1st AUAF Workshop on

Building Research Capacity

Research Methodology and Results and Discussion

Dr Ahmad Aljanad
31st October 2019
Elements of scientific research paper

Title
Abstract

Introduction

Methodology

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References
Methodology

Objective #1
Objective #2
Objective #3

Section 1 Methodology for Objective 1

Section 2 Methodology for Objective 2
Section 3 Methodology for Objective 3
Research Methodology
Quantitative
 Attempts to explain phenomena by collecting
and analysing numerical data
 Tells you if there is a “difference” but not
necessarily why
 Data collected are always numerical and
analysed using statistical methods
 Variables are controlled as much as possible, so
we can eliminate interference and measure the
effect of any change
 Randomisation to reduce subjective bias
Qualitative
 Any research that doesn’t rely primarily on
numerical data
 Instead uses words, pictures, photos, videos,
audio recordings. Field notes, generalities.
Peoples’ own words.
 Tends to start with a broad question rather than
a specific hypothesis
Data Collection

 Input Parameters (Dependent Variables)

 Output Parameters (Independent Variables)

Quantitative
 Data sources include
• Surveys where there are a large number of
respondents
• Observations (counts of numbers and/or
coding data into numbers)
• Primary data is information collected
through original or first-hand research.
• Secondary data (government data; SATs
scores etc)
 Analysis techniques include hypothesis testing,
correlations and cluster analysis
Methodology
 Explain how you studied the
problem, identify the procedures
you followed, and order these
chronologically where possible

 Provide the reader enough

details so they can understand
and replicate your research

 The stages of the proposed

model can be explained as
follows
Methodology

 Any theoretical and simulation work

should be detailed in this section.

 However, only the most important

equations or features should be
presented here.

 Be precise in describing
measurements and include errors of
measurement or research design
limits
Methodology
 Explain new methodology in
detail; otherwise name the
method and cite the previously
published work

 Present the developed algorithm

using Pseducode or flowcharts
Elements of scientific research paper

Title
Abstract

Introduction

Methodology

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References
Results and Discussion

 Results and discussions: critical analysis of the results

obtained, their significance and nature of originality are
to be argued and discussed in unambiguous manner.

 Objectively present your findings, and explain what was

found
Results and Discussion

 Any limitations of the results presented or techniques

used in the study are to be highlighted in this section.

 A void the word THE BEST in the analysis part

 Care should be taken to avoid any contradictory

statements

 Sufficient number of Figures and Tables with good

quality.
Results and Discussion
Caption of Table

 Sufficient number of Figures

and Tables with good quality.
(a)

 Each table and figure has a

name, e.g. Table 1, Table 2, legend

… and Figure 1, Figure 2, …

 Each should have a Caption

and legend, e.g. a (b)

description of what the table

or figure represents
Caption of Figure
Results and Discussion

 Simulation results need to be validated by experimental

work of the author’s own or taken from the literature
with appropriate referencing.

The performance of the proposed

model is compared with the
performance of ANN-based models as
an external validation.
Thank you !

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