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HASAN SAYGINEL
HS
TOPIC 5; ON THE WILO S IDE
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if"\o~o..l\,c...
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o\Jjen.
co rbo f\
2-i~, Je
Light
J
NADP ' Stroma
ADP
p
ATP
I
ll [NADPH
Chloroplast/
::.-::....-_._..
. . . AT f
* f~o.sp'norjlo.1:o" of
/\Pf re q/--~res e"ersJ o("\ d ~j~:ko~.s, s
of Atr f rov'1Jes o._r, i1nm e d ~o-4e.. en~' 3J .suff~ of er.ery__J
f r b;d~, c°'\ proceJ:.Ses .
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2 . chain
C _ NADPH
i =
t -e
G)
0
>-
E
.s.,,
.,,>-
light .9
~ 0
.i::
a..
••
1 "'2.11 The path of carbon in
<ombin<>S w 1h I
ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
(,<dtbon SUCJd' phosph.Jte,
~ Co<bon d,o,ide dCre/>!Ot molecule) frxation
formrng an u ~
!H:a,t,on sugar that
splits ,mmed!alei'/
to loon
l
input from the
hghHlei,endert usmg energy rrom All' -
•
{GP combont'S ~•,,th 2<1-rl from NADPk • ff'
AOP reduction
~•r-----•✓
_lor_~_------.
_ ~asec&
regeMration
•
useddorectly,n
re5prdll0fl<X
/ <onwnedto ~
and th, Olhe, p,oduct,
glomse }
ol Pholo5\'T'Jhl-s,• .
,------~ ~9 lipd, produa • ~
dl'rWl()l(.it,
Cdlbat-,lic,ttxt,
~ .,--
i -€.. r rv--.~
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5
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e -~ ~ ~:- Tk rol- of Cf"' c,
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n, de_ - Food n~ c..h t.
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. \ rG.rf" J '" ' ' "-
+he_ l -e_ ;0 f r ~ I0--•' J clo'-" " -
l
Rising temperatures,
changing rainfall patterns,
changes to seasonal cycles
C.Or-lee.cl +o m e. t k oJs
ccr bo /\., d ~ o -x .~J e
~rf'. .g
,jt g
~ f
(.Alb,t'<I
compounds
in pl.mts
7-·
b carbon compounds
/J
'of /
£_t ec~e..s ·. A 3/0Jf ef 0:.30.._r,\J()'\J -..,be_ °1~'2.. y/le..J cal'\ ff o -----
J .:J""f~.{,; C
Sfe c.'lcd :o,..,
:t
G-~r~D~t~c. l( 1, N {) Qe-6\(~~ICO. ( b~rr; 0 /
I 1.sl)~ ~ J Jo
B<)-+~
r e <f v~ re re.p rcclvc-f,' ve iso\ct.ti'ol"
Prezygotic reprodutive barriers Explanation
Habitat isolation Populations occupy different habitats in the same area so do not
meet to breed.
Temporal isolation Species exist in the same area but are active for reproduction at
different times.
Mechanical isolation The reproductive organs no longer fit together.
Behavioural isolation Populations do not respond to each other's reproductive displays.
Gametic isolation Male and female gametes from two populations are simply
incompatible with each other.
Postzygotlc reproductive barriers Explanation
Hybrid sterility Healthy individuals produced from the mating of two different
species cannot themselves reproduce.
Hybrid inviability Individuals produced from the mating of two different species are
not healthy and do not survive.
TQP\C G·. INFECT! ON,, H NU tv I -, y l
A\JO r-oRE(\)SILJ
Putting ,,II this 1nf rmat1on together can q1ve the forens,c soen11st a verv nood estimate
of trme of opa· ·
1 lRAIGCRll'TION
DNA lnfc,motlon COfl'ec! to mllNA
mr.;N~ m~
codirg ,i,,rd of ()NA beont eu=bl• d
,- ;1~~666 1c1 Acc 6~~~b "-
c c CCAC,.UCCCCCIIC ____,
A UC
•
....
~ T GGCCCAC,.TGCCCCAC
lrcc mkNA
nu:.I c ~
cyt""'"""
.,..,.no .-cicf3
.-c'(.i1,1•tli0h -
LRNA o,nin..,...no
.,.j,/, loNbo><>~
(
errergv ncrtkd
~
difiorent tllN,. to en~ct; ernino ..,.._ ArP
I 7C';-
n ctrcul!!~ I
GGG l lJ A C
ood I~ tRN.~ --,
C ti C
l I
U I- C
U!NA
Pto
s 4
Compk,tNI p ofy~•d<° mo6ft<°d 11\ANSlATION
to p,odtJt ir (~tio"411 pt Olrif'I, ml:NA infcrm,tion t ,_.3l.tl!'d
e.p_, etl!'fl"TIC' of ~ ~ r.c th:i ~ in'to • J.P'f'(if tt J"I~ ~ of dmmo «"'ds
Ptot eln >t "l~).r) I} lk .,l<d'f ,n '4¼.lt.h tht- ir1lt,,rmdt~n hd " in the.- ~ucnc.c o f bdlan 1n d Q.~ i, t;dn i l, t it:tJ hYl.o d :,.r-q-,~ lt~ ol dntino dl hh 1n d
n,, .,,..,n,wl,, , 1t..,,,
DNA
• ONA polymerase
• ONA pnmers with
fluorescent markers
• nucleotides
~ added to reaction tube
111'0P$ ~1 IPPIPePI
satellite ~ated
sequence
.,.
mpllcaW
''''"''~······
•·1'ii::::r:a11111 "T" I.. -
ii I eJ Ii ii Sih& ii 11li ii
II 111111 ·
1111,:r::r:tt-
a::11:11111 111,, n
•==-----
10°c i i i Ii I hi! bi lb Ji I i i I Ii
ej ;; :::::::;;: ·.!!!!l--
Wil I liiiliiii
fragments with
just the STR
repeated sequence -
iliillii t.:.111 11111
1 11., tu ea 11 :
..._____
m pnmer
- -
IIIC 11 IP! I ti I 7 I II I I I If
M tl I .Jiiiiiil
DNA polymerases attach and
1111 "'J.:.~•11111
replication occurs from each primer. "r: ,: II I p;p: !It I e It
In each cyde that follows the
pn,cess is repeated pruducing
n$;r r::1111
5 4
6
2
Phage DNA is injected
Lysis - the bacterial cell bursts
into host cell It brings
about the synthesis -------------, due to the action of lysozyme,
releasing up to 1000 phages
of viral enzymes.
I or 'I
I to infect other bacteria.
Viral DNA is
3a t I
I
I
I
3b
Phage DNA
inactivates New phage partides are
I assembled as new protein coats
incorporated I the host DNA
into host cell DNA. I and takes over are made aroound phage DNA.
I the cell The enzyme lysozyme is
I I
synthesised or released.
'
biochemistry.
Viral DNA is replicated
each time the bacterium
divides, without causing
any damage.
J -------------►
changes to join
lytic pathway
' ..- I 4'
Phage DNA
is replicated.
retrovirus (HIV)
TIie retrovirus
attacks an animal ceU
animal cell
2
t
Viral RNA enters the
host crlt This RNA cannot
be used as mRNA. j
3
t - - '"-,reverse lrarucripta.s~
5
New viral particles are New virus particles
O•
usembled and leave the host eJcape by e,cocytosls.
cell by oxocytosls. Viral DNA
remains in lhe nucleus
,o the process Is repeated.
Thi, cell continues to
,lQ as a virus factory.
+ 1-he s \r--{_{...,e_ ot t3°' '- i c< 0
--l ke...
of +he. ..fO
re:sr,1rG..1"Dr 'f
e,,.J,ro_l'le s ho -s-'
Mefl\b(Ol) e_
et1 t'-jvY\ e J -
11'\f ~J ~~y
iJ
'"- Sol"Y\e_
~/\Ov../'I a...J
IY'\ e~o .J(Yr\ e..i •
• Some. bo.der~ 0. ho.ve. 0- ccxf J -- ,_~ ~ C,:(C)-- 1\d_ ihe~r eel l v,10.\Ls. I+ c1oierG
-+~e. ba.der'(...,IY' {,or('.. rh
Joc_~o.s, -s L1 \Ak1 -4e: bloocl_ cells. (+- ctlJ 0
(Ov1t r..5 R e.. cell f(\.cr~ r .s C).J -+h~ te'll M-el\,,.brc."<.. .....kc.k ide"+f_J
-t\,e. c.e\\ . 5o a ca-f~vle_ @A ma~e. ,t eo..sier for a bach:•r~vm +o
fa+~o 9~1iic 6 ecG\.vSe: ,+ 'is no+ ide,.., t(,e d. :)' th e_ hos-+ <s [mrnv;1 e
~.I .\~~-
• r()IV\~ bo.c.•h r~ h~~e_ t'nreo.J -liLe_
C. rro➔ e;I'\ projed:of\.c fro~ --lhe, r
~ rfu.c e. co-.\\e.~ f \i .
v 1 .
• Jo/Y\e. bru:+e,~ o CO.A v'N)ve_ vs~'J •f lc.-j.( I\°'. .
~l'V'Jt.l 11e...s
• i~ e.. ~e"'e+tc f'(\o..+e.r; o._\ COI\Sist.s af o. S•/\.~;\e_ le.J'th o f c,rc..lo.~
ON I\ I j I "j fee i I"\ ~ he. c~i or lQJ"" -
• ~of'Y\.e.60-.de.r.o..\ cell.s o...lso Jc.0"10.; 0 Qf\e_ or ((\ore_ tr-.vc " s~a.ll er
drcte.J af OVA ~""" o....s f lcw,"r\i cl.S.
o~ e'el\ces ,(\ +'he s+, . . c.t ... , e.. o 8c-.cl(,;°' OI\d virvsQ.J
Bo..der-:-o- ha.ve. °' f ' ..)~ C~ Q~; ( ce\Llcr Sirvcivre_ w;+~ c)Jo,,-JleJ
b,_,.+ v~r use..J de r\.o ~ .
-C ,,rot~
3 macrophages engulf antigens by endocytosis,
and then express this antigen on their MHC
proteins on the cell surface membrane
= antigen presentation
ei,IJ "'9< ft!K protein unique to
•f"'-~j(,ln
2 antigen taken up
by exocytosis and is
then expressed on
>'
the cell surface membrane '
at the
"°')JIH~protein
·, ....
~ l)
/
:I.IT i.e per cell now
-t
"'
@ '-,_\~~
Tccll
'\, , ,
', ___
',,_
' , ,,
Q·: .- '«1
4 T cell binds (bri~fly) to m~crop_hage that
presents an antigen and is actJVated -
it is now called an
activated T helper cell
ted B cell
ili•i~ rapidly,
~ming a clone
of-plasma cells ~ - - - - - i
@
@ @ -,. ,____ (
...,...
',
:
'
~
~
~
~
,:_:,•.,. ',,: so: e activated 8 cells and T cells
survive in the body as memory cells,
and are able to initiate a more speedy
response in the event of re-infections