5.2 Systems producing primary effluent

Any wastewater system that produces primary effluent shall comply with the requirements of this
Standard.
4.4.5.3 Systems producing secondary effluent

Any wastewater system that produces secondary effluent shall comply with the requirements of
Clauses 4.3.5.2.2 and 4.3.5.2.3.
4.4.6 Reporting
The selection and sizing of the wastewater system shall be incorporated into a Design Report, see
Clause 3.4.4. This report shall include all relevant information for the management of the solids and
effluent in terms of Clauses 4.3 and 4.4.
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4.5 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

4.5.1 Scope
Clause 4.5 of the Standard sets out the requirements for the construction and installation of wastewater
systems, in particular wastewater-treatment units and land-application systems, to meet the
performance requirements of Part 2.
4.5.2 Application
Clause 4.5 and associated appendices (Appendices 4.5A, 4.5B, 4.5C and 4.5D) are intended to be
used by manufacturers, drainage contractors or other installers, designers, regulatory authority
inspectors and owners.
Comment. The Appendices 4.5A, 4.5B, 4.5C and 4.5D cover the following land-application
systems:
(a) Trenches, and beds (including ETA/ETS systems) Appendix 4.5A
(b) Mounds Appendix 4.5B
(c) Sub-surface irrigation systems Appendix 4.5C
(d) Surface irrigation systems Appendix 4.5D
4.5.3 Construction of wastewater systems

Wastewater systems in general shall be constructed to comply with the performance requirements
and criteria found in Part 2 of this Standard, see also Clause 4.5.7.
4.5.3.1 Wastewater-treatment units

Most wastewater-treatment units are factory-constructed with only inlet/outlet joints etc. being made
on site. Standards such as AS/NZS 1546.1 shall be used to check factory construction and on-site
completion.
4.5.3.2 Land-application systems

Construction requirements for the commonly available land-application systems are found in
Appendices 4.5A to 4.5D.
4.5.4 Installation of wastewater systems

General requirements for the installation of wastewater systems are covered below, see also
Clause 4.5.6.
4.5.4.1 Siting
Wastewater systems shall be installed:
(a) So as not to affect any structural elements of buildings.

Comment. As a guide, wastewater-treatment units should be installed sufficiently clear of
buildings to provide an angle of repose of at least 45o between the bottom of the footing and
the base of the nearest component of the system.
In Australia, the siting of wastewater-treatment units is subject to regulatory authority
approval and may require the submission of a certified engineering design to allow
installation close to buildings and in trafficable areas.
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In New Zealand, the siting of wastewater-treatment units may be subject to regulatory

authority approval and may require the submission of a certified engineering design to
allow installation close to buildings and in trafficable areas.
(b) In compliance with setbacks and clearance from block/section boundaries as provided for in
by-laws and Regulations.
(c) With due consideration for future desludging operations.
4.5.4.2 Desludging
Where vehicular access is not available for desludging, the application for approval of the installation
shall state the manner in which it is intended to desludge the tank at the necessary intervals without
creating a health nuisance.
4.5.4.3 Soil
Wastewater-treatment units shall be installed in or on stable soil. Where there is doubt, the installer
shall give full details and specifications on how it is intended to provide a sound foundation for the
unit.
4.5.4.4 Surface water

Surface waters shall be diverted from the installed treatment unit and the land-application areas.
Special measures need to be taken in case of a high groundwater table or flood-prone land.
4.5.4.5 Drainage lines

The drainage system shall comply with AS/NZS 3500.2.2 or the New Zealand Building Code. All
drainage levels shall be considered to ensure appropriate gradients are around the treatment unit and,
where the design requires, allow gravitational discharge of effluent to the land-application area.
4.5.5 Installation instructions

4.5.5.1 Instructions
Manufacturers and designers shall provide installation instructions. The instructions shall be
sufficiently clear for an installer with the necessary skills to follow (see Part 3), and shall provide
guidance on installation in a safe and workmanlike manner.
The instructions shall cover, but be not necessarily restricted to, the following information:
(a) Special provisions concerning excavation relevant to each component of the wastewater system
or special provisions if the installation is freestanding.
(b) The preparation of the bottom and sides of any excavation.
(c) The method of safe handling and lifting components or units.
(d) Special instructions where the installation could be subject to groundwater or flotation.
(e) Special instructions where the installation could be subject to dispersivity in the soil.
(f) Fitting of any components: inlets, outlets, partitions, square junctions, gas baffles, filters, etc.
(g) Backfilling – recommendation of choice of material and the method of backfilling to be adopted.
(h) Need to fill the wastewater-treatment unit with water during backfilling operations.
(i) Methods of sealing and re-sealing wastewater-treatment unit lids and access/inspection covers/
openings and associated extensions. ➤
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(j) Commissioning instructions.

(k) Recommended plants for evapo-transpiration.
4.5.5.2 Repairs
Any repairs shall ensure that the wastewater-treatment unit meets the requirements of this and all
other relevant Standards.
4.5.6 Commissioning and inspections

The on-site wastewater system shall be inspected and checked by the designer or the designer’s
nominated agent during construction and during commissioning.
4.5.6.1 Siting of system

The installation shall be checked to ensure that:
(a) It is located as specified in the design.
(b) It is constructed as specified in the design.
(c) The inverts of absorption beds or trenches are truly level.
(d) The soils exposed in the base of the beds or trenches are as observed during the Site-and-soil
Evaluation and have not been compacted or smeared during excavation.
(e) Any tank has been installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and is free of
debris
(f) The distribution pipework is clean.
4.5.6.2 Pump systems

Commissioning shall include:
(a) Checking that the pump is installed and operating as specified by the manufacturer.
(b) Three draw-down tests to confirm that the pump is operating as specified.
(c) A check on the emergency storage volume above alarm level.
(d) Checking each float switch and associated control function.
(e) Checking other control functions.
(f) Completely filling the well prior to draw-down tests and recording drop in water level over a
24-hour period with lid on.
(g) Completing and signing written reports of pre-commissioning tests (see Clause 4.5.6.3).
4.5.6.3 Installation and commissioning report

A report shall be produced of the inspection of the installation and the results of the commissioning
tests. This shall be provided to the owner of the wastewater system and to the approval authority, if
required (see Clause 3.5.5 (e) and (f)).
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4.5.6.4 Manuals
Manuals shall be prepared and shall comprise:
(a) Information provided by the pump manufacturer (e.g. operation manual, service manual);
(b) Information provided by control and electrical equipment manufacturers;
(c) Copy of written specification and drawing;
(d) As-built details of sewer connection;
(e) Signed copy of commissioning tests.
Comment. The manuals, or material from the manuals, should be suitable for inclusion in
O & M guidelines. (Refer to Clause 3.7.3.)
4.5.7 Non-standard construction and installation

Construction and installation of non-standard wastewater-treatment units and primary or secondary
effluent-treatment systems may be accepted provided they meet the general performance requirements
of the Standard.
Comment. The final decision will remain with the approval authority.
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APPENDICES RELATED TO CLAUSE 4.1 SITE-AND-SOIL

EVALUATION
Appendix 4.1A: Site-and-soil Evaluation: Procedures

Appendix 4.1B: Site-and-soil Evaluation for planning, rezoning and subdivision of land
Appendix 4.1C: Site-and-soil Evaluation for individual lots
Appendix 4.1D: Site and soil properties
Appendix 4.1E: Dispersive soils and sodicity
Appendix 4.1F: Soil permeability measurement – constant-head test
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4.1A SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION: PROCEDURES ..................................... 74

4.1A1 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 74
4.1A2 DESKTOP STUDY ........................................................................................................ 74
4.1A2.1 Objective ........................................................................................................ 74
4.1A2.2 Groundwater .................................................................................................. 75
4.1A2.3 Site plans ........................................................................................................ 75
4.1A3 SITE-AND-SOIL CHECK (SSC) .................................................................................. 75
4.1A3.1 Matters to be considered ................................................................................ 75
4.1A3.2 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 76
4.1A4 SOIL ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................... 77
4.1A4.1 General ........................................................................................................... 77
4.1A4.2 Soil inspection procedures ............................................................................. 77
4.1A4.3 Assessment of soil properties ........................................................................ 77
4.1A4.4 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 78
4.1A5 NUTRIENT LOADING CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................. 78

4.1A6 DISPERSIVE SOILS ..................................................................................................... 79
4.1A6.1 General ........................................................................................................... 79
4.1A6.2 Reclassification of dispersive soils ................................................................ 79
4.1A7 SOIL PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT ................................................................. 79
4.1A8 REPORTING ................................................................................................................. 79
APPENDIX 4.1B SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION FOR PLANNING, REZONING AND

SUBDIVISION OF LAND ........................................................................... 81
4.1B1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 81
4.1B2 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 81
4.1B3 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION ................................................................................. 81
4.1B3.1 Terrain-soil combinations .............................................................................. 81
4.1B3.2 Land surface shape ........................................................................................ 83
4.1B3.3 Gradient ......................................................................................................... 83
4.1B3.4 Water .............................................................................................................. 85
4.1B3.5 Soil inspection ............................................................................................... 85
4.1B3.6 Unfavourable land ......................................................................................... 86
4.1B3.7 Low environmental risk ................................................................................. 86
4.1B3.8 Final plan ....................................................................................................... 86
4.1B3.9 Final plan report ............................................................................................. 86
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APPENDIX 4.1C SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION FOR INDIVIDUAL LOTS ..................... 87
4.1C1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 87

4.1C2 SITE ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................... 87
4.1C2.1 General........................................................................................................... 87
4.1C2.2 Preliminary interpretation .............................................................................. 87
4.1C3 SOIL ASSESSMENT FOR INDIVIDUAL LOTS ....................................................... 89
4.1C3.1 Soil data collection procedures ...................................................................... 89
4.1C3.2 Inspection record or log ................................................................................. 90
4.1C4 RESERVE LAND-APPLICATION AREA ................................................................... 90
4.1C5 UNFAVOURABLE RESULTS ...................................................................................... 90
4.1C6 SITE REPORT ............................................................................................................... 90
APPENDIX 4.1D SITE AND SOIL PROPERTIES.................................................................... 95
4.1D1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 95

4.1D2 ASSESSMENT OF SITE EXPOSURE ......................................................................... 95
4.1D3 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL COLOUR ............................................................................. 95
4.1D4 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL TEXTURE ........................................................................... 95
4.1D4.1 Field assessment ............................................................................................ 95
4.1D4.2 Laboratory assessment ................................................................................... 96
4.1D5 ASSESSMENT OF COARSE FRAGMENTS .............................................................. 98
4.1D5.1 General........................................................................................................... 98
4.1D5.2 Abundance ..................................................................................................... 98
4.1D5.3 Size ................................................................................................................ 98

4.1D5.4 Relevance and impact .................................................................................... 99
4.1D6 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL STRUCTURE ...................................................................... 99
4.1D7 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL DISPERSION .................................................................... 100
APPENDIX 4.1E DISPERSIVE SOILS AND SODICITY ...................................................... 101
4.1E1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 101

4.1E2 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 101
APPENDIX 4.1F SOIL PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT –

CONSTANT-HEAD TEST ........................................................................... 102
4.1F1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 102

4.1F2 PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................. 102
4.1F3 APPARATUS ............................................................................................................... 102
4.1F4 TEST PROCEDURE ................................................................................................... 103
4.1F4.1 Single test holes ........................................................................................... 103
4.1F4.2 Multiple test holes ....................................................................................... 106
4.1F5 TEST RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 106
4.1F6 TEST CALCULATION ............................................................................................... 106
4.1F7 TEST RECORDS ......................................................................................................... 107
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APPE N D I X 4 . 1A
S ITE -AN D - S O I L EVALUATI O N : PR O C E D U R E S
(Normative)
4.1A1 SCOPE
The procedures and special considerations for Site-and-soil Evaluation are covered in summary
form in Clause 4.1 of Part 4 (see Clause 4.1.3.4). This Appendix discusses these matters in detail and
also refers to Appendices 4.1E and 4.1F. Site-and-soil Evaluation considerations covering subdivision
of land and individual lots are to be found in Appendices 4.1B and 4.1C.
4.1A2 DESKTOP STUDY

4.1A2.1 Objective
The objective of the desktop study is to collect all relevant legal and planning information (legal
title, boundaries, existing and proposed services); relevant environmental information (soils, climate,
geology, ecology, hydrology); information on the performance of existing systems on similar sites;
information on previously evaluated nearby sites and proposed land uses; and other information for
the site and general area.
The desktop study shall be used to help select the final site by identifying relevant features such as:
(a) An overview of the soil and landscape (topography) features including drainage patterns across
the site.
(b) Infrastructure information, for example, existing or planned buildings and services (power,
gas).
(c) Any cumulative and/or off-site effects such as soil salinity or the presence of fill.
(d) Erosion and land slippage, hazard-register records relating to geo-technical hazards.
(e) Exclusion areas.
(f) Set-back distances.
(g) Potential environmental effects of any proposed on-site domestic-wastewater system.
The results of the desktop study shall be used to help decide the degree, type and extent of the Site-
and-soil Evaluation (SSE) to follow, which includes the Site-and-soil Check (SSC) (see Clause
4.1A3). The desk-top study provides an initial indication of the Expected Available Areas (EAA) for
land-application systems and of any detailed soil assessment that may be needed.
Comment. This site information may require collation of data from a wide variety of sources.
Much may be available from the relevant department of local government, planning authority,
regional or district council, catchment authority or meteorological agency. The data may be in
the form of records; soil, regolith, vegetation, geology, hydrology and hydro-geology maps and
reports; and soil databases.
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Maps or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can help to determine obvious widespread site
problems. These may be areas with very shallow soils, shrink-swell/reactive soils, dispersive
or sandy subsoil, steep slopes, mass-movement hazards, poorly drained land, flood-hazard
areas, swamps or waterlogged areas, or other attributes which may affect the performance of
a proposed land-application system.
It is recommended that a thorough regional desk-top study, commissioned by planning and

other authorities, is done once and that the results are incorporated as early as possible into
the planning process.
It is recommended that the local regulatory authority commissions a desktop study over the
entire area of its jurisdiction as early as possible. Such a study would be of value in helping
plan future settlement strategies and regional development.
Such studies will also help prevent repetitive collection of information for individual sites. It is
expected that some finer detail for specific assessments would need to be collected, e.g. property
boundary information.
4.1A2.2 Groundwater
Groundwater information, including the nature and quality of aquifers (confined or unconfined),
water-table heights (seasonal and perched) and the use and potential value of the groundwater resource
shall be assessed.
4.1A2.3 Site plans

For subdivisions and individual sites the relevant information from the desk-top study shall be
transcribed onto the subdivision or site plan. EAA, potential land-application area locations and
exclusion areas e.g. flood-prone areas, setbacks, appropriate clearances between site features and
intended on-site facilities, shall be identified in accordance with local regulatory requirements.
The EAA may be modified by the results of the site evaluation and assessment.
4.1A3 SITE-AND-SOIL CHECK (SSC)

The SSC is an essential follow up phase to the desk-top study (see Clause 4.1.3.4). It is an on-site
inspection involving traverses by foot to confirm or identify potential environmental and other
constraints. This leads to the identification of exclusion areas and the EEA for a land-application
system. The SSC is also used to confirm the extent of soil assessment required.
4.1A3.1 Matters to be considered

The Site-and-soil Check (SSC) report forms part of the SSE Report (see Clause 4.1A3.2), and shall
consider the following matters and report on those that require attention.
(a) A description of the domestic-wastewater producing facilities to be served, their function,

size and expected wastewater flow on a daily peak and weekly total output basis.
(b) A description of the property, its size, topography, slope, buildings and services and relationship
to neighbouring properties and their facilities.
(c) Any previous use of site areas (e.g. agriculture, horticulture) including the likely degree of
soil disturbance such as soil contamination, compaction or presence of fill and measures to
ameliorate adverse effects of past land uses. ➤
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(d) The potential effects of effluent discharged within the property on health and ecosystems and
its potential cumulative adverse influence (if any) on neighbouring properties and the
downstream hydrologic catchment through run-off and/or groundwater flows.
(e) The environmental quality objectives set by the regulatory authority for surface water and
groundwater and the current water quality of those systems.
(f) Any environmental features of significance within the subject property/properties and beyond
the property boundaries (both on neighbouring properties and within the downstream hydrologic
catchment in which the property is located).
Comment. The New Zealand Building Code requires consideration of neighbouring and
other properties.
(g) The distance downstream to the nearest water-body or watercourse, or where relevant the
coast and the risk and cumulative impact of contamination of waterways.
(h) The risk of erosion and loss of stability of hill slopes.
(i) The soil-water regime, especially during wet seasons, in terms of the duration of any shallow
waterlogging (seasonal perched water-tables) as known through anecdotal information,
observations from any nearby test bores or boreholes, presence of water-loving vegetation or
soil mottling, or estimated from soil morphology. The position of the permanent dry-weather
water-table under the site also needs to be considered.
Comment. Local knowledge may assist with determining these factors.
(j) The presence of any restrictive soil horizons within the soil absorption zone, for example
heavy clays, hardpans, or any other factors limiting the Design Loading Rate (DLR).
(k) A description of the mitigation measures proposed to avoid or remedy any potential or actual
adverse effects.
(l) Likely impact of construction or earthmoving activity, including subdivisional and/or building
platform earthworks, on system performance.
(m) The need for monitoring special designs, installations, and/or operation and maintenance
features.
(n) The identification of all persons interested in or likely to be affected by the proposal, what
consultation had been undertaken, and what responses are proposed to address the views of
those consulted.
4.1A3.2 Reporting
The outcome of the SSC process shall be reported in full as part of the SSE procedures given in this
Appendix. In particular, the report shall indicate the need for, or extent of, any further detailed site or
soil assessment. When judgements are made as to matters of “significance” or “non-significance”
related to potential environmental effects, the reasons for such judgements shall be provided to the
satisfaction of the regulatory authority.
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4.1A4 SOIL ASSESSMENT

4.1A4.1 General
Soil assessment shall be carried out in two stages. The first stage shall be an overall inspection of the
nature of the soil and its layers by use of soil boreholes and/or soil pit investigations appropriate
to the level of investigation required for either subdivisions (Appendix 4.1B) or individual lots
(Appendix 4.1C). The second stage is an examination of the properties of the individual soil layer(s)
(Appendix 4.1D).
4.1A4.2 Soil inspection procedures

The procedures for soil boreholes and soil pit investigations are summarized in Table 4.1A1.
TABLE 4.1A1
SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
Soil boreholes Soil-pit
Method Upper soil section removed Dug by hand or backhoe.

by spade Clean face exposed for inspection.
Lower sections are usually Soil cores, if > 50 mm diameter and

removed by auger, but a core relatively undisturbed, may be
sampler could be used suitable
Soil properties Topsoil described as per All layers described as per

Table 4.1A2 Table 4.1A2
Subsoil section described as

per Table 4.1A2; omitting
structure, fabric, and large
coarse fragments
Depth As specified for the type of system plus at least 0.6 m below effluent
disposal depth, e.g. surface drip or trench depth, or to depth of
unfavourable layer, equipment refusal, or to permanent water-table
To depth of at least 1.2 m below disposal depth if soils are Category 1,

(Table 4.1.1)
Occupational Health All boreholes to be back-filled In some jurisdictions, special

and Safety Regulations after inspection requirements apply to any person
entering pits deeper than 1.5 m. All
pits to be refilled immediately after
inspection
4.1A4.3 Assessment of soil properties

The topsoil and subsoil collected or exposed in the borehole or soil pit shall be assessed using
Table 4.1A2.
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4.1A4.4 Reporting
The results of the soil property assessment shall be recorded as part of the SSE and form part of the
reporting requirements of Clause 4.1.5.
TABLE 4.1A2
SOIL PROPERTIES
Soil factors Minimum investigation Method (to be undertaken for

each major soil horizon)
(see Note 1)
Soil colour Record main soil matrix Visual assessment see Appendix
colour and mottles 4.1D, Clause 4.1D3
Soil texture Record soil texture Hand texturing see Appendix

4.1D, Clause 4.1D4
Coarse fragments Record the presence of coarse Visual estimation of volume and
(see Note 2) fragments size range see Appendix 4.1D,
Clause 4.1D5
Soil structure Assess the dominant soil Visual assessment see Appendix
(see Note 2) structure 4.1D, Clause 4.1D6
Dispersion Emerson test (see Appendix Modified Emerson Test (see

4.1D, Clause 4.1D7) Appendix 4.1D, Clause 4.1D7)
Shrink-swell/cracking Note vertical or slanting Look for vertical slanting cracks

reactive soils cracks, slickensides or extending from the surface down
(see Note 2) pressure faces 30 - 40 cm or slickensides
Permanent water-table Record depth below surface Consult available information or

check local wells or bores
Surface condition and soil As appropriate. Visual assessment

moisture status Consider recent antecedent
rainfall
Other soil-specific factors As appropriate Visual assessment and local

e.g. impeding layers such as information as appropriate
hardpans; nutrient status
relating to past land use
NOTES:
1 To be used when applicable.
2 Not required for soil-observation boreholes for layers below spade depth as these cannot
be adequately assessed from auger borings.
4.1A5 NUTRIENT LOADING CONSIDERATIONS

Effluent from domestic-wastewater-treatment units contains nutrients, specifically nitrogen and
phosphorus compounds, which can impact on ecosystems and pollute groundwater. In some cases,
significant input of nutrients can irreversibly alter terrestrial ecosystems and water bodies. Regulatory
authorities in certain jurisdictions will have set limitations on nutrient application rates to soil or
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79 AS/NZS 1547:2000
groundwater in order to achieve local or regional environmental standards. This Standard bases
design primarily on hydraulic loading. The relevant regulatory authority shall be consulted for
requirements that take account of nutrient management.
Comment. When nutrient loading considerations are considered significant, specialist advice
should be sought.
4.1A6 DISPERSIVE SOILS

4.1A6.1 General
Wastewater-treatment unit effluent contains significant levels of sodium that can cause the clay in
soils to disperse into suspension in effluent or water. The suspended clays are then carried into and
block small pores. This can markedly reduce the permeability of most soils.
Even effluents with a Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of three or more at salinity levels which are
typical of domestic effluent can cause some soils to disperse, the LTAR to reduce dramatically, and
the application system to fail. This may be corrected by the application of gypsum. (Refer to
Appendix 4.5A, Paragraph 4.5A5.3.)
Comment. Refer to Appendix 4.1E for a more detailed discussion on dispersive soils and on
sodicity.
The appropriate soil conservation/survey agency should be consulted concerning the location
of such soil types. These dispersive soil areas could be identified in the regional desktop studies
referred to in Paragraph C4.1A2.1.
4.1A6.2 Reclassification of dispersive soils

If the soil in the land-application area is shown to be dispersive by the modified Emerson Aggregate
test during an SSC (see Appendix 4.1D, Paragraph 4.1D7), the soil shall be classified as Category 6
and the system must be designed for conservative Design Loading Rates.
Comment. In such situations high sodium adsorption ratios can be reduced in the effluent by
the use of low-sodium washing products. The soil adjusts to the chemical characteristics of the
water to which it is exposed. The use of low sodium detergent may be sufficient to prevent
unacceptable soil dispersion.
4.1A7 SOIL PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT

A hydraulic soil conductivity measurement shall be undertaken where there is a dispute or substantial
doubt concerning field assessment of soil category, or where the site evaluator/soil assessor wishes
to use values of measured permeability to assist in determining the soil category for determination of
DLR. A recommended procedure for soil permeability measurement is set out in Appendix 4.1F.
4.1A8 REPORTING
All assessments of a site and its soil and tests on the soil shall be reported and included as part of the
Site-and-soil Evaluation Report. (Refer to Clause 4.1.5.)
Comment. Figure 4.1A1 is an example reporting form. Figures 4.1C1, 4.1C2 and 4.1C3 in
Appendix 4.1C, are other example forms for individual lots that may also be used.
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Company logo & address details Excavation log for AS/NZS 1547
Client name: Project name: Excavation no: Logged by:

AS/NZS 1547:2000
Suburb: Lot number: Map sheet name: Grid reference: E N
Street address: Surface level: R L
Date of inspection:
Pit/borehole no:
Slope: %. Land form element: Ground cover: Surface condition: Indicative drainage:
Surface stones: Vegetation: Water table depth:
Land surface notes: Parent material:
Layer Lower Horizon Moisture Colour Field Coarse Structure Modified Soil Sample Consistency Permeability Other
depth condition* (moist) texture fragments Emerson category taken assessment
80
mm % volume (Y/N)
1
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2
3
4
5
Use another form if > 5 layers or major horizons. *Describe moisture condition as: dry, moist, very moist, saturated.
Notes/comments/observations:
Overall Soil Category assigned:
Soil appears favourable for:
(List system types) Maximum depth of system: Checked by:
FIGURE 4.1A1 SOIL PROFILE INFORMATION AND DATA SHEET : EXAMPLE

81 AS/NZS 1547:2000
APPENDIX 4.1B
S I T E -AN D - S O I L E VAL UAT I O N F O R P LAN N I N G ,

R E Z O N I N G AN D S U B D I V I S I O N O F LAN D
(Normative)
4.1B1 SCOPE
This Appendix describes the site and the soil evaluations that are required for planning, rezoning and
subdivision of land as covered in Clause 4.1 of Part 4.
4.1B2 GENERAL
Land which is to be rezoned or subdivided shall have the nature of the sites that are available and the
associated soil evaluated for suitability for on-site domestic-wastewater systems.
Prior to work commencing, the preferred type(s) of wastewater system contemplated for the area
shall be indicated. This can be based on local experience or prior study. Otherwise, all possible
systems shall be evaluated. If reticulated sewerage is planned for the subdivision in the future, an
indication of the timetable for such construction shall be presented.
Comment. When rezoning or subdividing land, an overall evaluation of the site and its soil is
more efficient than evaluation of many individual lots.
Evaluation of multiple adjacent lots or multiple-occupancy dwellings should be done as part of

the rezoning or subdivision planning process.
Soil surveys for related purposes such as erosion and sediment control and/or engineering
tests could also be conducted at the same time.
4.1B3 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION

The steps taken in the Site-and-soil Evaluation (SSE) process for subdivisions are shown in
Figure 4.1B1.
4.1B3.1 Terrain-soil combinations

The assessment would normally include stereoscopic inspection of air photos and other remotely-
sensed information. At this stage, the terrain-soil combinations distinguished on the air photos
and/or obtained from other information, as well as the EAA from the desk-top study (refer to
Appendix 4.1A) shall be delineated in a preliminary fashion on the site plan.
Consideration shall be given to the effects of reshaping of the land, or other development construction
activities, and on the subsequent suitability of the land for land-application of wastewater effluent.
Terrain-soil combinations shall include land surface shapes such as hill slopes, terraces, flood-plains,
fans, hill-wash deposits, wind-blown sand plains, dunes, coastal plains, etc. These are further
subdivided according to shape and position and to soil type.
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FIGURE 4.1B1 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION PROCESS FOR SUBDIVISIONS
A Desk top study: Gathering of existing information

Preliminary identification and delineation on maps or aerial photos of potentially favourable terrain - soil combinations.
(Use slope classes, slope configuration, soil parent material or bedrock as primary basis for classification and delineation).
➔
B Field work NOTES

Reconnaissance, preliminary
mapping and description of
all terrain-soil combinations.
Field traverses on foot plus
minimum of 3 representative
sites described; edit and
correct stage A work.
➔
C Interpretation H Select I Analyse limitations

Preliminary terrain-soil No 1. All mapping units are ➔ If limitations can be Reporting the nature and
descriptions all indicate
favourable potential for
➔ unfavourable overcome at acceptable
cost, specify land
spatial distribution of site
limitations will assist future
proposed land use? management to enable workers in the area
proposed use. If not,
abandon subdivision
proposal
2. Some mapping units

are unfavourable
➔ Go to stage D for
favourable mapping units;
consider cost and potential
for overcoming limitations
in unfavourable mapping
units
3. Mapping units too ➔ Continue mapping but use A larger scale will result in
heterogeneous to larger scale to obtain more smaller mapping units
enable generalisations homogeneity in each unit;
of potential
➔ or
Evaluate individual lots
Yes
➔
D Confirmatory field work

Within each apparently Adding sufficient detail will
favourable terrain-soil mapping increase reliability of the data

unit, inspect soil test pits and
verify soil permeability
Conduct adequate soil
investigations to obtain
representative data
➔
E Interpretation J Analysis
Soil assessment suggests soil No Analyse reasons for errors in Pay special attention to
conditions are favourable for
proposed use.
➔ initial diagnosis, and go back
to stage H
variability over short distances
Yes
➔
F Selection
Select appropriate land- Matching land-application
application systems for all systems to terrain-soil units
favourable terrain-soil results in better performance
combinations
G Proceed
Proceed with design and
installation
NOTE: Experienced site evaluators or soil assessors may combine steps B to E in a single phase of fieldwork. The various steps only describe the
sequence of considerations involved in Site-and-soil Evaluation.
WARNING: Avoid speculation on the nature and effects of site limitations. Extrapolation from unreliable base information leads to incorrect outcomes.
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4.1B3.2 Land surface shape

Land-surface shape shall be categorized in order to assess the amount of water run-on and run-off
from the site (see Figure 4.1B2). Entire hill slope categories are usually described as waxing, waning,
linear, maximal or minimal (vertical cross section), and as divergent, planar or convergent slopes (in
plan projection).
Comment. A divergent slope spreads surface water out over an ever-widening area as it runs
down the slope, thus promoting natural site drainage. A convergent slope concentrates surface
water in an ever-smaller area, promoting soil wetness.
The other terms are described below.
Waxing Element up-slope is gentler; element down-slope is steeper;

thus water is shed progressively faster during run-off, promoting drainage.
Waning Element up-slope is steeper; element down-slope is gentler;

thus water is progressively slowed down as it runs off, promoting soil wetness.
Linear The shape of the land surface between two points, either up and down the slope or
across the slope on the contour is a straight line.
Planar The shape of the land resembles a flat plane, being linear both down and across
the slope.
Maximal Elements up-slope and down-slope are gentler.
Minimal Elements up-slope and down-slope are steeper.
There are four possible land surface shapes that are curved both in vertical cross section and in
plan projection and five which are curved in one plane only. These are illustrated in the diagrams
in Figure 4.1B2.
The land-surface characteristics are important for appreciating how the surface and subsurface
drainage will flow towards, or away from, a potential EEA.
4.1B3.3 Gradient
The gradient or slope shall be noted.
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Waxing divergent Linear divergent Waning divergent
Best water shedding surface, Good water shedding Waning slope slows run-off
accelerates and spreads run-off surface, spreads run-off, but divergence aids in
but no acceleration spreading run-off out
Waxing planar Linear planar Waning planar
Increasing slope angle Natural drainage less effective Becomes progressively

aids run-off, but no spreading; with distance from crest; no less well drained down
good drainage spreading or acceleration; slope, slows run-off; poor

assess site
Waxing convergent Linear convergent Waning convergent
Good drainage, but may Relatively poor drainage Most prone to water-logging;
concentrate run-on; run-off expected; improve by cut-off avoid if possible; otherwise
is accelerated; use bunds drains and bunds improve drainage
FIGURE 4.1B2 SLOPE CONFIGURATION IN RELATION TO SURFACE DRAINAGE
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4.1B3.4 Water
The water regime of each terrain-soil combination shall be evaluated. This shall include surface run-
off, lateral and vertical seepage and drainage (and hence slope configuration), aspect and evaporative
regime, as well as other seasonal and hydrological factors important for on-site effluent land-
application.
4.1B3.5 Soil inspection

4.1B3.5.1 Personnel
Suitably qualified and experienced personnel (see Clause 3.5.4) must conduct soil surveys. When
completed, the practitioner shall sign off the plan and the SSE Report as a true representation of the
evaluation.
4.1B3.5.2 Soil survey

The soil survey shall aim to delineate those landforms and soil types that are likely to be favourable
for on-site domestic-wastewater treatment and land-application. These shall be marked on the plan
and described in a SSE Report and identified as uniquely named or numbered terrain-soil
combinations. Distinct breaks in slope configuration are often associated with land form and soil
boundaries. These shall be checked.
4.1B3.5.3 Favourable land

Only those terrain-soil combinations that are favourable require further detailed soil inspection and/
or (optional) testing.
Those terrain-soil combinations in the EAAs, which could be favourable for land-application systems,
shall be traversed on foot, preferably across any suspected variation, so that the variability within the
terrain-soil combination can be assessed. If there is any significant variability within a terrain-soil
combination, then that combination shall be subdivided further.
4.1B3.5.4 Soil sampling and inspection

The accuracy of the soil description in the mapping units depends on representative sampling of the
soil.
A minimum of three representative sites shall be described.
Soils shall be inspected at the upper, centre and lower portions of each map unit. In unknown areas,
auger holes, backhoe pits, or hand dug pits in each mapped terrain-soil combination may be sufficient.
Soil-observation boreholes and soil inspection pits, (refer to Appendix 4.1A, Table 4.1A1), shall be
evenly, but not necessarily uniformly, spread across all available areas shown on the plan and be
located so as to be representative of any variation within a map unit.
If the soil properties within a mapping unit are found to be homogeneous there is no need to evaluate
individual lots. Otherwise, if the variability in the field is shown to be significant for land-application
systems, each lot shall be assessed individually, see Appendix 4.1C.
Comment. Compound, heterogeneous map units may be subdivided, following additional field
work, into two or more mapping units to create units in which the soils are more homogeneous.
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4.1B3.6 Unfavourable land

Terrain-soil combinations, which present severe limitations for land-application of effluent, must be
shown on the plan. On-site wastewater system development in these areas shall be avoided, unless
covered by specific design.
Terrain-soil combinations having limitations, which can be overcome by special technical measures,
shall be shown on the plan with appropriate symbols indicating the measures needed to make these
areas suitable.
4.1B3.7 Low environmental risk

Interpretations of mapping units shall include assessments of environmental risks associated with
the proposed development. Where the environmental risks are perceived to be low, it is permissible
to reduce the intensity of the field work and testing of the soils.
4.1B3.8 Final plan

The plan shall clearly show map units that are favourable or unfavourable and map units where
individual assessments will be required. Individual map units referred to in the report (see Paragraph
4.1B3.9) shall be uniquely and clearly identified on the plan. The plan shall show land contours
(where available), slope gradients where measured, site traverses, surface water drainage lines as
well as final soil-terrain map units.
All locations of soil pits and soil-observations, (favourable or not) shall be individually numbered
and shown on plans. Plans for subdivisions shall be of the same scale as the stormwater drainage or
road plan for the subdivision.
4.1B3.9 Final plan report

The accompanying report to the final plan shall note which on-site domestic-wastewater-treatment
and land-application systems could be favourable. The report shall also note which part of the area
may be unfavourable.
The report shall indicate areas where standard individual soil assessments are required as well as
areas where reduced site assessments may be sufficient. Copies of all soil pit logs and soil-observation
logs that link to the plan must be included.
The report shall also identify any cumulative effects that can be expected from effluent management
within the catchment. This includes effects on groundwater quality and depth and surface water
quality as well as salinity hazards.
The report shall be incorporated within the full Site-and-soil Evaluation Report (see Clause 4.1.5).
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APPENDIX 4.1C
S IT E -AN D - S O I L EVALUATI O N F O R I N D I VI D UAL LOT S
(Normative)
4.1C1 SCOPE
This Appendix identifies the Site-and-soil Evaluation (SSE) requirements for individual lots as covered
in Clause 4.1 of Part 4.
4.1C2 SITE ASSESSMENT

4.1C2.1 General
A separate site assessment shall be carried out for each individual property unless the evaluation of
a subdivision shows wide areas of homogeneous soils, (refer to Paragraph 4.1B3.5.4), or local
government approves otherwise.
The site locations within the expected available area (EAA) shall be traversed on foot. The terrain
and land-surface characteristics shall be recorded on a Site Plan and a Site-and-soil Evaluation Form
shall be completed (see Paragraph 4.1A3). Example forms are to be found in Figures 4.1C1 – 4.1C3.
4.1C2.2 Preliminary interpretation

A preliminary interpretation of factors affecting the site shall then be undertaken. Potential land-
application areas and reserve areas shall be identified within each lot. Areas where site factors are
clearly limiting or unsuitable for the installation of standard land-application systems shall be
delineated and labelled on the site plan, e.g., steep convergent (run-on) slopes, and shallow rocky
soils. The preliminary site factors to be assessed are outlined in Table 4.1C1.
This site assessment shall be used to confirm the nature and extent of a detailed soil assessment. The
specific and detailed assessment of site and soil properties to be used on individual lots are set out in
Appendix 4.1D.
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TABLE 4.1C1
SITE ASSESSMENT FACTORS – INDIVIDUAL LOT
Site factor Minimum investigation Method
Slope Measure over 20 m slope length Inclinometer or Abney level

Shape Concave, convex or planar Visual assessment
Shape Divergence/convergence Visual assessment
Aspect Note direction slope faces Compass
Exposure (sun/wind) Exposure assessment – identify on See Appendix 4.1D, Paragraph

site plan 4.1D2
Erosion/mass movements/land slip Note location and details on Site Plan Visual assessment and aerial photo
inspection
Boulders/rock outcrops Note location on Site Plan Visual assessment
Vegetation Record type on Site-and-soil Visual assessment and sampling if

Evaluation Form. necessary for subsequent
Record cover area on Site Plan identification of species
Watercourse Note locations of standing water and Visual assessment

watercourses including flow direction
on Site Plan
Soil water regime Frequency and duration of seasonal Anecdotal information from
shallow waterlogging (perched landholders; monitoring boreholes
water-tables). if available in locality, soil profile
Depth to permanent dry weather inspection determination of
groundwater-table mottling; any available records of
groundwater-tables
Fill Note location, depth and type on the From inspection of soil pits
Site Plan
Run-on/flooding Note location of run-off producing or Examine site for flood debris and
flood prone areas on Site Plan silt deposits; visual assessment of
topography of adjacent upslope
areas.
Channelled (concentrated) run-off Note location of areas on Site Plan Visual assessment of site
and those which produce concentrated topography
run-off towards neighbouring
properties
Soil surface condition Note cracks, hardness, previous Inspection of topsoil with hand
compaction, dampness and the tools and by visual appearance
location of seepage areas
Salinity Record salt tolerant vegetation, bare Visual assessment

ground, or presence of salt crystals on
surface
Other site-specific factors As per Site-and-soil Evaluation Form See Figure 4.1C3
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4.1C3 SOIL ASSESSMENT FOR INDIVIDUAL LOTS

4.1C3.1 Soil data collection procedures
The soil data shall be collected following completion of the site assessment. Either of two procedures,
Standard or Modified, described below may be used.
Comment. Details of the use of soil boreholes and soil-observation pits used in the procedures
are given in Table 4.1A1 and details of the soil assessment are given in Table 4.1A2.
Soil-observation boreholes are inferior to soil-pit assessments but can provide a relatively low
cost and rapid assessment of soil conditions. Design Loading Rate (DLR) is always based on
the most conservative value for the type of soil. Soil pits are necessary to justify higher values
of DLR (see Paragraph 4.2A7.2).
4.1C3.1.1 Standard procedure

If site factors indicate that a less conservative DLR is, or may be appropriate, then a soil pit
investigation is needed and the Standard Procedure shall be used.
At least three soil-observation boreholes and a soil pit are required to determine where the best soils
for a land-application system are located.
(a) One soil-observation borehole shall be near where wastewater enters the site. Another soil-
observation borehole shall be made near the far end of the system.
(b) A soil pit shall be dug near the centre of this area to determine the soil texture and structure.
The soil pit shall be of a size that enables a soil evaluator sufficient room to gain access to
mark up and measure the soil profile. Alternatively, the side of a natural exposure or pit shall
be cleaned with a spade and examined.
(c) In situations where soil pits are impractical or inappropriate (e.g. in uniform sand or granular
soils of known extent), confirmatory boreholes as for the Modified Procedure (see below)
shall be used.
Comment. Use of this procedure may result in a higher DLR and/or a reduced EAA (land-
application area and reserve area).
4.1C3.1.2 Modified procedure

The Modified Procedure shall be used whenever site factors indicate the need to adopt a conservative
system design. The associated DLR values are given in the appropriate land-application system
design tables in Appendix 4.2A.
The Modified Procedure requires at least three soil-observation boreholes per lot within the area
selected for the land-application system. One soil-observation borehole shall be near where wastewater
enters the site. Another soil-observation borehole shall be made near the far end of the system.
However, if detailed soil survey information is available (e.g. from subdivision evaluation) or if use
of the Standard Procedure is impracticable (see 4.1C3.1.1(c)), then only one ‘confirmatory’ soil-
observation borehole is needed near the centre of the proposed land-application area.
If this ‘confirmatory’ borehole does not indicate favourable conditions then either the EAA or the
proposed wastewater system shall be modified and further site and soil investigations started.
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4.1C3.2 Inspection record or log

The inspection of each soil-observation borehole and soil pit shall record the whole depth of soil
profile:
(a) Surface conditions;
(b) Soil horizons, depths;
(c) Soil characteristics and inferred attributes.
4.1C4 RESERVE LAND-APPLICATION AREA

Where it is considered prudent, or where the regulatory authority requires a reserve land-application
area, its location shall also be confirmed using the Modified Procedure for soil-data collection.
Where boreholes are not adequate for assessing soil texture and structure, a soil pit shall be dug.
4.1C5 UNFAVOURABLE RESULTS

If unfavourable soil characteristics are found at the preferred land-application site, it will be necessary
to repeat soil inspections and to assess alternate land-application sites.
4.1C6 SITE REPORT

The results of the individual site and soil evaluation shall be fully reported by the site evaluator/site
assessor in the SSE/SSC Report and included by the designer with the Design Report.
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FIGURE 4.1C1 SITE PLAN - INDIVIDUAL LOT: EXAMPLE
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1.0 SITE INFORMATION (Desk-top evaluation)

1.1 Location details
Locality:
Owner:
Address:
Phone:
Survey plan details:
Grid reference E N: Lot No:
Aerial photo details:
Topographic map No:
Orthophotomap No:
State (Aust)/Regional Authority (NZ):
Local government:
Site Plan Details Attached (Ref. No. or description):
1.2 Soil type and major soil considerations from soil maps etc.
Data source used:
1.3 Geology of site from geological map
1.4 Climate
Annual rainfall: mm Annual evaporation: mm
General comment: (rainfall intensities, seasonal variation, etc.)
Data source used:
1.5 Intended water supply source

Public supply Rainwater (roof collection) Bore/well/dam
1.6 Local experience with existing on-site systems

Number of systems in locality:
Performance ( % ) Reasons/descriptions etc.
Satisfactory
Failed
Problems evident
Photograph(s)/video attached: (delete one) YES / NO (Specify details)
1.7 Preliminary evaluation of solutions which could be feasible:
FIGURE 4.1C2 SITE INFORMATION SHEET: EXAMPLE
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1.0 SITE EVALUATOR(S)
1.1 Name (Principal evaluator): Designation:

Company/agency:
Address:
Phone: Fax:
E-mail:
1.2 Additional staff involved

Name(s): \ \
Designation(s): \ \
Involvement: \ \
Signature of Principal evaluator:
Date:
2.0 ON-SITE EVALUATION
2.1 Work undertaken

Details:
Date:
Weather (on day & preceding week):
Photocopy of desktop study attached: YES/NO
2.2 Topography
Slope: Ground cover:
Geology confirm: YES/NO
Soil landscape confirmed: YES/NO
Drainage patterns:
Site Plan details attached: YES/NO
Clearance:
Boundaries: Allowable minimum: Available:

Site Plan details attached: YES/NO

Waterways:
Stands of trees/shrubs:
Well, bores:
Embankment:
Buildings:
Other (specify):
Site history (land use):
2.3 Site exposure

Site aspect:
Pre-dominant wind direction:
Presence of shelter belts:
Presence of topographical features or structures:
2.4 Environmental concerns (e.g. native plants intolerant of phosphorus load, high water-table, swamp,
waterway etc.)
2.5 Site stability

Is expert assessment necessary? YES/NO (Delete one)
If YES, attach stability report and give details here of:

Author: Designation:
Company/Agency: Date of Report:
➤
FIGURE 4.1C3 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION FORM – INDIVIDUAL LOT: EXAMPLE
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2.6 Drainage controls

Depth of seasonal water-table: WINTER SUMMER EPISODIC
Need for cut-off drains/diversion banks?
Need for surface water collector/cut-off drains?
2.7 Availability of reserve/setback areas (show details on sketch plan)

Reserve area available for extensions:
% of design area:
Setback distance? (between site development and on-site disposal design and reserve areas)
2.8 Photographs attached: YES/NO (Specify details)
3.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION
3.1 Soil profile determination

Method: Test pit Borehole
Other (specify)
3.2 Reporting: (Attach detailed soil/report as appropriate, see Soil Profile Information and Data Sheet,
Figure 4.1A1)
3.3 Estimated Soil Category: (refer to Table 4.1.1 and Clause 4.1.4.1)
Summary:
Site test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Soil
category
Remarks:
3.4 Recommended DLR, refer to Clause 4.1.4.2

Reasons for DLR recommendations:
4.0 GENERAL COMMENTS
4.1 Groundwater quality issues

Results of desktop study have been confirmed/amended on attached photocopy. Remaining matters of
concern are listed below.
4.2 Type of land-application system considered best suited to site and why
4.3 Overall evaluation of minimum land-application area for the site (comprising, absorption area, space
between and surrounding the absorption area elements, set-backs and the reserve area)
4.4 Results of consultation with other interested parties (neighbours, environmental agencies, local
environmental groups etc.)
4.5 Other comments e.g. special precautions which may be needed
FIGURE 4.1C3 SITE-AND-SOIL EVALUATION FORM – INDIVIDUAL LOT:

EXAMPLE (continued)
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APPENDIX 4.1D
S ITE AN D S O I L PR O PE RTI E S
(Normative)
4.1D1 SCOPE
This Appendix describes the assessment inspection and data-collection procedures that determine
the site and soil properties as required by Appendices 4.1A, (Table 4.1A2), 4.1B and 4.1C. It covers
site exposure, soil colour, soil texture, soil structure, coarse fragments and soil dispersion.
4.1D2 ASSESSMENT OF SITE EXPOSURE

The existing exposure of the site to sun and wind shall be assessed and noted for future evaluation
within the selection process for a land-application system.
Comment. Exposure of a site to sun and wind influences evapo-transpiration of moisture from
the soil and plant cover. A reduction in the amount of sun and wind reduces the effectiveness of
land-application systems relying on evapo-transpiration. The Site-and-soil Evaluation should
mark areas where evapo-transpiration is likely to be limited.
It should be noted that meteorological stations from which climate information is derived are
always exposed to full sun and wind.
4.1D3 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL COLOUR

The colour of a soil shall be described when the soil is moist using simple terms, such as: black;
white; grey; red; brown; orange; yellow; green; or blue. These may be modified as necessary by the
words: pale, dark or mottled. Transitional colours may be described as a combination of these
colours (e.g. red-brown).
Where a soil-horizon colour consists of a predominant colour with blotches or mottles of another
colour, it shall be described in the form: (predominant colour) mottled (secondary colour), e.g. grey
mottled red-brown.
Where a soil consists of two colours present in roughly equal proportions, the colour description
shall be: mottled (first colour) and (second colour), e.g. mottled brown and red-brown.
A mixture of distinct colours may be described: e.g. mottled red/grey.
For consistency of colour identification an appropriate soil colour chart shall be used.
4.1D4 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL TEXTURE

4.1D4.1 Field assessment
The soil texture shall be determined on a sample of soil consisting only of mineral particles finer
than 2 mm as follows:
(a) Any material larger than 2 mm is removed.
(b) A sample of soil sufficient to fit comfortably into the palm of the hand is taken. ➤
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(c) The soil is moistened with water, a little at a time, and the resulting ball of soil kneaded until
it just fails to stick to the fingers.
(d) Determine the texture by noting:
(i) the force required to deform or work the ball of soil;
(ii) the length of flat ribbon, approximately 5 mm thick, that will form when squeezed
between thumb and forefinger;
(iii) the sandy nature of the ball of soil.
Comment. As a range of factors in the soil affects its elasticity when worked as described in
item (d), the ribbon lengths given in Table 4.1D1 shall be regarded as a guide only.
This determination is often called the ‘field texture’ and is a somewhat subjective judgement.
Training and experience are required to produce consistent results.
4.1D4.2 Laboratory assessment

A detailed laboratory particle-size analysis may be undertaken if considered appropriate. The soil
texture is then determined by use of a textural analysis chart or diagram.
Comment. Laboratory assessment of field texture is not normally required if experienced

personnel have carried out the field assessment.
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TABLE 4.1D1
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL TEXTURE
Classification Properties Typical clay

content %
(see Note)
Sand Very little to no coherence; cannot be moulded; single Less than 5
grains stick to fingers
Loamy sand Slight coherence; forms a fragile cast that just bears 5-10
handling; gives a very short (5 mm) ribbon that breaks
easily: discolours the fingers
Sandy loam Forms a cast but will not roll into a coherent ball; individual 10-20
sand grains can be seen and felt; gives a ribbon 15-25 mm long
Fine sandy loam As for sandy loams, except that individual sand grains are 10-20
not visible, although they can be heard and felt; gives a
ribbon 15-25 mm long
Loam As for sandy loams but cast feels spongy, with no obvious 10-25
sandiness or, silkiness; may feel greasy if much organic
matter is present; forms a thick ribbon about 25 mm long
Silty loam As for loams but not spongy; very smooth and silky; will 10-25
form a very thin ribbon 25 mm long and dries out rapidly
Sandy clay loam Can be rolled into a ball in which sand grains can be felt; 20-30
forms a ribbon 25-40 mm long
Fine sandy clay As for sandy clay loam, except that individual sand grains 20-30
loam are not visible although they can be heard and felt; forms a
ribbon 40-50 mm long
Clay loam Can be rolled into a ball with a rather spongy feel; slightly 25-35
plastic; smooth to manipulate; will form a ribbon 40-50 mm long
Silty clay loam As for clay loams but not spongy; very smooth and silky; 25-35
will form a ribbon about 40-50 mm long; dries out rapidly
Sandy clay Forms a plastic ball in which sand grains can be seen, felt 35-45
or heard; forms a ribbon 50-75 mm long
Light clay Smooth plastic ball that can be rolled into a rod; slight 35-40
resistance to shearing between thumb and forefinger; forms
a ribbon 50-75 mm long
Silty clay As for light clay but very smooth and silky; will form a 40-50
ribbon about 50-75 mm long but very fragmentary; dries
out rapidly
Medium clay Smooth plastic ball, handles like plasticine and can be 40-55
moulded into rods without fracture; some resistance to
ribboning, forms a ribbon 75 mm or more long
Heavy clay Smooth plastic ball that handles like stiff plasticine; can be 50 or more
moulded into rods without fracture; firm resistance to
ribboning; forms a ribbon 75 mm or more in length
NOTE: The typical clay content figures are included for information only.
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4.1D5 ASSESSMENT OF COARSE FRAGMENTS

4.1D5.1 General
Coarse fragments shall be recorded in terms of abundance, size and type of rock (see Paragraphs
4.1D5.1 and 4.1D5.2).
Coarse fragments include hard rock material and nodules or segregations, which may have developed
as the soil formed. The rock may have weathered from the parent material or have been transported
from elsewhere.
The assessment is usually done in the field using a 2 mm sieve and comparing the relative proportions
of fine earth with coarse fragments. This can be difficult in moist heavy soils. In such cases, a field
estimate using abundance charts is acceptable.
4.1D5.2 Abundance
Record a visual estimate of abundance in the following classes.
TABLE 4.1D2
ABUNDANCE OF COARSE FRAGMENTS
Class % of coarse fragments

Very few <2
Few 2-10
Common 10-20
Many 20-50
Abundant 50-90
Profuse > 90
4.1D5.3 Size
Record size range of rock fragments.
TABLE 4.1D3
SIZE OF COARSE FRAGMENTS
Type of rock mm
Fine gravel 2-6
Medium gravel 6-20
Coarse gravel 20-60
Cobbles 60-200
Stones 200-600
Boulders > 600
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4.1D5.4 Relevance and impact

4.1D5.4.1
When coarse fragments occupy more than 20 % of soil volume, consideration shall be given to
whether it is desirable to increase the Soil Category by one class.
Comment. Coarse fragments occupy soil volume and may impede the flow of water unless
large pores accompany the larger fragments.
4.1D5.4.2
The size and amount of coarse fragments shall be taken into account when selecting the system type.
Comment. Large coarse fragments, such as cobbles, stones and boulders, can interfere with
the design layout of the on-site domestic-wastewater system.
If there are more than 20 % cobbles, stones and boulders, this can interfere with surface
preparation and excavation and may pose hazards such as trench collapse.
4.1D6 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL STRUCTURE

The type of soil structure shall be assessed by examining exposed soil surfaces such as in a soil-
observation pit. Table 4.1D4 is a guide to assessing structure.
TABLE 4.1D4
STRUCTURE
Degree of structure Appearance
Massive Coherent, with any partings both vertically and horizontally spaced at
greater than 100 mm. Pieces do not break along planes of weakness but
break according to stress loads
Single grained Loose incohesive, e.g. sandy soils
Weak Peds indistinct and barely observable on pit face. When disturbed approx.
30 % consist of peds smaller than 100 mm
Moderate Peds well formed and evident when dissolved but not distinct in
undisturbed soil. When disturbed 30 % - 60 % consists of peds smaller
than 100 mm
Strong Peds quite distinct in undisturbed soil. When disturbed > 60 % consists
of peds smaller than 100 mm
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4.1D7 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL DISPERSION

This is done using a modified version of the Emerson Aggregate Test (see AS 1289.3.8.1). It provides
a simple field assessment of aggregate stability or dispersibility from similar Emerson Aggregate
Classes, which are based on a 24-hour testing period. The test requires minimal equipment and is not
intended for the laboratory.
Under this test, three undisturbed soil aggregates, approximately 5 mm diameter, are carefully
immersed in a beaker of distilled water and left free of vibration and undisturbed for 24 hours.
Similarly three reworked aggregates (from the texture ball) are also placed in a beaker of distilled
water for 24 hours.
The behaviour of the most dispersive aggregates or worked soils is also tested after 24 hours. The
behaviour is assessed as follows:
Possible results:
1. No change to aggregate.
2. Aggregates slake (smaller aggregates/particles fret away from the original aggregate).
3. Aggregates disperse (clouding the solution).
4. Worked ball material disperses.
If any of the replicates for the modified Emerson aggregate test exhibits any dispersion (i.e. positive
result) then the soil shall be considered dispersive and the soil shall be categorized as Soil Category 6.
Comment. Ideally, soils should not be dispersive. Results 3 and 4 are regarded as indicating
dispersive soil.
Specialist advice should be sought.
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APPENDIX 4.1E
DISPERSIVE SOILS AND SODICITY
(Informative)
4.1E1 SCOPE
This Appendix discusses in greater detail the requirements and concerns of Paragraph 4.1A6 of
Appendix 4.1A.
4.1E2 DISCUSSION
When soil disperses (clay particles separate from the main body of the soil and go into suspension)
the clay particles block pores and tend to swell more. This reduces the LTAR and therefore the
DLR/DIR.
Sodicity is one way of indicating soils which have a significant percentage of exchangeable sodium
(ESP) on their cation exchange complex (CEC). Their structure then becomes adversely affected
when in contact with water of a certain level of total cation concentration (or salinity). In some soils,
the clay can disperse when the ESP is as low as 3 %, but in others it may not manifest itself until the
ESP is at least 10-20 %. The mineralogy of the clay fraction also plays a role. Whether adverse
effects occur depends also on the pH of the soil and the salinity of the water. Because of salinity
levels in effluent and the levels of sodium used in many washing and cleaning products dispersion
has been known to occur at low levels of ESP in otherwise stable soils.
The adverse effect of sodium and salinity on the structure of the clay may result in a reduction of
permeability or as a tendency for the clay to become dispersive, causing the water to become turbid.
They can also cause the soil to become strongly swelling and shrinking with changes in water content.
Furthermore, sodic and dispersive soils are often highly erodible, and may have low bearing strengths
when wet. They often set very hard when dry and can form surface crusts, restricting water entry and
hampering seedling emergence. In these situations, care is required when establishing on-site
wastewater-management systems.
The modified version of the Emerson Aggregate test (Clause 4.1D7) provides a simple test of whether,
and to what degree, a soil is dispersive. If the test indicates a tendency for clay dispersion, adding
sodium-rich but low salinity wastewater is likely to increase damage to soil structure. Such soils
should be classified as Category 6. If such dispersion-prone soils are known to exist in the land-
application area, or in the study area, they should be recorded and delineated on plans.
Groundwater with a Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of 3 or more, indicating a relative dominance
of dissolved sodium over dissolved calcium and magnesium, at salinity levels typical of domestic
effluent, can cause some soils to disperse. This would reduce the LTAR dramatically and could lead
to system failure. Adding gypsum to the soil in the application area increases the salinity of the soil
moisture without increasing the sodium level. This lowers its SAR and can help to correct the problem.
(Refer to Paragraph 4.5A5.3).
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APPENDIX 4.1F
S O I L PE R M EAB I LITY M EAS U R E M E NT –

C O N S T A N T-H E A D T E S T
(Normative)
4.1F1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the Talsma-Hallam method for determining the permeability of soil using a
constantly maintained head of water. This method is referenced from Paragraph 4.1A7.
The Talsma-Hallam permeameter described below is suitable for a soil permeability range of 0.009
to 2.9 m/day (8.6 to 2900 mm/day) or 1x10-7 to 3x10-4 m/sec.
Soil permeability measurement shall only be carried out when the water-table is at least 0.5 m below
the test hole. (Refer to Paragraph 4.1F6).
Comment. With certain modifications, the Talsma-Hallam permeameter can also be used for
permeabilities less than 1x10-7 m/sec. However this range is not usually required for land-
application of wastewater.
The Talsma-Hallam permeameter is available commercially or may be hand made. Other
constant-head permeameters are also available.
4.1F2 PRINCIPLE
In a constant-head test, the water that runs out of an unlined test hole in the ground is replenished at
the same rate from a reservoir, so that the head of water in the hole remains the same. The loss of
water from the reservoir is measured over time and a mathematical model is used to calculate the
coefficient of permeability, Ksat, from the measurement.
Comment. Falling-head permeameters are not recommended in this Standard due to the lack
of a proper physical model, the lack of a mathematical description of the falling head method
in an unlined test hole, and the resultant uncertainty in converting a measured fall rate into a
Ksat value.
4.1F3 APPARATUS
The apparatus required is as follows:
(a) Permeameter
A permeameter (see Figure 4.1F1) is composed of:
(i) a reservoir made of clear, transparent, rigid tube;
Comment. Polycarbonate pipe with inside diameter of 30 - 45 mm makes a suitable
reservoir.
(ii) a rubber bung to form an airtight seal;
(iii) an air-inlet pipe that extends almost to the bottom of the reservoir, sealed airtight into
the rubber bung;
Comment. Polycarbonate pipe with outside diameter of 9.5 mm and inside diameter of
6.0 mm is suitable.
(iv) a millimetre graduation scale on the outside of the reservoir along its full length, highest
numbers at the top. The 0 cm mark is set at the level of the opening of the air-inlet pipe.
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The net internal volume of the reservoir per unit length must be known in order to determine
the outflow rate Q (see Paragraph 4.1F6).
(b) Tripod
A tripod or clamping device with adjustable legs that is used to hold the permeameter firmly
and upright over the centre of the hole (see Figure 4.1F1).
(c) Suction flask

The suction flask is an airtight vessel that is used to remove excess water from an overfilled
test hole. The suction flask is composed of:
(i) a flask, volume at least 1 litre with an air/water-tight lid. Two pipes, outside diameter
of 12.5 mm, are fitted into the lid of the flask. One pipe is to reach close to the bottom
of the flask. The other extends to be just inside the flask below the lid. Both pipes
extend to 50-100 mm above the lid;
(ii) flexible tubing is fitted to the pipes above the lid of the jar;
(iii) the pipe that reaches close to the bottom of the flask is fitted with flexible tubing
approximately 0.6 m long, at the end of which is attached another length of rigid,
transparent pipe approximately 0.4 m in length;
(iv) the pipe that reaches to just below the lid is fitted with approximately 0.5 m of flexible
tubing.
All connections shall be sealed and airtight.
(d) Anti-scouring device

Water shall be added to a test hole in a manner that minimizes turbulence in the water and
reduces scouring of the lower part of the test hole.
Equipment to achieve this is illustrated in Figure 4.1F2. It uses a wad of filter cloth to gently
disperse the water. The tube used to introduce water to the hole shall just fit inside the test
hole and be long enough to protrude after it has been lowered into the hole.
(e) Augers
Auger minimum diameter 75 mm.
Comment. Common augers have diameters of 75 mm and 100 mm. These normally make holes
with diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, respectively.
4.1F4 TEST PROCEDURE

4.1F4.1 Single test holes
The test method for single test holes is as follows:
(a) Excavate a cylindrical hole to the soil absorption zone using an auger.
Comment. An auger with sharp cutting edges is required. Do not overfill the auger, as this
tends to cause soil compaction in the soil around the auger as well as inside the auger. The
usual depth of auger hole for testing soil permeability for effluent disposal fields is about
500 mm. If possible, remove most of the loose earth at the bottom of the hole by hand.
Do not use power-operated augers as these often cause severe compaction and smearing of
the wall of the test hole and result in erroneous, low permeability values. ➤
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105 AS/NZS 1547:2000
FIGURE 4.1F2 ANTI-SCOURING DEVICE
(b) Measure the final depth of the hole. Erect the permeameter by adjusting the tripod so that the
air inlet will be approximately 250 mm above the bottom of the test hole. Remove permeameter
from the hole.
(c) Insert the anti-scouring device. Fill the hole to approximately 250 mm deep with water, sufficient
to cover the soil absorption zone or to a level that matches the height of the invert of the
delivery pipe. This is the level of water to be maintained in the test hole during testing. Remove
anti-scouring device.
(d) Invert the permeameter and fill it with water. Temporarily close/cover the bottom end of the
reservoir and turn it upright. Place the bottom of the reservoir directly over the test hole,
while keeping the outlet closed. Quickly remove temporary cover and immediately lower the
reservoir to rest on its stand (see (c) above) and fix in place.
Comment. In practice the temporary cover is the operator’s hand. However, see Note to Figure
4.1F1. Usually enough water has fallen out of the reservoir so that the level in the hole is
higher than the level of the bottom of the air-inlet pipe. So long as this is the case it is not
possible to measure the rate of outflow and the test has not started, see (e) below.
(e) The suction flask is used to remove excess water from the test hole.
Comment. Excess water is that water in a test hole above the level of the bottom opening of
the air-inlet pipes. Water is removed from the hole and into the flask by sucking air out of the
flask through the short end of flexible tubing.
(f) When the water level in the hole drops sufficiently, air will enter the reservoir from the air-
inlet tube. Once the first air-bubble rises in the reservoir the test measurements commence.
(g) Read the level of water in the reservoir at predetermined fixed-time intervals.
Comment. The length of the fixed-time interval may be varied to suit the permeability of the
soil as represented by the rate of outflow of water from the reservoir. Time intervals may vary
from every 10 seconds in soils of high permeability to once every hour in soils of very low
permeability.
(h) The drop in water level in the reservoir is recorded until it becomes “constant” over three
successive readings, that is, until the last drop of level differs by less than 10 % from the
preceding drop.
Comment. To do this, each successive reading of the water level in the reservoir must be
subtracted from the preceding one. The differences are then compared in sequence. If the last
amount of water lost from the reservoir is between 90 % and 110 % of the preceding amount
lost, infiltration is deemed to be stable. ➤
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Sometimes, when the interval selected between readings is too short and a bubble rises just
after or just before a reading, successive readings alternate between higher and lower values.
Stable infiltration is then demonstrated when the sum of a high and low reading approximates
to the sum of the following high and low readings.
Overnight pre-soaking of test holes is not necessary, as the test itself indicates when stable
infiltration has occurred. In non-reactive soils, infiltration usually stabilizes within an hour
of the start of the test. In moist soils after rains, infiltration may stabilize almost immediately
after the beginning of the test.
4.1F4.2 Multiple test holes

Multiple measurements can be run simultaneously if the permeability of the soil is not too high. The
basic test method and apparatus used is as for individual test holes. For example, if a series of eight
tests is to be done:
(a) Prepare eight auger holes of approximately the same depth and set the tripods at the correct
height along each of the reservoir pipes to maintain the same depth of water in all holes.
(b) Place the reservoir pipes next to the holes.
(c) Using the anti-scouring device, fill all holes to just over 250 mm deep.
(d) Fill each reservoir and immediately insert it into the hole.
(e) Make the round of all test holes with the suction flask to get all reservoirs to the stage of the
first rising air bubble.
(f) Set a stopwatch at 0.00 time and start the time. Read the water level in pipe 1 and record it.
Move to pipe 2 and read the water level at 0.30 min. Move to pipe 3 and read the water level
at 1.00 min. Continue to do this for all pipes. After 3.30 min. all eight pipes have been read.
Wait until the time for the next reading of pipe 1, and then read the other pipes in the same
order using the same time interval.
Comment. In average soils, it should not take more than 2.5 hours to complete a set of eight
tests. Excavating the eight test holes often requires most of that time.
4.1F5 TEST RESULTS

Test results shall be recorded on-site. A suitable field record sheet for test results is attached to this
Appendix (Figure 4.1F3).
4.1F6 TEST CALCULATION

The soil permeability/hydraulic conductivity is calculated from the test results using the equation
shown below.
  r   r 
H
4.4Q 0.5 sinh−1  −   + 0.25 + 
  2r   H 
2
 H 
K sat = 
2πH 2
where
Ksat = saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil in cm/min
4.4 = correction factor for a systematic under-estimate of soil permeability in the
mathematical derivation of the equation
Q = rate of loss of water from the reservoir in cm3/min
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H = depth of water in the test hole in cm

r = radius of the test hole in cm
If there is an impermeable layer near the bottom of the hole, specialist advice shall be sought. An
impermeable layer is defined as a layer having permeability less than 10 % of the adjacent (overlying)
layer.
Comment. The presence or absence of an impermeable layer below the level of the bottom of
the test hole is checked with soil-observation boreholes or pits during the Site-and-soil Evaluation
(see Appendix 4.1A, Table 4.1A1).
4.1F7 TEST RECORDS

A test shall include the following information for each test site:
(a) The location and details of the test site;
(b) The person or organization carrying out the test;
(c) Date of test;
(d) Depth and radius of auger hole;
(e) Depth of any impermeable layer;
(f) Depth of water maintained in auger hole;
(g) Vegetation on site;
(h) State of soil:

(i) wet/moist/dry - when hole excavated using auger;

(ii) any pre-soaking details.
(i) Other more general comments:

(i) indications of water-table/seasonal water-logging;
(ii) soil structure;
(iii) biological pores etc.
(j) Permeameter readings;
(k) Reference to this test method, i.e. AS/NZS 1547 Appendix 4.1F.
Comment. An example field record sheet is shown in Figure 4.1F3.
Test records shall be kept as required by the regulatory authority. A minimum of ten years is
recommended.
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Project/job: Date:
Location: Operator:
Test site #:
Depth of auger hole (D): cm

Depth of water in auger hole (H): cm
Average radius of auger hole (r): cm
Depth to any impermeable layer (S): cm
Vegetation at test site:

Time elapsed between first filling and start of measurement:
Was soil wet, moist or dry at time of excavation?:
General comment about the site (indications of seasonal waterlogging, soil structure, biological
pores, etc.)
PERMEAMETER AND TIME READINGS

(Indicate whether time is read in minutes or seconds)
Test # ….. Test # …..

Time Level in tube Drop of level Time Level in tube Drop of level
Q= Q=
Ksat = Ksat =
Notes on soil profile at test site:
FIGURE 4.1F3 SOIL PERMEABILITY FIELD RECORD SHEET – EXAMPLE
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APPENDICES RELATED TO CLAUSE 4.2 LAND-APPLICATION

SYSTEMS
Appendix 4.2A: Land-application systems –

system selection and sizing
Appendix 4.2B: Land-application systems – guidance on selection
Appendix 4.2C: Water-balance and land-application systems
Appendix 4.2D: Typical domestic-wastewater flow design allowances
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4.2A LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS – SYSTEM SELECTION

AND SIZING ............................................................................................... 111
4.2A1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 111
4.2A2 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................ 111
4.2A3 SELECTION PROCESS– SUMMARY ...................................................................... 111
4.2A4 SYSTEM SELECTION – MATTERS FOR CONSIDERATION ............................... 112
4.2A4.1 Selection considerations .............................................................................. 112
4.2A4.2 Limiting site and soil factors ....................................................................... 112
4.2A5 SOILS AND LTAR/DLR VALUES ............................................................................. 113
4.2A5.1 LTAR/DLR relationship .............................................................................. 113
4.2A5.2 Soil and LTAR ............................................................................................. 113
4.2A5.3 Soil and DLR ............................................................................................... 114
4.2A5.4 Soil category/DLR values ............................................................................ 114
4.2A5.5 Restrictive soil conditions ........................................................................... 114

4.2A5.6 Improving LTAR .......................................................................................... 114
4.2A5.7 Evapo-transpiration ..................................................................................... 115
4.2A6 DESIGN FLOWS ........................................................................................................ 115
4.2A6.1 General......................................................................................................... 115
4.2A6.2 Distribution of design flow .......................................................................... 115
4.2A7 TRENCHES AND BEDS ............................................................................................ 115
4.2A7.1 General......................................................................................................... 115
4.2A7.2 Selection of DLR values .............................................................................. 115
4.2A7.3 Design area sizing ........................................................................................ 117
4.2A8 EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION/ABSORPTION/SEEPAGE SYSTEMS ......................... 118
4.2A8.1 General......................................................................................................... 118
4.2A8.2 Design Loading Rates .................................................................................. 118
4.2A8.3 Plants ........................................................................................................... 118
4.2A8.4 Construction................................................................................................. 118
4.2A9 MOUNDS .................................................................................................................... 120
4.2A9.1 General......................................................................................................... 120
4.2A9.2 Design .......................................................................................................... 120
4.2A9.3 Construction................................................................................................. 120
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4.2A10 IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................ 122

4.2A10.1 General ......................................................................................................... 122
4.2A10.2 Irrigation methods ........................................................................................ 122
4.2A10.3 Irrigation system design ............................................................................... 122
4.2A10.4 Irrigation area .............................................................................................. 123
4.2A10.5 Spray irrigation ............................................................................................ 123
4.2A10.6 Effluent quality requirements ...................................................................... 124
4.2A10.7 Construction of irrigation systems ............................................................... 126
APPENDIX 4.2B LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS – GUIDANCE ON SELECTION ....... 127

4.2B1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 127
4.2B2 APPLICATION ............................................................................................................ 127
4.2B3 LIMITATIONS DUE TO SITE, SOIL AND CLIMATE FACTORS ........................... 127
4.2B3.1 General......................................................................................................... 127
4.2B3.2 Salinization .................................................................................................. 127
4.2B3.3 Modifications to systems ............................................................................. 127
4.2B3.4 System options ............................................................................................. 127
4.2B4 SELECTING THE LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEM TO FIT
THE SITE AND THE SOIL ........................................................................................ 127
APPENDIX 4.2C WATER-BALANCE AND LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEMS ................ 137
4.2C1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 137

4.2C2 GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 137
4.2C3 LAND-APPLICATION WATER-BALANCE ............................................................. 138
4.2C4 WATER-BALANCE AND PRIMARY-TREATED EFFLUENT ................................ 138
4.2C4.1 General ......................................................................................................... 138
4.2C4.2 Trenches and beds ........................................................................................ 138

4.2C4.3 Evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage systems ........................................ 139
4.2C4.4 Mounds ........................................................................................................ 139
4.2C5 WATER-BALANCE AND SECONDARY-TREATED EFFLUENT ......................... 139
4.2C5.1 Secondary effluent quality ........................................................................... 139
4.2C5.2 Subsurface drip irrigation ............................................................................ 140
4.2C5.3 Covered surface drip irrigation and spray irrigation ................................... 140
APPENDIX 4.2D TYPICAL DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER FLOW DESIGN

ALLOWANCES .......................................................................................... 141
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APPENDIX 4.2A
L A N D-A P P L I C A T I O N S Y S T E M S – S Y S T E M S E L E C T I O N
AND SIZING
(Normative)
4.2A1 SCOPE
This Appendix provides design rules for selecting and sizing land-application systems (see
Clause 4.2.3). The following most common currently available systems are detailed:
(a) Absorption trenches;
(b) Absorption beds;
(c) Evapo-transpiration-assisted/absorption/seepage trenches/beds (ETA/ETS);
(d) Mounds;
(f) Sub-surface irrigation areas;
(g) Surface irrigation areas.
4.2A2 OBJECTIVE
The selection process detailed in this Appendix entails assessment to determine which types of on-
site land-application provide the best practical option for a particular site.
The design process will ensure that the selected land-application system has a design area large
enough to cope with the expected flow of effluent from the wastewater-treatment unit, and is able to
distribute the effluent evenly over the entire land-application area.
4.2A3 SELECTION PROCESS – SUMMARY

Preliminary design considerations for a site are covered in Clause 4.2.3. The site-and-soil factors
that will limit the performance of land-application systems are then identified (see Appendix 4.1A).
Factors to be considered when selecting a system are covered in the Site-and-soil Evaluation Report
(see Part 4 Clause 4.1.5, and Paragraphs 4.2A4 and 4.2A5). These shall be incorporated into the
resulting design process to arrive at a Design Loading Rate (DLR) appropriate to a selected land-
application system.
The choice of land-application system shall take into account the DLR values given in this Appendix
which are based on soil texture and structure and any constraints that have been detected in the Site-
and-soil Evaluation, see Appendix 4.1A.
Information that leads to the determination of the size of particular types of systems is covered in
Paragraphs 4.2A6 to 4.2A10.
Comment. The following support Appendix 4.2A:

Appendix 4.2B Table 4.2B1 provides a general commentary on the site, soil and climatic factors
that limit the construction or functioning of the most common land-application systems.
Appendix 4.2B Table 4.2B2 identifies common site and soil constraints and provides guidance
on appropriate land-application systems that are most suited. Also indicated are design
modifications, installation practices, or system management that may be used to modify the
chosen system.
Appendix 4.2C outlines matters for consideration in a water-balance analysis.
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4.2A4 SYSTEM SELECTION – MATTERS FOR CONSIDERATION

4.2A4.1 Selection considerations
The selection of the land-application system shall take into account the general requirements of
Clause 4.2.3 and:
(a) The volume of wastewater produced;
(b) The quality of the effluent discharging from the wastewater-treatment unit;
(c) The nature of the soil profile and resulting soil category;
(d) The DLR associated with the soil category, (based on best available knowledge of the LTAR);
(e) The required spacing between trenches/beds/irrigation lines or sprays, i.e. the size of the EAA;
(f) Surface water and groundwater levels and movements;
(g) Local climate;
(h) Local experience.
Comment. Properly measured values for LTAR are scarce in many areas; hence expert advice
and semi-quantitative data based on local experience are valuable.
4.2A4.2 Limiting site and soil factors

The designer shall select a land-application system to fit the Site-and-soil Evaluation Report (see
Clause 4.1.5) and the limiting site and soil factors outlined in Appendix 4.2B.
4.2A4.2.1 Site
Site limiting factors are:
(a) Previous site use;
(b) Presence of fill (which may require special design);
(c) How any slope will affect infiltration or run-on and run-off of effluent applied to the surface;
(d) How the slope would affect installation of the system;
(e) Mass soil movement;
(f) Protection of erodible soils;
(g) Final land shape;
(h) Climatic factors (rainfall patterns and intensities evapo-transpiration potential);
(i) Local and regional hydrology (including seasonal water-table depths and the frequency and
duration of very shallow water-tables);
(j) Potential for diversion of surface waters and shallow subsurface seepage;
(k) Poorly drained land or land subject to flood hazard.
Comment. For areas known to be susceptible to flooding, designers should consult with the
relevant regulatory authority to determine requirements for such areas.
(l) The effect of nutrients on surface and groundwater quality.

Comment. The design should not result in an unacceptable increase in accession of nutrients
to groundwater. See Table 4.2A1.
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(m) Effect of phosphorus on natural bush land which has adapted to a low phosphorus environment;
(n) Local requirements for setback distances;
(o) Public health and safety;
(p) Operation and maintenance.
4.2A4.2.2 Soil
Soil limiting factors are:
(a) Soil category, including soil structure and permeability, internal drainage and other factors
affecting the long-term acceptance rate (LTAR) of the soil (see Paragraph 4.2A5);
(b) Soil depth and soil category being adequate to attenuate contaminants (e.g. pathogens) to
meet local regulatory requirements;
(c) Presence of cobbles, stones and boulders, which may obstruct excavation of trenches or the
flow of water;
(d) Potential for soil to disperse;
(e) Sandy sub-soils or reactive clays;
(f) The build up of salinity.
4.2A5 SOILS AND LTAR/DLR VALUES

4.2A5.1 LTAR/DLR relationship
The rate of infiltration of effluent into the soil is limited by the LTAR of the soil. The assigned DLR
values are lower than the estimated LTAR for the soil.
Comment. The values shown in the following tables are reasonably well defined for soils ranging
from sand to silty clay. However limiting soil factors such as shallow soil depth, highly dispersive
soils, or soils with shrink-swell potential (typically reactive clays) may require special design
of the land-application system and special consideration of what is the appropriate value of
DLR.
4.2A5.2 Soil and LTAR

LTAR cannot be determined from soil properties and first principles alone, because it depends also
on the degree of development of the clogging layer. However, it can be determined by measuring
and estimating all liquid input and output in terms of the water balance of an operating system (see
Appendix 4.2D). Values shall be averaged over at least a full year. LTAR may then be extrapolated
to other soils on the basis of similar soil properties such as texture, structure and permeability. The
magnitude of the LTAR value is always less than the permeability of the soil. The limited LTAR data
base is based on infiltration of primary-treated septic tank effluent into the soil.
Comment. The operating system should have reached maturity in terms of development of soil-
clogging mechanisms, which in turn is affected by the quality of effluent and the loading regime.
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4.2A5.3 Soil and DLR

The DLR is assigned for new land-application systems from soil properties assuming a reliable
correlation between measured LTAR in existing systems and the relevant soil and climatic
characteristics of those systems. In this Standard, soil texture and structure are the main soil properties
used when assigning DLR. DLR takes into account the quality of the effluent and the likelihood of
clogging layer development, as well as the confidence that may be placed in estimated LTAR. DLR
values may be refined using soil permeability measurement and water-balance analysis. When
designing a land-application system the DLR must never exceed the estimated LTAR.
4.2A5.4 Soil category /DLR values

Soil category/DLR values shall be used to determine the size of the selected land-application system.
Comment. DLR values have been related to the most common, currently used land-application
systems covered in this Standard:
Trenches and beds Table 4.2A1
Evapo-transpiration-absorption/
Evapo-transpiration-seepage beds/trenches Table 4.2A2
Mounds Table 4.2A3
Irrigation areas Table 4.2A4
4.2A5.5 Restrictive soil conditions

When the LTAR capacity of soils is low and DLR values of 5 mm/day or less are indicated, the land-
application system shall be selected and designed carefully.
Comment. There will be some situations where site and soil conditions are so restrictive that
on-site wastewater land-application becomes impracticable. In other situations it may be feasible
to improve the LTAR of the soil.
4.2A5.6 Improving LTAR

4.2A5.6.1
The designer shall recognize those factors that may cause the LTAR of the soil absorption system to
be over-estimated and shall either increase the size of the land-application area by reducing DLR, or
achieve improvement in LTAR by adopting appropriate protective measures as set out below.
Comment. Local water logging around a land-application area may indicate under-design.
4.2A5.6.2
LTAR (and DLR) may be improved by:
(a) Improving the quality of the effluent and thereby minimizing the build up of a clogging layer.
(b) Lowering the water-table and increasing hydraulic gradients (if a water-table is present within
1.5 m depth).
(c) Diverting and shedding incident rainfall and/or shallow subsurface seepage (increases soil
hydraulic gradients).
(d) Distributing the effluent uniformly (leads to better usage of the soil infiltrating surface area).
(e) Encouraging evapo-transpiration with plantings.
(f) Alternating loading and resting of sections of the land-application area (minimizes the build-
up of the clogging layer).
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4.2A5.7 Evapo-transpiration
Planting on a site to encourage evapo-transpiration shall always be considered in land-application
systems.
Comment. At low soil permeability rates, effluent within the land-application area will mainly
spread sideways through the biologically most active and most permeable soil layers. Effluent
uptake is assisted by evapo-transpiration through the root zone of vegetation planted in the
topsoil. Evapo-transpiration can thus provide an additional factor of safety for the operation
of soil absorption systems, helping the soil to dry out and promoting aeration and biological
treatment of the effluent. Depending on the amount of rainfall, it can be a significant output
term.
4.2A6 DESIGN FLOWS

4.2A6.1 General
Land-application systems shall be designed to suit the design wastewater flow from the premises
concerned. This flow is determined from the equivalent population or number of bedrooms being
served. The system shall also be able to store individual and cumulative peak daily flows, particularly
when the weekly flow is being discharged over less than 7 days. Typical design flows from premises
producing domestic-wastewater are given in Appendix 4.2D.
4.2A6.2 Distribution of design flow

The effluent shall be uniformly distributed over the design area to help achieve effective aerobic/
anaerobic decomposition within the soil. If this cannot be reliably achieved by gravitational flow,
then pressurized dose loading shall be used.
Comment. Pressure dosed distribution systems ensure that effluent is applied at the design
hydraulic loading rate (DLR) uniformly throughout the design area.
4.2A7 TRENCHES AND BEDS

4.2A7.1 General
Trenches and beds provide the traditional means for the land-application treatment of effluent from
wastewater-treatment units.
4.2A7.2 Selection of DLR values

DLR values for trenches and beds receiving either primary or secondary quality effluents shall be
selected using Table 4.2A1.
The selection of the final DLR for primary effluent shall take into account site limiting factors
identified in the Site-and-Soil Evaluation Report. When these limitations are significant, conservative
values of DLR shall be used. Maximum values of DLR shall only be used when there are no limiting
factors affecting the site and the soil.
Conservative design values shall be used with beds which have a relatively smaller area of side wall
compared to trenches.
Comment. Secondary effluent may be loaded at higher rates than for primary effluent. However,
the use of trenches and beds for secondary effluent may not be the BPO, e.g. compared to
irrigation.
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TABLE 4.2A1
RECOMMENDED DESIGN LOADING RATES FOR TRENCHES AND BEDS
Design loading rate (DLR)

(see Notes 1, 2 and 3)
Primary-treated effluent Secondary-

(see Note 4) treated
effluent
(see Note 5)
Soil Soil Structure Indicative Conservative Maximum Indicative

category texture permeability rate rate drainage
(Ksat) class
(m/d) (mm/d) (mm/d) (mm/d) (see Note 9)
(see Note 6) (see Notes 4 (see Notes 4

& 7) & 8)
1 Gravels Structure- Rapidly

and sands less >3.0 20 35 50 drained
(Massive) (see Note 10) (see Note 10) (see Note 10)
2 Sandy Weakly > 3.0 20 35 50 Well

loams structured drained
Massive 1.4 – 3.0 15 25 50
3 Loams High/ Moderately

moderate 1.5 – 3.0 15 25 50 well drained
structured
Weakly
structured 0.5 – 1.5 10 15 30
or massive
4 Clay High/ Imperfectly

loams moderate 0.5 – 1.5 10 10 30 drained
structured
Weakly 0.12 – 0.5 6 10 20

structured
Massive 0.06 – 0.12 4 5 10
5 Light Strongly 0.12 – 0.5 5 8 12 Poorly

clays structured drained
Moderately 0.06 – 0.12 (see Note 11) 5 10

structured
Weakly
structured < 0.06 (see Note 11) (see Note 11) 8
or massive
6 Medium Strongly Very poorly

to heavy structured 0.06 – 0.5 (see Note 11) (see Note 11) (see Note 11) drained
clays
Moderately < 0.06 (see Note 11) (see Note 11) (see Note 11)
structured
Weakly
structured < 0.06 (see Note 11) (see Note 11) (see Note 11)
or massive
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NOTES TO TABLE 4.2A1:

1 The DLR in mm/day is to be used to size the horizontal bottom area of conventional trench and bed systems.
(Refer to Paragraph 4.2A7.3.1 for comment on the relationship between bottom area and sidewall absorption
mechanisms.)
2 Where loading rates of 10 mm/day or lower are required, it is critical that there is an even effluent loading over
the design area.
3 The Design Loading Rates in Table 4.2A1 are based upon the best available information at the time of preparation
of this Standard.
4 Primary-treated effluent is the discharge from conventional septic tanks and improved septic tanks (such as two-
stage units and/or tanks fitted with solids-control filters). It includes all-waste, greywater and blackwater effluents.
5 Secondary-treated effluent has a quality equal to or better than 20 g/m3 BOD5 and 30 g/m3 SS and typically is the
effluent discharged from processes such as AWTS, sand filters, or wetlands.
6 The values of indicative permeability as Ksat are based on the movement of water, and not effluent, through the
soil. They are estimates only and shall be used with caution in the determination of soil category and DLR.
7 Conservative Design Loading Rates must be used for beds (see Paragraph 4.2A7.2), for systems to be installed
on steep sites and where other site and soil limitations are present. Conservative Design Loading Rates must
always be used for primary-treated blackwater effluent.
8 Maximum Design Loading Rates may only be used where site and soil limitations are absent and where there is
evidence that these rates can be effectively maintained without harm to the environment or without potential for
failure of the system. Maximum Design Loading Rates may also be used for primary-treated greywater effluent
and for improved primary effluent from modified septic tanks. (Refer to Clause 4.3.5.2.1.)
9 Indicative drainage classes listed are based on the assumption that drainage of water out of the soil is governed
only by the indicative permeability and that external factors play no role.
10 The treatment capacity of the soil and not the hydraulic capacity of the soil or the growth of the clogging layer
govern the effluent loading rate in Category 1 soil. Category 1 soils require special design and distribution
techniques to help achieve even distribution of effluent over the full design surface (see Paragraph 4.5A4.2) for
recommended discharge method). These soils have low nutrient retention capacities, often allowing accession of
nutrients to groundwater.
11 To enable utilization of such soils for on-site wastewater disposal alternative systems (including ETA/ETS systems),
special design requirements and distribution techniques and/or soil modification procedures will be necessary.
For any alternative system designed for these soils, the effluent absorption rate shall be based upon soil permeability
testing. Specialist soils advice and special design techniques will be required for clay dominated soils having
dispersive (sodic) or shrink/swell behaviour. Such soils shall be treated as Category 6 soils. In some situations,
these soils will preclude the use of an absorption only system design.
If Ksat < 0.06 m/d, a full water balance for the disposal area (including effective rainfall, run-off, evapo-transporation,
(see Appendix 4.2D), can be used to calculate trench/bed size.
4.2A7.3 Design area sizing

4.2A7.3.1 General
The selected DLR value, see Paragraph 4.2A7.2, is applied to sizing of the bottom area only of
trenches and beds. For beds, only the conservative rate shall be used for design sizing.
Comment. It is recognized that in permeable and freely draining soils, absorption through the
bottom area of trenches and beds is the significant absorption mechanism. In less permeable
soils both sidewall and bottom area absorption mechanisms are active under the flooded
conditions that exist and with effluent standing at depth against the sidewalls. In a freely
draining soil there is no hydraulic barrier or other impediment to continuous removal of added
water.
The DLR values in Table 4.2A1 are to be used to size the land-application system on bottom
area only, the effect of the sidewalls being already included. The LTAR for the system will
develop over the full bottom area first and then into the wetted depth of the sidewalls.
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4.2A7.3.2 Sizing
Trench and bed dimensions shall be determined from the relationship:
Q
L =
DLR × W
where
L = length in m
Q = design daily flow in L/day
DLR = Design Loading Rate in mm/d
W = Width in m
4.2A7.4 Construction
Trench and bed configurations and other details of construction are covered in Clause 4.5 and in
Appendix 4.5A.
4.2A8 EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION/ABSORPTION/SEEPAGE SYSTEMS

4.2A8.1 General
ETA systems (evapo-transpiration-absorption: Australia), or ETS (evapo-transpiration-seepage: New
Zealand), use subsurface infiltration of effluent into the soil and evapo-transpiration by plants. ETA/
ETS systems may be used as an alternative to conventional trench and bed systems, especially in
locations with low permeability soils.
Comment. It is not necessary for annual evaporation to exceed annual precipitation (rain and
snow). Plant transpiration together with storage capacity in the voids of the granular bed
material help with the uptake of effluent throughout the seasons.
Some regulatory authorities permit fully sealed evapo-transpiration (ET) land-application areas
provided the annual evapo-transpiration is greater than the annual effluent load plus the annual
precipitation. However, fully sealed systems inevitably become increasingly saline over time
and need flushing to keep the vegetation alive.
It should be noted that evapo-transpiration has been shown to continue even though the ground
may be covered by snow, provided the plants are evergreen.
4.2A8.2 Design loading rates

ETA/ETS beds/trenches shall use the DLR as shown in Table 4.2A2.
These Design Loading Rates represent conservative values and any variation to them shall be justified
by full water-balance calculations over a 12-month cycle (see Appendix 4.2D). In special climatic
situations (i.e. very wet areas or arid areas) local design rules and regulatory requirements shall be
followed.
4.2A8.3 Plants
Surface vegetation shall be plants such as grasses and shrubs that tolerate wet conditions and have a
high evapo-transpiration capacity.
Comment. Where practicable, these plants should be well exposed to the sun and wind. Such
planting should be selected on the basis of local experience.
The construction of ETA/ETS beds (and trenches) is covered in 4.5 and Appendix 4.5A.
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TABLE 4.2A2
RECOMMENDED ETA/ETS DESIGN LOADING RATES
Design loading
rate (DLR)
(see Notes 1 & 2)
Soil Soil Structure Indicative ETA/ETS Indicative

category texture permeability Beds/trenches drainage
(Ksat) class
(m/d) (mm/d) (see Note 5)
(see Note 3) (see Note 4)
1 Gravels and Structureless >3.0 – Rapidly

sands (see Note 6) drained
(Massive)
2 Sandy loams Weakly > 3.0 – Well

structured (see Note 6) drained
Massive 1.4 – 3.0 –
3 Loams High/moderate 1.5 – 3.0 – Moderately

structured (see Note 6) well drained
Weakly
structured or 0.5 – 1.5 –
massive
4 Clay loams High/moderate 0.5 – 1.5 12 Imperfectly

structured drained
Weakly 0.12 – 0.5 8
structured
Massive 0.06 – 0.12 5
5 Light clays Strongly 0.12 – 0.5 8 Poorly drained

structured
Moderately 0.06 – 0.12 5
structured
Weakly
structured or < 0.06 5
massive
6 Medium to Strongly 0.06 – 0.5 5 Very poorly

heavy clays structured drained
Moderately < 0.06 5
structured
Weakly
structured < 0.06 5
or massive
NOTES:
1 The relevant qualifications regarding the use of trenches and beds in Table 4.2A1 are applicable for ETA/ETS systems (see Notes
1, 2 and 4 to Table 4.2A1).
2 The Design Loading Rates in Table 4.2A2 are based upon the best available information at the time of preparation of this
Standard.
3 The values of indicative permeability as Ksat are based on the movement of water, and not effluent, through the soil. They are
estimates only and shall be used with caution in the determination of soil category and DLR.
4 Water-balance calculations could change these figures.
5 Indicative drainage classes listed are based on the assumption that drainage of water out of the soil is governed only by the
indicative permeability and that external factors play no role.
6 ETA/ETS systems are not normally used on Soil Categories 1 to 3.
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4.2A9 MOUNDS
The information given in this section is based on the Wisconsin Mound system (see Figure 4.5B1).
4.2A9.1 General
Mounds are normally used on relatively flat slopes that have site or soil restrictions. The restrictions
may be:
(a) A shallow layer (300 mm to 600 mm) of soil overlying a limiting layer such as rock, hardpan
or high water-table;
(b) Slowly permeable soils;
(c) Freely permeable soils, e.g. rapidly or well drained soils or land-fill areas, where conventional
systems should not be used.
The mound is constructed directly onto the natural ground surface, which is ploughed beforehand.
Primary treated effluent is dose-loaded into the mound with treatment primarily taking place within
the sand-fill of the mound. The effluent discharges directly into the underlying soil.
4.2A9.2 Design
4.2A9.2.1 Sizing
Mounds shall be sized according to the loading rate for sand-fill, on the underlying soil basal-area,
and when slopes are involved, on the vertical or horizontal linear loading rate of the soil below the
toe area of the mound (see 4.2A9.2.2).
The size of the basal area, which is that area beneath and down-slope of the distribution bed, shall be
calculated using the DLR for the soil as given in Table 4.2A3.
On slopes, the system shall be extended along the contour to control the linear loading rate. When
experience shows the linear loading rate (parallel to the contour) is inadequate to prevent breakout
of effluent occurring from time to time, then the mound shall be designed with a toe extension that
will increase the available surface area of the parent soil for soakage.
Comment. Slopes up to 1 in 6.7 (15 %) can accommodate a mound design. On slopes, the
construction of the mound is configured differently resulting in a different base area to that for
flat land to prevent seepage emerging at the toe of the fill and minimize the amount of fill.
Specialist advice may be required.
4.2A9.2.2 Loading rates

Sand-fill which meets the specification provided in 4.5B3.4.2, shall be dose-loaded at a rate not
greater than 50 mm/day.
Where the flow of effluent in the soil beneath the toe of the mound is primarily horizontal, i.e. a
limiting layer is present, then the linear loading rate shall not be greater than 50 L/m/day.
Where the flow of effluent in the soil beneath the toe of the mound is primarily vertical, i.e. in freely
draining soils, then the linear loading rate shall not be greater than 125 L/m/day.
Construction details are covered in Clause 4.5 and Appendix 4.5B of this Standard.
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TABLE 4.2A3
RECOMMENDED MOUND DESIGN LOADING RATES
Design loading
rate (DLR)
(see Note 1)
Soil Soil Structure Indicative Mounds Indicative

category texture permeability (basal area) drainage class
(Ksat)
(m/d) (mm/d)
(see Note 2) (see Note 3) (see Note 4)
1 Gravels and Structureless >3.0 32 Rapidly

sands Massive drained
2 Sandy loams Weakly > 3.0 24 Well drained

structured
Massive 1.4 – 3.0 24
3 Loams High/moderately 1.5 – 3.0 24 Moderately

structured well drained
Weakly
structured or 0.5 – 1.5 16
massive
4 Clay loams High/moderately 0.5 – 1.5 16 Imperfectly

structured drained
Weakly 0.12 – 0.5 8
structured
Massive 0.06 – 0.12 (see Note 5)

structured
Moderately 0.06 – 0.12 (see Note 5)

structured
Weakly
structured or < 0.06 (see Note 5)
massive
6 Medium to Strongly 0.06 – 0.5 (see Note 5) Very poorly

Moderately < 0.06 (see Note 5)
structured
Weakly
structured or < 0.06 (see Note 5)
massive
NOTES:
1 The Design Loading Rates in Table 4.2A3 are based upon the best available information at the time of preparation of this
Standard.
2 The values of indicative permeability as Ksat are based on the movement of water, and not effluent, through the soil. They are
estimates only and should be used with caution in the determination of soil category and Design Loading Rate.
3 Where a mound is used at a site without a limiting horizon the loading rates for secondary-treated effluent given in Table 4.2A1
may be used subject to Note 8 of that table.
4 Indicative drainage classes listed are based on the assumption that drainage of water out of the soil is governed only by the
indicative permeability and that external factors play no role.
5 The relevant qualifications regarding the use of trenches and beds in Table 4.2A1 are applicable for mound systems. Specifically,
note 11 of Table 4.2A1 should be read in conjunction with the use of mounds on soils in Categories 4, 5 and 6.
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4.2A10 IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

4.2A10.1 General
Irrigation systems may be used as an alternative to conventional trenches and beds when soils have
limited LTAR and where evapo-transpiration can contribute significantly to uptake of effluent.
4.2A10.2 Irrigation methods

A number of irrigation techniques are available. This Standard covers shallow subsurface trenches,
direct application of effluent to the surface of the ground and open air spray of effluent.
Comment. It should be noted that covered surface drip irrigation systems and spray-irrigation
systems may be unacceptable for locations with a high incidence of diseases e.g. cryptosporidiosis,
giardiasis, viral enteritis, and campylobacteriosis, or in closely settled areas. However, a shallow
subsurface irrigation system may be acceptable.
4.2A10.2.1 Shallow subsurface drip irrigation

A shallow subsurface drip system is installed at around 100 mm depth into the soil in grassed or other
suitably vegetated areas (see Figure 4.5C1 in Appendix 4.5C). It utilizes a system of dosed distribution
of effluent from perforated small-diameter pipes or dripper lines.
4.2A10.2.2 Covered surface drip irrigation

The technique of covered surface drip irrigation enables effluent to be applied directly to the surface
of the soil under a cover layer of mulch. Effluent is pressure-dose distributed from perforated small-
diameter pipes or dripper lines (see Paragraph 4.5D2.2 in Appendix 4.5D) to achieve effective coverage
of the design area.
Comment. In New Zealand a system called ‘covered surface trickle irrigation’, utilizing
perforated small-diameter pipes placed within larger perforated pipe, has been used. However
it has largely been superseded by the covered surface drip system.
4.2A10.2.3 Spray irrigation

Spray-irrigation systems use sprinklers to disperse effluent over the soil or vegetated area.
Spray irrigation can be environmentally insecure under wet climatic conditions.
Comment. There are health risks associated with spray irrigation due to the potential contact
of effluent with humans, animals and insects. Also, spray irrigation requires continuous
disinfecting by processes that on a small scale can perform inconsistently.
4.2A10.3 Irrigation system design

4.2A10.3.1 General
All irrigation systems shall be designed to ensure that effluent is not applied at rates which exceed the
absorption capacity of the soil. Care shall be taken to ensure that the application rate is:
(a) Sufficient, during extended dry periods, to prevent excess salt accumulation in the root zone;
but
(b) Insufficient to cause harmful long-term environmental effects to the soil of the land-application
system or the adjacent surface water and groundwater.
Comment. In determining the Soil Category for an irrigation system, it is particularly important
to consider the hydraulic properties of the subsoil. Exceeding the infiltration capacity of the soil
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123 AS/NZS 1547:2000
would lead to perched water-tables, temporary water-logging and ultimately to run-off of effluent
which could pose a health risk.
4.2A10.3.2 Design irrigation rate (DIR)

Irrigation rates shall be selected either from the DIRs set out in Table 4.2A4 for the natural soils in
the area, or be determined by a water-balance calculation (see Appendix 4.2C).
Comment. Irrigation rates depend on the soil category and the rate of evapo-transpiration by
the vegetation being irrigated. The DIR values in Table 4.2A4 represent a conservative approach
for the sizing of irrigation areas.
Where systems are to be used to the maximum capacity of the site, the regulatory authorities
may require more refined design procedures and water-balance estimations. These would be
based upon climatic data, plant growth and water-use data, leaching requirements, effluent
salinity and local salinity hazards. The design may also require wet-weather storage. In sensitive
areas, a specialist should undertake such design work.
4.2A10.4 Irrigation area

4.2A10.4.1 General
The irrigation area shall have an adequate depth of natural topsoil (or imported topsoil if necessary)
to store the applied effluent and to support the growth of evergreen vegetation to maximize evapo-
transpiration.
4.2A10.4.2 Designated area

The irrigation system shall be located within a designated area to enhance its amenity and shall:
(a) Not be used for purposes that compromise the effectiveness of the system or access for future
maintenance purposes.
(b) Be used only for effluent application.
(c) Have boundaries clearly delineated by appropriate vegetation or other type of border.
(d) Have no run-off or seepage of effluent to beyond the designated area.
And for spray-irrigation systems:
(e) Have no casual access by humans or animals. (Refer also to Paragraph 3A5.2 of Part 3.)
(f) Allow no spray to reach areas normally occupied by humans or animals.

Comment. Boundary delineation should be designed to deter human and animal access.
4.2A10.5 Spray irrigation

Spray-irrigation systems shall:
(a) Distribute the effluent evenly within the designated area.
(b) Control the droplet size, throw and plume height of the sprinkler system so that the risk of
aerosol dispersion and effect of wind drift distributing any effluent beyond the designated
area is negligible.
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AS/NZS 1547:2000 124
(c) Have warnings, complying with AS 1319 or NZS/AS 1319, at the boundaries of the designated
area in at least two places, clearly visible to property users, with wording such as, “Recycled
Water - Avoid Contact - DO NOT DRINK”.
(d) Ensure that the effluent does not come into contact with people, domestic or farm animals or
any crops intended for human consumption.
4.2A10.6 Effluent quality requirements

Effluent quality requirements shall be confirmed with the relevant regulatory authority before
proceeding with the design.
Comment. Primary effluent is normally not suitable for irrigation systems but may be permitted
under special circumstances by some regulatory authorities.
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125 AS/NZS 1547:2000
TABLE 4.2A4
RECOMMENDED DESIGN IRRIGATION RATE (DIR) FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Soil Soil Structure Indicative Design irrigation Indicative

category texture permeability rate (DIR) drainage class
(Ksat) (mm/week)
(m/d)
(see Note 1) (see Notes 2 & 3) (see Note 4)
1 Gravels and Structureless >3.0 35 Rapidly drained

sands Massive
2 Sandy loams Weakly > 3.0 35 Well drained

structured
Massive 1.4 – 3.0 35
3 Loams High/moderately 1.5 – 3.0 28 Moderately

structured well drained
Weakly
structured or 0.5 – 1.5 28
massive
4 Clay loams High/moderately 0.5 – 1.5 25 Imperfectly

structured drained
Weakly 0.12 – 0.5 25
structured
Massive 0.06 – 0.12 25

structured
Moderately 0.06 – 0.12 20
structured
Weakly
massive
6 Medium to Strongly 0.06 – 0.5 15 Very poorly

Moderately < 0.06 15
structured
Weakly
massive
NOTES:
1 The values of indicative permeability as Ksat are based on the movement of water, and not effluent through the
soil. They are estimates only and should be used with caution in determining soil category and Design Loading
Rates.
2 The relevant qualifications regarding the use of trenches and beds in Table 4.2A1 are applicable for irrigation
systems.
3 The Design Irrigation Rates in Table 4.2A4 are based on the best available information at the time of preparation
of this Standard.
4 Indicative drainage classes listed are based on the assumption that drainage of water out of the soil is governed
only by the indicative permeability and that external factors play no role.
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AS/NZS 1547:2000 126
4.2A10.6.1 Covered surface drip and shallow subsurface drip irrigation

Effluent quality for covered surface drip and shallow subsurface drip irrigation systems shall be of
secondary treatment standard and when tested shall comply with the following:
(a) Ninety percent of the samples shall have a BOD5 less than or equal to 20 g/m3 with no sample
greater than 30 g/m3.
(b) Ninety percent of the samples shall have total SS less than or equal to 30 g/m3 with no sample
Comment. Optimum performance from drip irrigation systems is obtained using high quality
secondary treatment effluent having BOD5 and SS levels of 20/20 g/m3 or 15/15 g/m3.
4.2A10.6.2 Spray irrigation

Effluent quality suitable for spray-irrigation systems shall be of secondary treatment standard and
when tested shall comply with the following:
(a) Ninety percent of the samples shall have a BOD5 less than or equal to 20 g/m3 with no sample
(b) Ninety percent of the samples shall have total SS less than or equal to 30 g/m3 with no sample
(c) The samples taken on each occasion shall have a thermotolerant coliform count not exceeding
a median value of 10 organisms per 100 mL with four out of five samples containing less than
20 organisms per 100 mL.
(d) Where applicable, the total chlorine concentration shall be greater than or equal to 0.5 g/m3 in
four out of five samples taken at the first irrigation outlet after a minimum 30 minute disinfection
contact time at the maximum 30 minutes flow rate for the wastewater-treatment unit.
Comment. Methods of controlling thermotolerant coliforms other than chlorination are

available and include techniques such as ozonation or ultraviolet irradiation.
4.2A10.6.3 Thermotolerant coliforms

If the thermotolerant coliform level is greater than 10 as defined in Paragraph 4.2A10.6.2(c), then
the effluent shall be irrigated using covered or subsurface techniques.
Comment. Although an effluent has a low count of thermotolerant coliforms and is disinfected,
this does not necessarily imply the absence of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
The regulatory authority or relevant health authority should be consulted prior to seeking
authorization to install a spray-irrigation system.
4.2A10.7 Construction of irrigation systems

Clause 4.5 and Appendices 4.5B and 4.5C set out construction requirements for surface and sub-
surface irrigation systems.
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127 AS/NZS 1547:2000
APPENDIX 4.2B
L A N D-A P P L I C A T I O N S Y S T E M S – G U I D A N C E O N
SELECTION
(Informative)
4.2B1 SCOPE
The two tables in this Appendix provide a commentary on the factors affecting the construction or
operation of common land-application systems and a guide to choosing or modifying an existing
land-application system to suit the identified site and soil constraints.
4.2B2 APPLICATION
These tables cover only the most common soil and site constraints. If these constraints are not
recognized at the time that field inspections are carried out, and if standard designs, installation
practice and land-application system management is not modified in response to these constraints,
there is an increased risk of failure. Failure is defined as an unsatisfactory performance of the
system or an undesirable and unfavourable impact on the environment.
Generally, the more severe or more numerous the constraints and limitations shown, the greater the
expense of installation and maintenance, the fewer the options, the riskier the system, and the greater
the maintenance and installation costs.
4.2B3 LIMITATIONS DUE TO SITE, SOIL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS

4.2B3.1 General
Table 4.2B1 summarizes the limitations imposed on land-application systems by site, soil and climatic
factors.
Comment. Refer to Paragraph 4.2A3 Selection process of Appendix 4.2A.

4.2B3.2 Salinization
If soil salinization or incipient salinization is evident within the land-application area, or is common
in the vicinity, the risk of on-site effluent disposal adding to soil salinization should be assessed
before any system is given a permit. If any such system is permitted in such areas, determine to what
extent the groundwater table can be lowered by artificial drainage; where such drainage water can be
safely discharged; and how groundwater recharge can be minimized.
4.2B3.3 Modifications to systems

In many situations a design or installation technique may be able to be modified to achieve a
satisfactory performance (see Table 4.2B2).
4.2B3.4 System options

In some circumstances, satisfactory performance may be achievable by more than one land-application
system. Alternatively, none of the systems in Tables 4.2B1 and 4.2B2 may be suitable.
4.2B4 SELECTING THE LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEM TO FIT THE SITE

AND THE SOIL
Table 4.2B2 summarizes common site and soil constraints and provides guidance on the land-
application systems, with or without modification, that are best suited.
Comment. Refer to Paragraph 4.2A3 Selection process of Appendix 4.2A.
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TABLE 4.2B1
LA N D - A P P L I C A T I O N S Y S T E M S – L I M I T AT I O N S D U E
T O S I T E , S O I L AN D C LI MAT I C FAC T O R S
AS/NZS 1547:2000
NOTE: This Table is a guide and summary. Refer to the text of this Standard in order to fully evaluate any constraint.
Land Slope gradient Soil depth Soil category Depth to Duration of Dispersive (sodic) High content of Climatic factors Lot size
application (see Note 1)) number seasonal water- continuous soil stones, cobbles or
system table seasonal soil boulders
(%) (m) (see Note 2) saturation (as defined)
(m) (see Note 3)
Conventional System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System:
absorption Trenches can be Depth must be Category 5-6 soils Depth must be Prolonged Soil may lose Stones and Not significant; Small lot size
trenches more difficult to adequate for final require large adequate for saturation of upper permeability boulders have no will operate in unfavourable as
install on slopes effluent treatment; trench systems per sufficient path soil impedes during life of or little water high or low absorption trench
> 25 % preferably >1.2 m unit volume length of seepage treatment and system, causing storage capacity rainfall areas. system is relatively
for trenches of effluent under unsaturated hinders absorption failure; large and reduce water Surface and inefficient in
0.6 m depth conditions; ≥1.2 m trench lengths storage in the soil groundwater distributing
is desirable required around trenches; controls required effluent over the
128
also increases in wet areas land-application

difficulty of area
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excavation
Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment:

More soil Must be deep Categories 1 and 2 <1.2 m may cause Increased risk of Increased risk of High proportion of N/A Setback distances
disturbance and enough to store can cause ground- increased soil polluted surface polluted surface stones, cobbles to water resources,
erosion during effluent during water pollution; wetness if lateral run-off run-off and boulders water bodies and
construction on periods of minimize risk by groundwater flow increases risk of watercourses
steep slopes wet weather and effluent dosing by is slow trench overflows
low evapo- a pumped
transpiration distribution system
TABLE 4.2B1
T O S I T E , S O I L A N D C L I M A T I C F A C T O R S (continued)
(m) (see Note 3)
Evapo- System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System:
transpiration/ As above. As above. Effluent Categories 4-6 are Preferably >1.2 m; Prolonged As for conventional As for conventional
Not necessary for As for conventional
absorption/ Recommended storage capacity of suitable for no empirical data saturation of upper absorption absorption annual evaporation absorption trench
seepage maximum slope the trench and the ETA/ETS systems available; soil impedes trenches trenches to exceed annual systems, but more
trenches and for a bed is 5 % surrounding soil is if climatic factors duration of treatment and precipitation (rain so.
beds important are suitable seasonal perched hinders absorption. and snow) for Smaller area
water-tables is Evapo- systems to work. required if Et is
important transpiration Environment: much greater than P
129
cannot overcome The risk of system
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prolonged soil failure is increased
waterlogging if high rainfall
months coincide
Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: with low Et Environment:
As above As above. As above. As for conventional Much increased As for conventional As for conventional months and with Setback distances
Categories 1-3 can Categories 1-3 can absorption risk of polluted absorption absorption the number of to water resources,
cause groundwater cause groundwater trenches surface run-off trenches such months per water bodies and
pollution and pollution and year. Surface and watercourses
require special require special groundwater
design design controls required
in wet areas.
Provide for winter
storage capacity in
the bed media.
Maximize
exposure to sun
and wind. Plant
high transpiration
species appropriate
to the locality.
AS/NZS 1547:2000
TABLE 4.2B1
AS/NZS 1547:2000
(m) (see Note 3)
Mounds System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System:
Large increase in Not important; Mounds are Mounds can be Prolonged May be limited by Probably not As for conventional Mounds can take
imported sand is mounds are specially designed specially designed saturation of upper low effluent relevant in practice absorption trench up much space if
needed on steep designed to to overcome to overcome soil necessitates infiltration in systems constructed on
slopes; max. overcome shallow limitations of shallow water building up underlying natural relatively steep
practical slope soil limitations categories 4-6; tables; >0.6 m treatment area soil land
15 %. Risk of toe may also be used is preferable
seepage on steep for categories 1– 3
130
slopes
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As above N/A N/A May increase soil Minimizes risk of Seepage may N/A Not relevant Not relevant
wetness in polluted surface emerge along the
immediate vicinity run-off toe of the mound
Subsurface System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System:
irrigation As for conventional As for conventional Categories 4-6 As for conventional Prolonged As for conventional As for conventional Not significant; Requires less space
systems trenches trench systems; a require relatively absorption trench saturation of upper absorption trench absorption trench will operate in than conventional
minimum of 0.4 m large dripper line systems, but less soil impedes systems, but less systems high or low absorption trench
below bottom of systems as well as so due to shallow treatment and so in most topsoils rainfall areas, but or ETA/ETS
dripper lines is surface soil application of hinders absorption more efficient in systems, all other
desirable preparation effluent low rainfall and factors being
high Et areas identical
As for conventional As for trench Categories 1 and 2 As for conventional Increased risk of Increased risk of As for conventional Not relevant Setback distances
trenches systems may lead to absorption polluted surface polluted surface absorption trench to water resources,
nutrients reaching trenches run-off run-off as systems water bodies and
groundwater dispersive watercourses
tendency increases
TABLE 4.2B1
(m) (see Note 3)
Surface System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System: System:
irrigation Steep slopes can As for subsurface As for subsurface As for subsurface Prolonged As for subsurface Unless extremely Best in climates Spray irrigation
systems cause greater irrigation systems irrigation irrigation, but less saturation of upper irrigation stony or covered where intense requires wide
run-off during wet so due to soil impedes in boulders, not rainfall events are buffer zones; if
(spray and weather; max. application at the treatment and relevant as delivery uncommon and Et space is limiting
drip) recommended soil surface hinders absorption pipes need not be exceeds rainfall in use surface drip
slope 6 % dug in soil in most months; irrigation
straight line windy conditions
131
can create spray
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drift
Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment:
Very little Increased risk of Increased risk of As for subsurface As for subsurface Nutrient laden Setback distances
disturbance during nutrient run-off polluted surface irrigation irrigation run-off may be to water resources,
construction; slope during wet run-off generated under water bodies and
angle not very weather intense rainstorms watercourses
important if
application rate is
less than natural
infiltration rate;
even distribution
is very important
NOTES:
1 Desirable depth depends on soil type. Field evidence indicates that under unsaturated seepage flow bacterial numbers are reduced by a factor of 10 for each 50 mm of travel path length through the soil. The
number of faecal coliforms and total coliforms in the clogging layer is of the order of 1 – 10 million and 10 – 50 million per 100 g of soil, respectively. Thus, a path length of 0.3 – 0.4 m would be sufficient
to reduce numbers to insignificant levels in normal soils, i.e. soils that are of a mid-range texture, not too sandy or clayey, and not saturated all the time.
2 The duration of a seasonal shallow water-table is of much greater importance than its minimum depth at any one time. Therefore a flexible interpretation of this criterion should be made, with an emphasis
on a dynamic water balance rather than a static system. A permanent water-table at shallow depths is a severe limitation.
3 Periods of continuous saturation of the upper 1.2 m of the soil should not exceed several weeks at any one time. If soil is continuously saturated for several months or longer it is classed as ‘poorly drained’
or ‘very poorly drained’ and should not be used for land application systems unless the drainage problems can be overcome. Intermittent seasonal waterlogging of periods of several weeks, falls in the
‘imperfectly drained’ drainage class.
AS/NZS 1547:2000
TABLE 4.2B2
SELECTING THE LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEM TO FIT THE SITE AND THE SOIL
AS/NZS 1547:2000
Site or soil constraint System selection Possible modifications to Installation practice System management
mitigate constraint
Small lot size • All systems can be used, but the • Reduce water consumption • Take particular care to ensure • If accessibility is to be restricted
smaller the EAA, the more care (e.g. water-saving devices, systems don’t impinge on footings may need a high level of
is needed for the design. composting toilet). or foundations, nor reduce supervision.
• Best to choose systems that can • Locate in sunny area or among stability of soils.
be designed so that the land can vegetation with high rates of • Needs special attention to layout
have several uses. evapo-transpiration. if accessibility is to be restricted in
• Needs detailed water-balance • Improve effluent quality and an area that is already small.
analysis. reduce nutrients (e.g. AWTS
• Needs at least 100 % reserve area. or sand filter).
Where this is not possible refer to
Clause 4.2.3.4.
• Surface irrigation areas should be
132
dedicated as such with no human
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traffic except for maintenance
purposes.
Steep slope • Surface irrigation unsuitable for • Benching may be feasible if soil is • Trenches more difficult to dig, • Needs monitoring of erosion and
slopes >6 %. reasonably stable. particularly for slopes above 25 %. seepage.
• The primary criterion for selection • Pay special attention to reducing • Pay extra attention to the risk of • Access is best discouraged.
may be cost (e.g. mounds will surface infiltration (e.g. erosion during construction.
need much soil on downhill side). interception drains uphill and
rainwater-shedding designs).
• If a mound is used, design toe
to encourage infiltration.
Slope instability/mass On-site land-application systems • Consider off-site land-application. • Needs supervision by • Needs monitoring of stability
movement may be unsuitable. • Reduce wastewater generation. geotechnical engineer or of soil.
• Apply wastewater over a large geohydrologist. • Access is best discouraged.
area at low DLR rates.
• Needs geotechnical advice.
TABLE 4.2B2
SELECTING THE LAND-APPLICATION SYSTEM TO FIT THE SITE AND THE SOIL (continued)
mitigate constraint
Shallow soil • Mounds are suitable. • Absorption trenches and irrigation • Topsoil is very important to • Monitor to ensure soil does not
• Absorption trenches and irrigation systems in very porous soils need preserve. become waterlogged.
systems need at least 0.4 m and long lengths to ensure slow • It may be feasible to replace low- • Monitor groundwater.
preferably 0.6 m below base for percolation through small pores permability soil surrounding the
final polishing. of the soil. system with soil of acceptable
• ETA trenches and beds need at • It may be feasible to partially permeability.
least 0.3 m below base for final mound the soil to increase the • It may be feasible to mix in
polishing. path length below the system. organic material.
• Where feasible, plant trees and • Ensure soil storage is adequate
shrubs nearby to encourage for wet weather, especially when
evapo-transpiration. evapo-transpiration is low.
133
Very shallow soils over • Mounds using a suitable sand-fill • Import sand-fill for mound to • Terracing hill slopes may create • Minimize domestic water use.
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creviced bedrock media. minimize nutrient loss to suitable site for the mound. • Establish vigorous vegetation on
• ETA trenches and beds normally underlying strata. • Build mound as per design and downslope from application
need at least 0.3 m below base for guidelines in the Standard. area.
final polishing.
Seasonal waterlogging by If soils are very poorly or poorly • Design must take account of • Install system when soils are not • Minimize domestic water use.
perched water tables drained see ‘Shallow permanent duration of high water-table. saturated or very moist, but • Avoid pedestrian and other
water-table’. • Construct interceptor bunds and choose dry or slightly moist traffic on land-application area.
drains to divert surface run-on, conditions.
If soils are imperfectly or and subsurface seepage around
moderately well drained: the land-application area.
• All land-application systems • Use water-loving plants.
feasible. • Reduce DLR.
• Mounds and irrigation systems
preferred.
AS/NZS 1547:2000
TABLE 4.2B2
AS/NZS 1547:2000
mitigate constraint
Shallow permanent These soils may be very poorly or • Assess feasibility of a land- • Select dry or slightly moist soil • Minimize domestic water use.
water-table poorly drained and unsuitable for drainage scheme. conditions for installation. • Minimize pedestrian traffic on
land application systems. If on-site • Increase land-application area. land-application area.
systems must be used, then mounds • Reduce DLR.
and irrigation systems preferred, • Import soil to raise ground
but the path length to the water surface level.
tables must not be less than 0.6 m.
Groundwater quality at • Secondary treatment of effluent. • Needs special design. • Minimize domestic water use.
risk (especially for • Mounds, ETA beds or trenches • Dose effluent applications (1 or • Minimize use of non-bio-
Category 1 and 2 soils) or irrigation systems. more applications per day). degradable detergents.
• Composting toilet. • Plant vegetation requiring high • Minimize use of detergents
134
• Nutrient removal. nutrients. containing phosphorus (e.g. calgon
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• Distribute treated effluent over • Treat the receiving soil with lime and similar).
a large application area. or ‘red mud’ (by-product of • Avoid discharging polluting
aluminium refining) to chemicals into wastewater system.
immobilize phosphorus. • Alternate between different parts
of the land-application area.
• Monitor quality of groundwater.
Soils with very low • Disinfection and nutrient removal. • Needs special design. • Install when soils are dry or • Minimize domestic water use.
permeability • Large application area. • Prepare receiving soil by deep slightly moist. • Minimize discharge of sodium
(Category 5 and 6 soils) • Reduce flow of wastewater using ripping, shallow cultivation, and • Avoid heavy equipment on salts to application area.
water saving devices, or applying gypsum. application area when soils are • Alternate between different parts
composting toilets. • Promote formation of biological moist or wet. of the land-application area.
• Mounds, ETA beds or trenches or pores by growing vigorous • Avoid smearing sides and bottoms • Monitor level of groundwater.
irrigation systems, designed using vegetation. of trenches and beds.
water-balance analysis. • Dose effluent so as to wet the soil • Prepare surface of soil if using
more than once per day. irrigation.
• Place soil of good permeability
around absorption trenches, or
around ETA beds and trenches.
TABLE 4.2B2
mitigate constraint
Dispersive or sodic soils All land-application systems are • Apply gypsum to receiving soil • Avoid smearing sides and bottoms • Avoid using soaps and detergents
potentially usable but irrigation or incorporate gypsum in mound. of trenches and beds. with high sodium content.
systems and mounds, which apply • Reduce DLR. • Avoid construction of trenches • Minimize discharges containing
effluent to the topsoil, may offer during wet weather. sodium salts.
advantages, as dispersivity is usually • Apply gypsum (min. 1 kg/m2) to • Gypsum.
limited to subsoils, and so long as all disturbed soil surface areas.
the natural soil is little disturbed. • Fill and close trenches as required
and cover with good topsoil as
soon as possible, preferably
within the same day as it was dug.
135
Cold and/or wet climates Conventional absorption trenches, • Choose land-application area • No special measures needed. • Minimize domestic water use.
may be favourable. with northerly or westerly aspect.
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Mounds and irrigation systems • Select site with good exposure
may be suitable. to wind.
• Alternatively, compensate for lack
of these by enlarging application
area (suggest 20 %).
Hot and/or dry climates All land-application systems are • Ensure that the application area • No special measures needed. • Minimize salt discharges to
potentially usable. has a net deep drainage discharge wastewater system.
to avoid salt build-up in the root
zone.
Soil salinization • Mound, or any system above • Lower water-table. • Keep above water-table. • Monitor water-table.
water-table.
AS/NZS 1547:2000
TABLE 4.2B2
AS/NZS 1547:2000
mitigate constraint
Susceptible ecological All systems having subsurface • Use conservative sizing methods • Careful practices needed to • Minimize domestic water use.
areas or water application are potentially usable. to avoid overflows. prevent turbid run-off and • Ensure regular maintenance of
bodies down slope • Use interceptor bunds and drains nutrients from reaching the all parts of the system.
downslope of application area to susceptible areas or water bodies • Monitor water use and rainfall.
divert and/or capture run-off and
seepage into a holding dam.
• Plant high water use vegetation.
Periodic Systems with subsurface application • Off-site land-application. • Requires supervision by designer. • Pump will need regular
inundations/flooding may be suitable with special designs. • Composting. • Test system on installation. maintenance.
• Sealed pumped storage during • Seals will need regular checking.
flood.
136
• Mounds may be sufficiently rarely
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inundated to be acceptable.
Highly disturbed soil Requires specially designed mounds • Necessary measures depend on • Requires supervision by designer. • Monitor for seepage and effect
areas or fill or trenches. results of special investigation. • Test system on installation. on groundwater.
137 AS/NZS 1547:2000
APPENDIX 4.2C
WAT E R - BALAN C E AN D LAN D -AP P L I CAT I O N S Y S T E M S

(Informative)
4.2C1 SCOPE
This Appendix explains the basic concepts of using water-balance considerations for land-application
design work. (Refer to Appendix 4.2A.)
4.2C2 GENERAL
The natural water-balance of land is shown in Figure 4.2C1.
FIGURE 4.2C1 THE NATURAL WATER BALANCE OF LAND
The natural water-balance relationship is:
P + CR = Et + RO + IF + DI + ∆S . . . (4.2C1)
where
P = Precipitation
CR = Capillary rising flow from a shallow water-table
Et = Evapo-transpiration from a vegetated soil surface
RO = Run-off
IF = Interflow (lateral subsurface seepage)
DI = Deep infiltration (groundwater recharge)
∆S = Changes in the amount of water stored in the soil.
CR can usually be neglected, since it is normally of an order of magnitude less than the other flows.
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AS/NZS 1547:2000 138
4.2C3 LAND-APPLICATION WATER-BALANCE

For land-application systems, the natural water balance relationship has to be modified to take into
account the applied effluent. In a sustainable system and over the long term, changes in soil moisture
content (∆S ) can be regarded as being zero. However, on a day-to-day, or even on a month-to-month
basis, the change to moisture content becomes important.
Therefore, for land-application areas the water balance equation, expressed as quantities of water
and effluent averaged over the total application area, becomes:
P + EFFLUENT = Et + RO + IF + DI + ∆S . . . (4.2C2)
For safe operation, the inputs must not exceed the outputs and all run-off must be rainfall only. All
effluent must be disposed of through Et, DI and IF.
In the case of a trench or bed, and considering that over the long term the increases and decreases in
soil moisture content cancel each other out (∆S = 0), we also can see that for sustainable operation:
A x (DLR) ≤ IF + DI + Et . . . (4.2C3)
where
A = effective area of infiltration (wetted bottom and side walls)
DLR = Design Loading Rate in L/unit area of A/day
IF = lateral downhill seepage on sloping sites
DI = deep seepage losses from the trench or bed
Et = evapo-transpiration from the surface and margins of the trench or bed
Equation 4.2C3 demonstrates that the operation of a land application system benefits by prevention
of lateral downhill seepage, from areas above the application area, from entering it.
4.2C4 WATER-BALANCE AND PRIMARY-TREATED EFFLUENT

4.2C4.1 General
Primary-treated effluent (septic tank discharge including all-waste, greywater, and blackwater treated
flows) is normally conveyed for further treatment to land-application systems such as trenches,
beds, evapo-transpiration systems or mounds.
In summary, a land-application system has not failed so long as effluent has not become part of the
run-off (RO).
4.2C4.2 Trenches and beds

The main factors that apply to trench or bed systems are:
(a) The effluent is disposed largely through deep infiltration (DI) and some lateral subsurface
seepage or interflow (IF).
(b) Evapo-transpiration (Et) also takes place but is generally, not a major output term.
(c) The soil must be permeable enough throughout to allow both the effluent and any infiltrating
rainfall to drain away.
Trenches and beds are suited to permeable soils, but not to soils with very high permeability and low
purification potential, such as sand and gravel, or to soils with very low permeability. Climates may
vary from low to high rainfall.
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4.2C4.3 Evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage systems

The main factors that apply to evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage systems are:
(a) The effluent is disposed largely through deep infiltration (DI), interflow (IF) and evapo-
transpiration (Et).
(b) Et is significant. However, in areas with moderate rainfall, or with predominantly winter
rainfall, Et often is not dominant in the water balance.
(c) It is essential that there must be a net, although possibly small, DI component to remove
added salts from the land-application area. For this to happen, shallow water-tables are not
permissible. Hence there should be no net capillary upward flow (CR = 0).
Evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage systems operate successfully if effluent does not contribute

to the run-off from the site. These systems require that, over the whole year, the potential evapo-
transpiration exceeds rainfall (P) minus run-off (RO) so that during some part of the year there is a
water deficit for the vegetation.
4.2C4.4 Mounds
The main factors that apply to effluent treatment in mounds are the same as for the trenches and
beds, or the evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage systems.
The purpose of the mound is to provide a layer of suitable sand for treating the effluent. Here the
treated effluent is spread out over a larger surface area prior to its infiltration into the underlying soil.
Mounds are suited to sites with the following limitations:
(a) Slowly permeable soils;

(b) Permeable, but shallow soils over creviced or porous bedrock;
(c) Permeable soils with high water-tables.
4.2C5 WATER-BALANCE AND SECONDARY-TREATED EFFLUENT

4.2C5.1 Secondary effluent quality
Secondary-treated effluent of 20 g/m3 BOD5 and 30 g/m3 SS is typical quality from AWTS (aerated
wastewater-treatment systems). Sand filters are capable of treatment to 10 g/m3 BOD5 and
10g/m3 SS.
Secondary-treated effluent of sufficiently good quality to avoid odours and blockages can be applied
to land by irrigation. Some authorities also require certain disinfection standards to be met. Disinfection
is important if the irrigation systems deliver the effluent to the soil surface, especially if spray-
irrigation systems are used. Secondary-treated effluent can also be applied to land by any of the
methods used for primary-treated septic tank effluent.
Irrigation systems can benefit from a superior, more even, method of distributing the effluent over
the application area which cannot be achieved by trench or bed systems, where the effluent is
concentrated in the excavated space. This can lead to a more economical use of the space that is
required to accommodate the land-application system.
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4.2C5.2 Subsurface drip irrigation

The water balance terms are similar to those in surface irrigation (see Paragraph 4.2C5.3). However,
since the drip lines are installed at around 100 mm depth, there is a greater reliance on adequate soil
permeability to bring about lateral infiltration into the surrounding topsoil. Evapo-transpiration may
be enhanced by closer spacing of dripper lines and/or decreasing the space between drip emitters on
each line, thus spreading the effluent more uniformly throughout the application area.
Disinfection of the effluent would be less important than with any surface application.
4.2C5.3 Covered surface drip irrigation and spray irrigation

The main factors that apply to effluent disposal are:
(a) In both forms of irrigation, the effluent is applied to the soil surface. This tends to assist the
process of evapo-transpiration, so that Et may be greater than in any of the trench or bed or
combination evapo-transpiration/absorption/seepage systems. However, for design purposes
this effect is ignored.
(b) Effluent applied to the soil surface may become part of the run-off component (RO) when it
rains. However, if the run-off quality is acceptable, the land-application system cannot be said
to have failed. Also, further nutrient removal takes place during slow, shallow surface run-off
flow.
(c) Irrigation systems must maintain a net deep infiltration (DI) component to remove salts, and to
ensure CR = 0.
(d) The magnitude of interflow (IF) depends on the permeabilities and gradient of the layers of
soil in the profile.
(e) The application area may be terraced to increase Et and DI and decrease RO.
Surface drip irrigation and spray irrigation are especially suited to soils of almost any permeability,
as the effluent delivery rate and the area of application can be controlled by the design and operation
of the system in order to maximize further in-soil treatment. Thus in highly permeable soils, the
effluent can be spread thinly over a large area so as to promote unsaturated flow and achieve good
additional treatment. In soils of very low permeability, the spreading out of effluent enables one to
utilize the low infiltration rate of a large area to prevent surface run-off. However in that case, the risk
of producing off-site impacts increases with slope gradient.
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APPENDIX 4.2D
TYPI CAL D O M E S T I C - WAS T E WAT E R

F LO W D E S I G N ALLO WAN C E S
(Informative)
Source Typical wastewater flow allowance

in L/person/day (see Note 1)
On-site roof water Reticulated

tank supply community or a
bore-water supply
Households with standard fixtures (including automatic 140 180
washing machine)
Households with standard water reduction fixtures (see Note 2) 115 145
Households with full water-reduction facilities (see Note 3) 80 110
Households with extra wastewater producing facilities 170 220
Households (blackwater only) 50 60
Households (greywater only) 90 120
Motels/hotels
- guests, resident staff 140 180
- non-resident staff 30 40
- reception rooms 20 30
- bar trade (per customer) 20 25
- restaurant (per diner) 20 30
Community halls
- banqueting 20 30
- meetings 10 15
Restaurants (per diner)

- dinner 20 30
- lunch 15 25
Tea rooms (per customer)

- without restroom facilities 10 15
- with restroom facilities 15 25
School (pupils plus staff) 30 40

Rural factories, shopping centres 30 50
Camping grounds
- fully serviced 100 130
- recreation areas 50 65
NOTES:
1 These flows are minimum rates unless actual flows from past experience can be demonstrated.
2 Standard water-reduction fixtures include dual flush 11/5.5 litre water closets, shower-flow restrictors, aerator
faucets (taps) and water-conserving automatic washing machines.
3 Full water-reduction fixtures include the combined use of reduced flush 6/3 litre water closets, shower-flow
restrictors, aerator faucets, front-load washing machines and flow/pressure control valves on all water-use outlets.
Additionally, water reduction may be achieved by treatment of greywater and recycling for water closet flushing
(reclaimed water cycling).
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APPENDICES RELATED TO CLAUSE 4.3 WASTEWATER-

TREATMENT UNITS
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4.3A RECOMMENDED CAPACITIES FOR CONVENTIONAL

SEPTIC TANKS ........................................................................................ 143
4.3A1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 143

4.3A2 CONTEXT OF USE .................................................................................................... 143
4.3A3 SEPTIC TANK CAPACITIES ..................................................................................... 143
4.3A3.1 Service time ................................................................................................. 143
4.3A3.2 All-waste septic tank capacities ................................................................... 143
4.3A3.3 Greywater septic tank capacities ................................................................. 144
4.3A3.4 Blackwater septic tank capacities ................................................................ 144
4.3A4 PUMPOUT FREQUENCY .......................................................................................... 144
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APPENDIX 4.3A
R E C O M M E N D E D CAPAC I T I E S F O R
C O NV E NT I O NAL S E PT I C TAN K S
(Informative)
4.3A1 SCOPE
This Appendix gives recommendations on the minimum capacities for conventional septic tanks.
It results from the performance requirements and criteria of Part 2 and considerations given in
Clause 4.3 of this Standard.
4.3A2 CONTEXT OF USE

Septic tanks of these capacities are already in use in parts of Australia and New Zealand but have not
been adopted as minimum sizes throughout. They are presented as a guide for authorities and
manufacturers to work towards.
4.3A3 SEPTIC TANK CAPACITIES

4.3A3.1 Service time
Septic tank capacities are all calculated for up to a 5-year desludging/pumpout cycle. However,
three years is recommended as a desirable maximum service time prior to desludging for all-waste,
greywater and blackwater septic tanks.
4.3A3.2 All-waste septic tank capacities

The minimum capacity tank for any all-waste domestic-wastewater on-site application is
recommended to be 3000 L. This provides for approximately a 24-hour settling volume for a daily
flow of up to 1000 L from an equivalent population of up to 5 persons, and 2000 L scum- and sludge-
storage capacity providing for a maximum interval prior to desludging/pumpout of 5 years.
The 4500 L tank provides for approximately a 24-hour settling volume for daily flow from an
equivalent population of up to 10 persons. It also includes a 2500 L scum and sludge capacity providing
for a maximum interval prior to desludging/pumpout of 3 years. A 5-year desludging/pumpout
interval would require a 6000 L tank.
Tank capacities are shown in Table 4.3A1.
TABLE 4.3A1
ALL-WASTE SEPTIC TANK CAPACITIES
Population Number of Average daily Tank capacity

equivalent bedrooms flow (L)
(persons) (L)
1–5 3 Up to 1000 3000

6–7 4 1000 – 1400 3500
8 5 1400 – 1600 4000
9 – 10 6 1600 – 2000 4500
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4.3A3.3 Greywater septic tank capacities

The minimum capacity tank for any domestic greywater on-site application is recommended to be
1800 L.
The 1800 L greywater tank allows for approximately a 24-hour settling volume plus an allowance of
8 hours hydraulic buffering volume for the daily greywater flows from 5 persons. About 1000 L
capacity is allowed for sludge and scum accumulation over a 5-year period.
Minimum sizes are given in Table 4.3A2.
TABLE 4.3A2
GREYWATER SEPTIC TANK CAPACITIES

(persons) (L)
1–5 3 Up to 600 1800

6–7 4 600 – 840 2100
8 5 840 – 960 2400
9 – 10 6 960 – 1200 2700
4.3A3.4 Blackwater septic tank capacities

The minimum capacity tank for any domestic blackwater on-site application is recommended to be
1500 L.
The 1500 L blackwater tank allows for approximately a 24-hour settling volume for the daily water-
closet flows of 5 persons. About 1200 L capacity is allowed for scum and sludge accumulation over
a 5-year period.
Minimum sizes are given in Table 4.3A3.
TABLE 4.3A3
BLACKWATER SEPTIC TANK CAPACITIES

(persons) (L)
1–5 1–3 Up to 300 1500

6–7 4 300 – 420 1800
8 5 420 – 480 2100
9 – 10 6 480 – 600 2500
4.3A4 PUMPOUT FREQUENCY

The pumpout/desludging frequencies referred to in this Appendix are based on conservative scum
and sludge accumulation rates derived from the best available information to date.
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APPENDICES RELATED TO:

Clause 4.4 There are no related Appendices
Clause 4.5 Construction and installation
Appendix 4.5A Construction and installation of

trenches, beds and ETA/ETS systems
Appendix 4.5B Construction of mound systems
Appendix 4.5C Construction and installation requirements for shallow

sub-surface drip irrigation systems
Appendix 4.5D Construction and installation requirements for surface

irrigation systems
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4.5A CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF TRENCHES,

BEDS AND ETA/ETS SYSTEMS ........................................................... 147
4.5A1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 147

4.5A2 TRENCH AND BED CONFIGURATIONS ................................................................ 147
4.5A2.1 General......................................................................................................... 147
4.5A2.2 Dimensions .................................................................................................. 147
4.5A2.3 Construction details ..................................................................................... 147
4.5A3 ETA/ETS TRENCHES AND BED CONFIGURATIONS .......................................... 151
4.5A3.1 Spacing ........................................................................................................ 151
4.5A3.2 Construction details ..................................................................................... 151
4.5A3.3 Surface water ............................................................................................... 151

4.5A4 EFFLUENT LOADING............................................................................................... 151
4.5A4.1 Gravity loading of effluent .......................................................................... 151
4.5A4.2 Effluent-loading method for Category 1 soil ............................................... 153
4.5A4.3 Dose-loading of effluent .............................................................................. 153
4.5A5 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ............................................................................. 153
4.5A5.1 Damage to soils ........................................................................................... 153
4.5A5.2 Good construction technique ....................................................................... 153
4.5A5.3 Dispersive soil ............................................................................................. 154
4.5A5.4 Filling trenches and beds ............................................................................. 154
4.5A6 INSTALLATION – PIPE LAYING ............................................................................. 154
4.5A7 INSPECTION .............................................................................................................. 154
4.5A8 PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS ................................................................................ 155
4.5A9 COMMISSIONING ..................................................................................................... 155
4.5A10 MARKING ................................................................................................................... 155
4.5A11 REPORTING ............................................................................................................... 155
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APPENDIX 4.5B CONSTRUCTION OF MOUND SYSTEMS ............................................. 156
4.5B1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 156

4.5B2 PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................. 156
4.5B3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION ................................................................ 156
4.5B3.1 General ......................................................................................................... 156
4.5B3.2 Site protection .............................................................................................. 156
4.5B3.3 Construction preparation ............................................................................. 156
4.5B3.4 Construction of the mound .......................................................................... 158
4.5B4 COMMISSIONING ..................................................................................................... 159
4.5B5 REPORTING ............................................................................................................... 159
APPENDIX 4.5C CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR

SHALLOW SUB-SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS................. 160
4.5C1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 160

4.5C2 CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................................... 160
4.5C2.1 Irrigation area .............................................................................................. 160
4.5C2.2 Set-backs ...................................................................................................... 160
4.5C2.3 Sloping sites ................................................................................................. 160
4.5C3 INSTALLATION ......................................................................................................... 160
4.5C3.1 Pump system ................................................................................................ 160
4.5C3.2 Pipework ...................................................................................................... 162
4.5C3.3 Solids, soil and water ................................................................................... 162
4.5C4 PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS ................................................................................ 163
4.5C5 COMMISSIONING ..................................................................................................... 163
4.5C6 MARKING ................................................................................................................... 163
4.5C7 REPORTING ............................................................................................................... 163
APPENDIX 4.5D CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR

SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ......................................................... 164
4.5D1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 164

4.5D2 CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................................... 164
4.5D2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 164
4.5D2.2 Covered surface drip .................................................................................... 164
4.5D2.3 Irrigation area .............................................................................................. 164
4.5D2.4 Inflow of water ............................................................................................ 164
4.5D3 INSTALLATION ......................................................................................................... 164
4.5D3.1 Pump system ................................................................................................ 164
4.5D3.2 Pipework ...................................................................................................... 165
4.5D3.3 Distribution .................................................................................................. 165
4.5D4 PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS ................................................................................ 166
4.5D5 COMMISSIONING ..................................................................................................... 166
4.5D6 MARKING ................................................................................................................... 166
4.5D7 REPORTING ............................................................................................................... 166
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APPENDIX 4.5A
C O N S T R U C T I O N A N D I N S TAL LAT I O N O F
TR E N C H E S , B E D S AN D E TA/ ETS SYS TE M S
(Normative)
4.5A1 SCOPE
This is an Appendix to Clause 4.5 of this Standard. It sets out the construction and installation
requirements for land-application systems based on trenches or beds and ETA/ETS trench or bed
systems.
4.5A2 TRENCH AND BED CONFIGURATIONS

4.5A2.1 General
Trenches and beds may be gravity or pressure dose-loaded using a perforated pipe network, see
Clause 4.2.3.5.
4.5A2.2 Dimensions
Table 4.5A1 shows recommended, typical, minimum and maximum dimensions of conventional
trenches and beds based on the use of 100 mm diameter distribution pipes.
Perforated pipe of 100 mm diameter is usually used for gravity distribution of effluent, see
Paragraph 4.5A4.1.
TABLE 4.5A1
TYPICAL DIMENSIONS OF CONVENTIONAL TRENCHES AND BEDS
Typical dimensions Maximum Minimum
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Trench dimensions
Width 300 – 450 600 200

Depth of aggregate 200 – 400 400 200
Depth of topsoil 100 – 150 150 100
Spacing between adjacent
trenches (sidewall to sidewall) – N/A 1000
Bed dimensions
Width 1000 – 4000 4000 1000
Depth of aggregate 300 – 600 600 300
Depth of topsoil 100 – 150 150 100
Spacing between adjacent beds
(sidewall to sidewall) – N/A 1000
4.5A2.3 Construction details

Typical details of construction are shown in:
Trenches Figure 4.5A1 Conventional piped trench
Figure 4.5A2 Self-supporting arch trench (two versions)
Figure 4.5A3 Boxed trench
Figure 4.5A4 Discharge control trench for Category 1 soil
Beds Figure 4.5A5 Conventional bed
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Comment. In these figures the:

(a) Filter cloth is placed to prevent soil incursion into the distribution aggregate.
(b) Pre-formed arches are usually slotted along the lower portion of both sides of the arch,
see Clause 4.5A4.1.3.
(c) Brick or pre-cast reinforced concrete trench sidewalls and the trench covers are usually at
least 50 mm thick, to ensure stability of construction.
(d) The sand-fill media used in the discharge control trench for Category 1 soil (see Figure
4.5A4), is the same as that used in mound construction (see Paragraph 4.5B3.4.2).
FIGURE 4.5A1 CONVENTIONAL PIPED TRENCH

FIGURE 4.5A2 SELF-SUPPORTING ARCH TRENCH
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FIGURE 4.5A3 BOXED TRENCH
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FIGURE 4.5A4 DISCHARGE CONTROL TRENCH FOR CATEGORY 1 SOIL

FIGURE 4.5A5 CONVENTIONAL BED
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4.5A3 ETA/ETS TRENCHES AND BED CONFIGURATIONS

4.5A3.1 Spacing
The spacing of trenches and beds are as set out in Table 4.5A1.
4.5A3.2 Construction details

Typical details of construction of ETA/ETS trenches and beds are shown in Figures 4.5A6 and
4.5A7.
Comment. The layer of sand overlying the gravel distribution layer (Figures 4.5A6 and 4.5A7)
in both trenches and beds enables effluent moisture and nutrients to rise by capillary action to
the root systems of vegetation planted within the covering topsoil layer.
4.5A3.3 Surface water

Surface water shall be diverted around the perimeter and up-slope of the land-application area.
Rainfall is shed from the mounded surface of the ETA/ETS system.
4.5A4 EFFLUENT LOADING

4.5A4.1 Gravity loading of effluent
4.5A4.1.1 Trench or bed length
Individual trench or bed lengths shall be limited to around 20 m. A longer trench or bed is possible if
the installer can guarantee a level bottom over the proposed length. In such situations, the designer
shall specify the maximum trench or bed length appropriate to the construction method to be used.
Comment. The total trench or bed length is normally divided into equal proportions. A
distribution box ensures even flow to each trench or bed.
4.5A4.1.2 Distribution pipe

Effluent is distributed through perforated pipe laid parallel with the horizontal bottom of the trench
or bed. The minimum internal diameter shall be not less than 80 mm.
Comment. Suitable shape, size and density of perforation for plastic piping are covered in
AS 2439.2.
4.5A4.1.3 Arches
Pre-formed arches shall be slotted along the lower portion of the arch.
Comment. Slot width is typically 10 – 15 mm with an overall area of 10 000 mm2/m.
4.5A4.1.4 Boxed trenches

Open joints of 10 mm – 20 mm shall be provided between bricks so that effluent may be in contact
with soil through the sidewalls.
When slab-type pre-cast reinforced units are used, which are usually butt-jointed, a bottom trench
width, larger than the brick boxed trenches, shall be provided to compensate for there being no direct
contact with sidewall soil (see Figure 4.5A3).
Comment. Boxed trenches provide storage for large volume, intermittent, daily flows of effluent.
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FIGURE 4.5A6 ETA/ETS BED DETAILS

FIGURE 4.5A7 ETA/ETS TRENCHES
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4.5A4.2 Effluent-loading method for Category 1 soil

Systems constructed in highly permeable Category 1 soils may use an in-trench filter based upon
bottom area loading at the rate for DLR Soil Category 1. The trench can be constructed as per
Figure 4.5A4 with the effluent pressure dose-loaded, e.g. by siphon or pump, from the primary
treatment unit.
4.5A4.3 Dose-loading of effluent

Where pressure dose-loading of effluent by siphon or pump is used, the designer shall determine
trench or bed lengths and distribution pipe details appropriate to the system layout and the siphon or
pump duties.
4.5A5 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

4.5A5.1 Damage to soils
Excavation work shall not damage the soil.
Damage can be done by:
(a) Smearing, where the soil surface is smoothed, filling cracks and pores.
(b) Compacting, where the soil porosity is reduced.
(c) Puddling, where washed clay settles on the base of the trench to form a relatively impermeable
layer.
Comment. In particular, cohesive soils, or soils containing a significant quantity of clay, are
susceptible to damage by excavation equipment during construction.
4.5A5.2 Good construction technique

The following excavation techniques shall be observed so as to minimize the risk of damage to the
soil.
(a) Plan to excavate only when the weather is fine.
(b) Avoid excavation when the soil has a moisture content above the plastic limit. This can be
tested by seeing if the soil forms a “wire” when rolled between the palms.
(c) During wet seasons or when construction cannot be delayed until the weather becomes fine,
smeared soil surfaces may be raked to reinstate a more natural soil surface, taking care to use
fine tines and only at the surface.
(d) When excavating by machine, fit the bucket with “raker teeth” if possible, and excavate in
small “bites” to minimize compaction.
(e) Avoid compaction by keeping people off the finished trench or bed floor.
In particular for trenches and beds:
(f) If rain is forecast then cover any open trenches, to protect them from rain damage.
(g) Excavate perpendicular to the line of fall or parallel to the contour of sloping ground.
(h) Ensure that the inverts are horizontal.
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4.5A5.3 Dispersive soil

Clay soils that have a tendency to be dispersive shall receive special design attention.
During construction gypsum may be applied at 1 kg/m2 to the base of the trench or bed to prevent the
clay dispersing. The trench shall be closed in as soon as possible to protect the gypsum from raindrop
impact.
Comment. Gypsum should be used in consultation with a specialist soils consultant. It has
been estimated that the gypsum will be effective for about 10 years at this application rate.
Systems that need gypsum in order to operate will need the gypsum replenished. This would be
indicated by soil analysis.
4.5A5.4 Filling trenches and beds

After installation of pipework (see Paragraph 4.5A6), inspection ports, if any, (see Paragraph 4.5A7),
and pre-commissioning tests, if any, (see Paragraph 4.5A8), the distribution aggregate shall be carefully
placed into the trench. This is done so as to avoid damage to both the trench base and sidewalls and
the pipework. Care shall also be taken when placing backfill over in-situ distribution aggregate
during or after heavy rainfall.
After placing the distribution aggregate, the trenches and beds shall be covered with soil that is less
permeable than the surrounding natural soil. A filter cloth shall be laid over the distribution aggregate
to prevent ingress by the cover material (see Figures 4.5A1 to 4.5A5). This does not apply to
ETA/ETS trenches and beds.
The trenches shall not be covered with an impermeable layer.
4.5A6 INSTALLATION – PIPE LAYING

Effluent distribution pipes shall be laid to meet design requirements and manufacturer’s specified
requirements. These requirements will differ, depending on the pipe material.
Detailed specifications shall cover:
(a) Approved types of piping system, materials, diameter, perforation size, spacing and location.
(b) Pipe bedding and backfilling requirements.
(c) Pipe laying requirements (normally pipes would be laid horizontal).

Comment. Polyethylene pipe complying with AS 2439, AS 2698, AS/NZS 4129 (Int), or AS/NZS
4130, or PVC Class 12 pipe complying with AS/NZS 1477 are suitable materials.
4.5A7 INSPECTION
An inspection port shall be provided for boxed trenches and ETA/ETS systems. The inspection ports
shall be installed so as to facilitate the monitoring of the effluent level in each trench.
If groundwater monitoring is planned, additional inspection ports and bores shall be installed on the
site.
Ports shall be sealed.

Comment. If an inspection port is placed at the beginning of the land-application system,
solids carry-over from the septic tank can be monitored as well as the level of effluent in the
trench.
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4.5A8 PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS

A pre-commissioning test shall be carried out on pump-dosed systems after all on-site components,
including the pump, have been installed but prior to covering the effluent-distribution system in the
trench or bed (see also Clause 4.5.6.2):
(a) Fill pump to ‘pump-on’ level with water;
(b) Start pump;
(c) Check effluent distribution pipework to ensure water flows uniformly from all perforations;
(d) Record time taken to pump from ‘pump-on’ level to the ‘pump-off’ level. This shall be
approximately 3 minutes. Record time in the on-system log.
(e) Follow pump manufacturer’s recommendations for commissioning pump;
(f) Check pumping main to ensure there are no leaks and that the air-release valve is functioning;
(g) Check that the high-water level alarm operates.
4.5A9 COMMISSIONING
The on-site wastewater system shall be inspected, checked and commissioned according to
Clause 4.5.6.
4.5A10 MARKING
The location of underground pipes, land-application fields etc. shall be marked.
Comment. Marking tape to AS/NZS 2648.1 is suitable for underground use. The system’s
inspection ports and/or air vents may act as above ground markers for parts of the system.
4.5A11 REPORTING
An installation and commissioning report shall be produced to include the ‘as-built’ details following
construction, the results of construction inspections and the commissioning process. This report
shall be provided to the owner of the wastewater system and to the approval authority, if required
(see Clause 4.5.6.4).
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APPENDIX 4.5B
CONSTRUCTION OF MOUND SYSTEMS

(Normative)
4.5B1 SCOPE
This is an Appendix to Clause 4.5 of this Standard and sets out the construction and installation
requirements for mound systems.
4.5B2 PRINCIPLE
An area of aggregate is used to distribute primary effluent onto the surface of the sand-fill media
beneath (see Figure. 4.5B1). This sand filters the effluent and provides the within-mound treatment.
The basal area of the mound covers the natural soil which then absorbs the filtered effluent.
4.5B3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

4.5B3.1 General
The ground surface and mound shall be constructed with care.
Comment. It is essential that both the ground surface and the mound itself are properly prepared
and that attention is given to the details of mound design, if the mound system is to function
properly.
4.5B3.2 Site protection

Before on-site construction work is commenced, the site shall be protected from vehicular traffic (to
avoid compaction) and shall be isolated or marked out so that other nearby construction activity
does not damage the area.
4.5B3.3 Construction preparation

Before construction commences:
(a) The site shall be cleared of shrubs and trees. Trees shall be cut at ground surface and the
stumps removed and backfilled to natural surrounding soil conditions.
(b) The mound perimeter and bed shall be marked out in proper orientation.
Comment. Reference stakes set some distance from the mound perimeter are also required
in case the corner markers are disturbed.
(c) The area within the mound perimeter shall be ploughed.

Comment. Use a twin or larger mouldboard plough, ploughing 18 – 20 cm deep. Single
ploughs should not be used, as the trace wheel runs in every furrow, compacting soil. A
chisel plough may be used in place of a mouldboard plough. Roughening the surface with
backhoe teeth may be satisfactory. Rototilling is not recommended because of the damage
it does to the soil structure.
(d) Ploughing shall not be done when the soil is too wet. This leads to smearing and compacting
of the soil.
Comment. If a sample of the soil taken from the bottom of the plough furrow forms a wire
when rolled between the palms, the soil is too wet. If it crumbles, ploughing may proceed.
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LEGEND
Typical dimensions:
A 1200 to 2000 mm H 450 mm
B 6 to 8 times A I Determined by ground slope and 1 in 3
D 600 mm mound face slope
E 600 mm on flat ground, >600 mm on sloping J 2000 mm minimum on sloping ground
ground (equals I on flat ground)
F 225 mm K Determined by height of finished mound
G 300 mm and 1 in 3 mound face slope
FIGURE 4.5B1 WISCONSIN MOUND SYSTEM
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AS/NZS 1547:2000 158
4.5B3.4 Construction of the mound

The mound as illustrated in Figure 4.5B1, is built up of a sand-fill media with a distribution bed of
selected aggregate containing the effluent distribution system covered with a fabric and topsoil. It
shall be constructed as follows.
4.5B3.4.1 Delivery pipe

Install the delivery pipe from the dosing chamber so it may drain after dosing. Backfill and compact
the soil around the pipe.
4.5B3.4.2 Sand-fill media

The sand-fill media shall be:
(a) Medium sand free of clay, limestone or organic material. It shall have a grain size of 0.3 to
1.0 mm with a uniformity coefficient of 4.
(b) Carefully placed onto the ploughed area and moved into place either manually or by using a
small truck-type tractor with a blade.
Comment. It is essential to keep vehicles off the ploughed area and to have a minimum of
150 mm of material beneath the tracks of the tractor to minimize compaction of the natural
soil.
(c) Built up until its height reaches the elevation of the top of the distribution bed.
4.5B3.4.3 Distribution bed

The distribution bed shall be:
(a) Formed in the top of the fill media. It shall have a level base and sides shaped to the specified
slope. The base shall be at the design elevation.
Comment. The tractor blade may be used to form the distribution bed, which is then
usually levelled and sides shaped by hand.
(b) Carefully filled with graded river run aggregate (20 to 60 mm, non-crushed, rounded) and
levelled at a minimum depth of 150 mm.
Comment. In working the aggregate, do not create ruts in the bottom of the distribution
bed.
4.5B3.4.4 Effluent distribution network

The effluent distribution network shall be assembled and connected to the delivery pipes (see
Figure 4.5B1).
Comment. Assemble the distribution network on the aggregate. The manifold should be placed
so it will drain between doses, either out of the laterals or back into the pumping main. The
laterals should be laid level.
Polyethylene pipe complying with AS 2439, AS 2698, AS/NZS 4129 (Int), or AS/NZS 4130, or
PVC Class 12 pipe complying with AS/NZS 1477 are suitable materials.
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4.5B3.4.5 Pre-commissioning tests

A pre-commissioning test shall be carried out after all on-site components including the pump, have
been installed but prior to covering the effluent distribution system in the distribution bed (see also
Clause 4.5.6.2):
(a) Fill pump to ‘pump-on’ level with water;
(b) Start pump;
(c) Check effluent distribution pipework to ensure water flows uniformly from all perforations;
(d) Record time taken to pump from ‘pump-on’ level to the ‘pump-off’ level. This shall be
(f) Check pumping main to ensure there are no leaks and that the air-release valve is functioning.
4.5B3.4.6 Finish of distribution bed

To finish the distribution bed:
(a) Additional aggregate shall be placed on the distribution bed to a total depth of 225 mm.
(b) A suitable backfill barrier shall be installed over the aggregate such as a filter cloth.
(c) A fine textured soil material such as silt loam shall be placed over the top of the distribution
bed to a depth of approximately 300 mm with thickness reducing towards the sides.
(d) A further 150 mm (minimum) layer of good quality topsoil shall be placed over the entire
mound surface.
(e) The mound surface shall be grassed using grasses adapted to the area. Shallow rooting ground
cover can be planted around the base and up the side slopes.
Comment. Shrubs planted around the base of the mound should be tolerant of moisture, as
mound perimeter may become moist. Planting on top of the mound should be drought-tolerant,
as the upper portion of the mound can become dry.
4.5B4 COMMISSIONING
Clause 4.5.6.
4.5B5 REPORTING
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APPENDIX 4.5C
C O N S T R U C T I O N AN D I N S TAL LAT I O N
R E Q U I R E M E NTS F O R S HALLOW S U B - S U R FAC E
D R I P I R R I GATI O N SYS TE M S
(Normative)
4.5C1 SCOPE
This is an Appendix to Clause 4.5 of this Standard and sets out the construction requirements for the
treatment of effluent by a shallow, pressurized, sub-surface irrigation system.
4.5C2 CONSTRUCTION
Shallow subsurface drip systems are shown in Figure 4.5C1.
4.5C2.1 Irrigation area

to store the applied effluent and to support the growth of evergreen plants/vegetation to maximize
evapo-transpiration.
Comment. All effluent is discharged below the surface but within the potential root zone of the
vegetative cover. This helps the plants to reduce nutrient loads in the groundwater.
4.5C2.2 Set-backs
The system shall be installed with appropriate set-back distances required by the regulatory authority.
4.5C2.3 Sloping sites

The ingress of surface and seepage water into the land-application area shall be controlled or prevented.
A cut-off trench shall be constructed up-slope to divert surface and groundwater away from the
irrigated area (see Figure 4.5C1).
4.5C3 INSTALLATION
The irrigation system shall conform to the following.
4.5C3.1 Pump system

The pump and irrigation system shall:
(a) Have separate effluent storage chamber provided that it has a storage volume to match the
electrical starting requirements of the irrigation pump motor and to cope with the design flow.
Comment. A minimum volume of 200 L is recommended.
(b) Have performance characteristics that match the hydraulic characteristics of the irrigation
system.
(c) Be able to discharge at least 50 % more than the maximum 30 minute flow rate.
(d) Have percolation or drip flow rates that do not vary by more than 10 % from the design rate
over the whole of the system when installed on sloping ground.
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FIGURE 4.5C1 SHALLOW SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
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AS/NZS 1547:2000 162
4.5C3.2 Pipework
The pipes and fittings shall:
(a) Be rated to withstand a minimum of 150 % of the shut-off head of the pump.
(b) Be semi-flexible and robust.
Comment. Polyethylene complying with AS/NZS 4130 and AS/NZS 4129 (Int), or PVC
Class 12 complying with AS/NZS 1477 are suitable for header and main pump pipework.
(c) Have the dripper system designed to evenly distribute effluent and to avoid clogging by soil
or root intrusion. The pipe system shall be either:
(i) Low-pressure percolating pipe pressurized no more than 70 kPa or as recommended by

the manufacturer for even distribution of effluent.
(ii) Proprietary drip feed pipe with emitters fixed inside the pipe and pressurized to no
more than the maximum pressure recommended by the manufacturer to give an even
distribution of effluent.
(d) Be permanently buried and fixed.
(e) Have the header, main pump and dripper system buried at around 100 mm depth of cover, see
Figure 4.5C1.
Comment. It is necessary to keep the pipe shallow to ensure effluent uptake by plants.
However, in sand the depth may be 150 mm.
(f) Have the dripper system spaced to provide an effective even distribution of effluent over the
whole of the design area. Maximum spacing shall be 1000 mm in clay soils and 600 mm in
sand.
4.5C3.3 Solids, soil and water

Measures shall be taken to prevent malfunction:
(a) In-line strainers (150 – 200 mesh) shall be provided on the pump discharge to protect pipework
from any effluent solids carried over from the wastewater-treatment unit into the irrigation
lines and to facilitate system servicing.
(b) Vacuum breakers with surface boxes shall be provided to prevent ingress of soil into the
irrigation lines under the effects of negative pipeline pressures.
(c) Scour valves in surface boxes and scour-point subsurface trenches shall be provided to allow
periodic cleaning of the system. Their positions should be marked.
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4.5C4 PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS

A pre-commissioning test shall be carried out after all on-site components including the pump have
been installed, but prior to covering the effluent dripper system (see also Clause 4.5.6.2). As a
minimum the test shall take the following steps:
(a) Fill the pump to “pump-on” level with water;
(b) Start the pump;
(c) Check effluent dripper system to ensure water flows uniformly from all perforations and that
all flushing valves and other fittings are operating correctly;
(d) Record time taken to pump from “pump-on” level to the pump-off level. This shall be
approximately 3 minutes. Record time in on-system log.
(f) Check pumping main to ensure there are no leaks and air release valve is functioning.
4.5C5 COMMISSIONING
Clause 4.5.6.
4.5C6 MARKING
The presence of buried pipes shall:
(a) Be indicated e.g. using underground marking tape to AS/NZS 2648.1; or
(b) Be indicated by signage. Signs shall be prominently displayed with the words: Sewage effluent
pipework installed below. DO NOT DIG.
4.5C7 REPORTING
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APPENDIX 4.5D
C O N S T R U C T I O N AN D I N S TALLAT I O N R E Q U I R E M E N T S
F O R S U R FAC E I R R I GATI O N SYS TE M S
(Normative)
4.5D1 SCOPE
This is an Appendix to Clause 4.5 of this Standard. It sets out the construction and installation
requirements for the treatment of effluent using a surface-irrigation system.
A surface-irrigation system can be a covered drip or a spray system.
4.5D2 CONSTRUCTION
4.5D2.1 General
Both covered surface drip and spray-irrigation systems shall be constructed so that there is no pooling
or run-off of the effluent within or from the surface of the land-application area.
4.5D2.2 Covered surface drip

Covered drip systems shall be laid over the topsoil following installation of the distribution pipework
and then covered with mulch (see Figure 4.5D1).
4.5D2.3 Irrigation area

to store the applied effluent and to support the growth of evergreen plants/vegetation to maximize
evapo-transpiration.
4.5D2.4 Inflow of water

Inflow of surface and seepage water into the land-application area shall be controlled or prevented.
A cut-off trench or diversion drain shall be constructed to divert surface and groundwater away from
the irrigation area.
4.5D3 INSTALLATION
4.5D3.1 Pump system
The pump and irrigation system shall:
(a) Have a separate effluent storage chamber provided that it has a storage volume to match the
electrical starting requirements of the irrigation pump motor and to cope with the design flow.
Comment. A minimum volume of 200 L is recommended.
(b) Have performance characteristics that match the hydraulic characteristics of the irrigation
system.
(c) Be able to discharge at least 50 % more than the maximum 30-minute flow rate.
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4.5D3.2 Pipework
The pipes and fittings shall:
(a) Be rated to withstand a minimum of 150 % of the shut-off head of the irrigation pump.
(b) Have a semi-flexible robust system of pipes and fittings.
Comment. Polyethylene pipes and fittings complying with AS/NZS 4130 and
AS/NZS 4129 (Int) are suitable. UPVC pipes and fittings and garden hoses and fittings
are not suitable.
(c) Have pipe laterals connecting spray heads buried to a depth of at least 150 mm and the irrigation
system shall be permanently installed. The presence of the buried pipes shall be indicated,
e.g. using underground marking tape to AS/NZS 2648.1.
4.5D3.3 Distribution
4.5D3.3.1 Covered surface drip
The number of outlets required depends on the type and capacity of the distribution orifices or
drippers, and the absorption capacity of the soil.
4.5D3.3.2 Spray
Spray systems shall:
(a) Distribute the effluent through coarse spray heads suitable for use with effluent.
(b) Shall distribute the effluent evenly and shall not produce aerosols. (Refer to
Paragraph 4.2A10.5).
(c) Comply with setback requirements. Allowance shall be made for wind-carried spray from
spray-irrigation systems when determining final setback clearances to boundaries, dwellings
and food crops.
4.5D3.3.3 Solids, soil and water

Measures shall be taken to prevent malfunction:
(a) In-line strainers (150 – 200 mesh) shall be provided on the pump discharge to protect pipework
from any effluent solids carried over from the wastewater-treatment unit into the irrigation
lines and to facilitate system servicing.
(b) Vacuum breakers with surface boxes shall be provided to prevent ingress of soil into the
irrigation lines under the effects of negative pipeline pressures.
(c) Scour valves in surface boxes and scour-point subsurface trenches shall be provided to allow
periodic cleaning of the system. Their positions should be marked.
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4.5D4 PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS

A pre-commissioning test shall be carried out after all on-site components including the pump have
been installed. As a minimum the test shall take the following steps:
(a) Fill pump to “pump-on” level with water;
(b) Start pump;
(c) For surface irrigation check that water flows evenly from all perforations before covering
with mulch.
For spray irrigation, check the location and coverage achieved by the spray heads and adjust
to ensure even distribution to the design area.
(d) Record time taken to pump from “pump-on” level to the pump-off level. This shall be
(f) Check pumping main to ensure there are no leaks and air release valve is functioning.
4.5D5 COMMISSIONING
Clause 4.5.6.
4.5D6 MARKING
The irrigation area shall be delineated as required by Paragraph 4.2A10.4 and marked as required by
Paragraph 4.2A10.5.
4.5D7 REPORTING
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FIGURE 4.5D1 COVERED SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
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AS/NZS 1547:2000

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Originated in Australia as part of Int 320 -1951.

The revision has been broadened in scope to:

(d) Give guidance on operation and maintenance of on-site domestic-wastewater systems.

(e) Give guidance for on-site evaluation.

(f) Give guidance on soil assessment.

(h) Give guidance on design, construction and installation.

This revision does not address issues of sustainable reuse of wastewater.

This Standard is presented in four parts:

General background and definitions relevant to the whole Standard.

PART 3: Management of on-site domestic-wastewater systems

This is an informative Part of the Standard.

PART 4: Means of compliance

Appendices accompany Clauses 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5.

PART 1 : GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 9

PART 2 : PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................................... 19

PART 3 : MANAGEMENT OF ON-SITE DOMESTIC-WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ............... 30

3.2 APPLICATION ............................................................................................................ 30

APPENDIX 3A OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES ................................... 44

PART 4 : MEANS OF COMPLIANCE ........................................................................................ 54

PART 1 : GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STANDARD ........................................................................................ 9

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STANDARD

1.2 SCOPE AND INTERPRETATION

1.2.2 System size

1.2.3 Greywater reuse

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

1.4.2 Innovative and alternative materials, systems and methods

1.5.2 New Zealand

1.5.2.2 Resource Management Act

1.6.2 Absorption trench or bed or area

1.6.4 Aerated wastewater-treatment system (AWTS)

1.6.8 Best practicable option (BPO)

1.6.10 Collection well

1.6.11 Conventional septic tank

1.6.13 Design area

1.6.14 Design irrigation rate (DIR)

1.6.15 Design loading rate (DLR)

mm/day as applied to the horizontal design area of a land-application system.

1.6.16 Dispersive soil

1.6.19 Dry vault

1.6.22 Environmental performance

1.6.23 Evapo-transpiration-absorption (ETA) trench, bed or area (Australia)

1.6.24 Evapo-transpiration-seepage (ETS) trench, bed or area (New Zealand)

1.6.25 Exclusion area

1.6.26 Expected available area (EAA)

1.6.29 Filter cloth

1.6.32 Holding tank

1.6.33 Impermeable layer

1.6.35 Land-application system

1.6.36 Long-term acceptance rate (LTAR)

1.6.37 Maintenance certificate

1.6.39 Perched water-table

1.6.40 Performance objectives

1.6.41 Performance requirements

1.6.42 Performance criteria

1.6.44 Population equivalent

1.6.45 Primary treatment

1.6.46 Producer statement