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Is asymmetric because
◦ Keys that encrypt messages or verify signatures cannot decrypt messages or create
signatures
◦ Digital signatures – how to verify a message comes intact from the claimed sender
◦ Either of the two related keys can be used for encryption, with the other used for decryption (in
some schemes)
XB
Compute YB = a mod q
Send YB
Shared Key Nobody can calculate k given
X q, a, YA, and YB Shared Key
KAB = YB A
KAB = YA XB
XBXA
=a mod q XAXB
=a mod q
conversely we can determine the greatest common divisor by comparing their prime
factorizations and using least powers
◦ 300 = 22×31×52
◦ 18 = 21×32 hence
◦ GCD(18,300)=21×31×50=6
eg.
◦ ø(37) = 36
◦ ø(21) = (3–1)×(7–1) = 2×6 = 12
Ø(27) = ??
Ø(189) = ??
note that the message M must be smaller than the modulus N (block if needed)