Methods

Materials used in this study are iron specimen (Fe), NaCl solution as medium, Awak banana peel (Musa
paradisiacal var. Awak) from Pringgan Market Medan, distilled water, methanol, FeCl3, ethyl acetate. The
equipment used in this research include beaker glass, rotary vacuum evaporator, Whatman no 41 filter paper,
oven, blender, and analytical balance.

1. Preparation of banana peel powder and crude extract

The banana peelis dried in the air to remove the water content. The banana peel is cut into small pieces.
Banana peel is blended to be powder.The banana peel is sievedby using sieve tray of 50 mesh. The
powder is macerated with methanol at a ratio of 7:1 and left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the filtrate is
filtered with Whatman no 41 filter paper. The filtrate is removed with a rotary vacuum evaporator at a
temperature of 65oC into a paste form. The concentrated extract is analyzed qualitatively.
2. Qualitative analysis
Crude extract of 1 g is added 10 ml water and heated to boiling. The filtrate is filtered and 1% FeCl3
solution is added as much as 10 drops. The presence of tannin is shown by the change of color to
blackish.
3. Tannin separation from crude extract
The crude extract of banana peel is dissolved with ethyl acetate, stirred until dissolved, then settled to
form precipitate. The precipitate is filtered and then washed again with ethyl acetate until the filtrate is
clear. The insoluble precipitate in ethyl acetate is tannin.
4. Preparation of iron specimen
An iron specimen with a size of 1 cm x 2 cm x 0.06 cm smoothed the surface with steel emery. The iron
specimenis washed with detergent and distilled water, then dried in an oven with a temperature of 110oC
for 2 hours.
5. Soaking iron specimen in 3% NaCl solution without the presence of inhibitor
The iron specimen is weighed in the initial mass, then immersed in 50 ml of 3% NaCl solution for 12
days, then the corrosion rate is calculated.
6. Soaking iron specimen in 3% NaCl solution with addition of inhibitor
The iron specimen is weighed in the initial mass, then immersed in 50 ml of 3% NaCl solution,
andvariations of the inhibitor form are performed.The inhibitors used are powder of banana peel, crude
extract of banana peel, and tannin of banana peelwith each 9 g of inhibitor concentration, stored for 12
days. Then the rate of corrosion reaction and the corrosion inhibition efficiency of each inhibitor are
calculated.
7. Corrosion rate calculation
After 12 days, the iron specimen is removed from the corrosion medium then washed and dried in an
oven with a temperature of 110oC.The iron specimen then weighed the mass eventually. The corrosion
rate, CR (mils/year or mpy) is determined by equation (1) and the corrosion inhibition efficiency is
determined by equation (2) [12]:

CR= KW over DAt

Where K is constant (3.45 x 106), Wismass loss (g), D is density (g/cm3), A is surface area (cm2), and t is
immersion time (hours).

CR0-CRi
Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency (%) = x 100 % (2) CR0

withCR𝑖 is corrosion rate with inhibitor (mils/year) and CR0is corrosion rate without inhibitor (mils/year)
Inhibitor efficiency
By definition, a corrosion inhibitor is a chemical substance that, when added in small concentration to an
environment, effectively decreases the corrosion rate. The efficiency of that inhibitor is thus expressed by a
measure of this improvement

Inhibitor Efficiency (%) = 100·(CRuninhibited- CRinhibited)/ CRuninhibited

where:

CRuninhibited = corrosion rate of the uninhibited system

CRinhibited = corrosion rate of the inhibited system

In general, the efficiency of an inhibitor increases with an increase in inhibitor concentration, e.g. a typically
good inhibitor would give 95% inhibition at a concentration of 0.008% and 90% at a concentration of 0.004%.

Through the years, sophisticated corrosion inhibitor test methods, typically designed to reproduce the most
extreme conditions in a system, have been employed to improve inhibitor capabilities. New and better corrosion
inhibitors have been developed as a result of their performance in elaborate laboratory apparatus, yet many have
not achieved comparable performance in the field. The inability to transfer inhibitor performance from the
laboratory to the field remains a challenge today. However, correlation of laboratory and field performance may
be possible once key factors involved in inhibitor chemistry and corrosion theory are considered.

https://corrosion-doctors.org/Inhibitors/Efficiency.htm

Plant extracts are viewed as environmentally friendly and ecologically acceptable inhibitors. Plant
products are low-cost, readily available, and renewable sources of materials. The extracts from their
leaves, barks, seeds, fruits, and roots comprise of mixtures of organic compounds containing nitrogen,
sulphur, and oxygen atoms and some [15–20] have been reported to function as effective inhibitors of
metal corrosion in different aggressive environments. Generally, the inhibitive effect of plant extract is
attributed to the adsorption of organic substances on the metal surface, blocking active sites or even
forming a protective barrier.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijc/2014/679192/

2.5. Weight Loss Method

Triplicate steel specimens were immersed in 100 mL of electrolyte with and without the M.
cerviana extract for 1, 24, and 72 hrs at room temperature. The cleaned specimens were weighed before
and after immersion into the corrosive solution. The specimens were removed, rinsed with water and
acetone, and dried. The loss of weight of the steel samples was determined using an analytical balance
with the precision of  mg. The weight loss measurements were performed according to ASTM standard
G 31-72. The percentage inhibition efficiency (IE) was obtained from the following
equation:where  and  are the weight of the mild steel in the absence and in the presence of inhibitor.

Weight loss data of mild steel in 1 M HCl in the absence and in the presence of various concentrations of
inhibitor were obtained. This physical measurement is a direct answer to find out corrosive environments and
the average corrosion rate. The variation of inhibition efficiency at different immersion times like 1, 24, and 72 
hrs at room temperature in 1 M HCl is shown in Table 3. It has been observed that 500 mg/L of M.
cervianaextract is considered to be an optimum concentration that exhibits higher efficiency against corrosion of
mild steel. The results from the Table 3 also show that the corrosion rate decreases with increase in the
concentration of the inhibitor in HCl and the maximum surface coverage is found to be 0.926 at 500 mg/L.
There is considerable decrease in inhibition efficiency above 500 mg/L. The inefficiency above 500 mg/L may
be due to weakening of metal-inhibitor interactions, resulting in the replacement of inhibitor by water or
chlorine ions with decrease in inhibition efficiency [36]. The increasing inhibition efficiency and decreasing
corrosion rate were attributed to the adsorption of inhibitor on the metal surface. From this result, it is clear that
the extract is adsorbed at the corrosion sites of mild steel surface responsible for anticorrosion activity. The mild
steel gets blocked and the adsorbed film of inhibitor acts as a physical barrier between mild steel and corrosion
medium.

The inhibition increased with an increase in the immersion time and stabilized after 72 hrs with the
inhibition rate of 92.6%. The results obtained from the weight loss measurement are in good agreement
with those obtained from the other electrochemical methods.

Conclusion
M. cerviana extracts acted as an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution. The
polarization studies showed that M. cerviana extract was a mixed type inhibitor and its corrosion
efficiency increased with the inhibitor concentration. From the EIS plots of mild steel, it is clear that
the charge transfer resistance increased with increase in M. cerviana extract. Inhibition efficiency
obtained from weight loss measurements was in good agreement with polarization and EIS methods.
The adsorption of the M. cervianaextracts of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution obeys the Langmuir
adsorption isotherm and the SEM studies showed the formation of inhibitor film on mild steel surface.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijc/2014/679192/