M-ARY QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM)

9h QAM two
separate K bit s bots from
Afrobeat
,
-
the

information sequence are on

two quadrature carriers coszitfet and
sin 25ft
be
The
expressed
QAM
.

signal waveforms may

as

orthonormal
The
functions can be selected as

using functions
these the
signal,space
-

representation of QAM signal is given by

QAM Signal Constellation: Below Figure illustrates a 16-QAM
signal constellation that is obtained by amplitude modulating each
quadrature carrier by M = 4 PAM for the special case where the
signal amplitudes take the set of discrete values {(2m- 1-M ), m =
1, 2, ... , M}. In general, rectangular signal constellations result
when two quadrature carriers are each modulated by PAM.

D D2
A-mi )
Amg

-6
,

In this case, the Euclidean distance between

,
adjacent points, i.e., the minimum distance, is
dmin=f2Eg
Am , & Amg Ang O
Ani
-
as 2
-

-_
-

14=16 or Ami -
An ; -

- o f Amg Ang
- - 2
In the
special case
of a
rectangular constellation
with ly = 2214 ie .
M =
4 ,
16 , 64 , 256, - -
-
and
,
both
with amplitudes II
,
I3 ,
- - -
I ( Tm -

)
t on

directions ,
we have

dm in ⇐

Sieg
From our discussion of bandpass ASK, PSK, and QAM, it is clear that
all these signaling schemes are of the following general form

Smit) = Re [Amg It) eh 't fit] ,

m -1,2, -
-
M

where Am is determined by the signaling scheme. For ASK, Am is real,

generally equal to ±1, ±3, ... , ±(M - 1), for M-ary PSK, Am is
complex and equal to ejzttlmlm t) ; and finally for QAM, Am is a
-

general complex number Am = Ami + jAmq·

In this sense it is seen that these three signaling schemes belong to

the same family, and ASK and PSK can be considered as special
cases of QAM.
In QAM signaling, both amplitude and phase carry information, whereas
in ASK and PSK only amplitude or phase carries the information.

Also note that in these schemes the dimensionality of the signal space is
rather low (one for ASK and two for PSK and QAM) and is independent
of the constellation size.