materials

Article
Possible Recycling of Cigarette Butts as Fiber
Modifier in Bitumen for Asphalt Concrete
Md Tareq Rahman * , Abbas Mohajerani and Filippo Giustozzi
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia; abbas.mohajerani@rmit.edu.au (A.M.);
filippo.giustozzi@rmit.edu.au (F.G.)
* Correspondence: md.tareq.rahman@student.rmit.edu.au




Received: 9 January 2020; Accepted: 4 February 2020; Published: 6 February 2020


Abstract: Littering waste is among the top environmental issues in the world, and the management
of the waste has turned into a challenge in almost every city. It has been reported that 75% of
smokers dispose of their cigarette butts (CBs) on the ground, even in public places. Researchers
have discovered that CBs make up more than one-third of the total littered waste on the planet.
Cigarette butts predominantly consist of a cellulose acetate fiber (plastic)-based filter wrapped in
paper. Waste CBs contain burnt tobacco and tar, along with many other toxic chemicals. They take
years to biodegrade depending on the environmental conditions, and toxic chemicals leach out
and contaminate the environment. As part of an ongoing project, this paper presents a novel and
sustainable technique to recycle cigarette butts in bitumen for the construction of flexible pavements.
In this research, CBs have been pre-processed and mixed with bitumen classes C320, C170, and PMB
A10E as a fiber modifier. Comprehensive laboratory investigations, including a penetration test,
softening point test, and viscosity test, have been performed along with a binder drain off test to
evaluate the performance of the modified samples. During this investigation, samples were prepared
with 0.3% cellulose fiber, 0.2%, 0.3% 0.4%, and 0.5% CBs. The results of the CB-modified samples were
compared with the sample with cellulose fiber and fresh bitumen (0% fiber). The results show that
the physical and rheological properties of bitumen incorporating CBs improve significantly, and CBs
could be used instead of virgin cellulose fiber as a fiber modifier.

Keywords: recycling; cigarette butts; bitumen; asphalt concrete; environmental sustainability;

waste management

1. Introduction

1.1. Cigarette Butt Pollution

Cigarette Butts (CBs) are the lower part of the cigarette, which generally comprises the filter.
Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie investigated the number of smokers in the world and concluded
by mentioning that there had been a drastic increase in the number of smokers around the world.
The number had already crossed 1 billion by 2012 [1,2]. In 2018, the World Health Organization
summarized the number of smokers in the world as totaling 1.1 billion, even after numerous health
awareness campaigns [3]. Notwithstanding the statistics, the actual number of smokers is probably
much higher and continuing to increase, as shown in Figure 1, which was adapted from the Institute for
Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) 2014 and the World Health Organization [3,4]. The production
of cigarettes has increased to support the increasing need. A recent study shows that the current
production of cigarettes is 6 trillion, of which 5.8 trillion are consumed every year [5]. According to the
World Health Organization, production will reach 9 trillion by 2025 [5–7]. Figure 2 shows the sale of
cigarettes per adult smoker per day in some of the countries of the world [1,2].

Materials 2020, 13, 734; doi:10.3390/ma13030734 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials

Materials 2020, 13,
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Increasing trend in the number of smokers in the

Increasing trend in the number of smokers in the
world
world
1300 Million
1300 Million
1100 Million
1100 Million
900 Million
900 Million
700 Million
700 Million
500 Million
500 Million
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Figure 1. Increased rate of the number of daily smokers in the world from 1980–2019; adapted from
Figure
Figure
the 1. Increased
1. Increased
Institute rate of
ofthe
thenumber
rateMetrics
for Health numberofofdaily
daily
and Evaluation smokers
smokers
(2014) in in
and the world
the
World from
world 1980–2019;
from
Health adapted
1980–2019;
Organization adapted
[3,4]. fromfrom
the
Institute for Health
the Institute Metrics
for Health and and
Metrics Evaluation (2014)
Evaluation and and
(2014) World Health
World Organization
Health [3,4].[3,4].
Organization

Figure 2. Sales of cigarettes in some of the countries of the world [1,2,4].

Figure 2. Sales of cigarettes in some of the countries of the world [1,2,4].
Figure 2. Sales of cigarettes in some of the countries of the world [1,2,4].
However, these smoked cigarette butts have a damaging impact on the environment.
“The However, these smoked
Terramar project” cigarette butts
has determined have a damaging
that throughout impact
the world, 2.3 on the environment.
million cigarette butts“Theare
However, these smoked cigarette butts have thea damaging impact on the environment. “The
littered every minute, and out of ten discarded CBs, one CB is going into a water bodybutts
Terramar project” has determined that throughout world, 2.3 million cigarette areresearch
[8]. The littered
Terramar
every project”
minute, and has
out determined
of ten that throughout
discarded CBs, the
one CBbutts world,into
is going 2.3 million cigarette butts are littered
by “truth initiative” (2017) has found that cigarette make up a38% water body
of the [8].littered
total The research by
waste [9].
every
“truth minute, and
initiative” out
(2017) of ten discarded CBs, one CB is going into a water body [8]. The research[9].by
It has been reported that has found
around that
75% cigarettethrow
of smokers butts make up 38%
their CBs on theof ground,
the totaleven
littered wasteplaces.
in public It
“truth
has been initiative”
reported (2017)
that has
around found
75% that
of cigarette
smokers butts
throw make
their up
CBs 38%
on of
the the
ground,total littered
even in waste
public [9]. It
places.
The littered part of a cigarette mostly contains a filter, which is predominantly based on cellulose
has been reported
Thefiber
littered that
part around
ofwith 75%mostly
a cigarette of smokers throw
contains theirwhich
a filter, CBs on the ground, even in public places.
acetate wrapped paper and termed the cigarette butt. is predominantly
The based
chemical structure on cellulose
of cellulose
The
acetate is littered
fiber part
wrapped of a cigarette mostly contains a filter, which is predominantly based
with3.paper and termed the cigarette butt. The chemical structure of cellulose on cellulose
acetate shown in Figure
acetate is
acetate fiber wrapped
shown with3.paper and termed the cigarette butt. The chemical structure of cellulose
in Figure
acetate is shown in Figure 3.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 3 of 20
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20

One of
Figure 3. Polymer structure of cellulose acetate. One of the cellulose acetate groups is marked with a
red circle.

Burnt CBs
Burnt CBs contain
contain nicotine,
nicotine, tar,
tar, CO,
CO, arsenic,
arsenic, and
and many
many other
other toxic
toxic chemicals
chemicals [10,11]. When CBs
[10,11]. When CBs
are disposed of on the ground, chemicals start leaching into the environment [12–14].
are disposed of on the ground, chemicals start leaching into the environment [12–14]. These chemicals These chemicals
contaminate the
contaminate the soil,
soil, plants,
plants, animals,
animals, andand water
water bodies
bodies [12].
[12]. When
When CBs CBs are
are in
in contact
contact with
with flowing
flowing
water, the chemicals spread faster and cause contamination to life in the water
water, the chemicals spread faster and cause contamination to life in the water and deteriorate the and deteriorate the
water quality.
water quality.
The management
The management of of waste
waste CBsCBs isis aa pressing
pressing issue. Most countries
issue. Most countries manage
manage cigarette
cigarette butts
butts by
by
disposing of them in landfills along with other waste, while, in others, they are
disposing of them in landfills along with other waste, while, in others, they are incinerated, which incinerated, which
generates toxic
generates toxicfumes
fumesand andleads
leadsto severe
to severeair pollution [15,16].
air pollution Research
[15,16]. has been
Research has carried out to recycle
been carried out to
recycle CBs in different manufactured materials. A recent approach to recycle CBs along with waste
CBs in different manufactured materials. A recent approach to recycle CBs along with other other
products like bagasse
waste products fiber, palm
like bagasse oilpalm
fiber, fruit bunch fiber
oil fruit in noise
bunch fibercontrol
in noisematerials
controland sound and
materials absorption
sound
property
absorption hasproperty
found promising
has foundresults [17,18].
promising Teixeira
results et al.Teixeira
[17,18]. (2016) investigated
et al. (2016)ainvestigated
method to recycle CBs
a method
in cellulose pulp for the paper industry; however, the management of effluent
to recycle CBs in cellulose pulp for the paper industry; however, the management of effluent and and organic materials
was found
organic to be challenging
materials was found [19].to be challenging [19].

1.2. Use
1.2. Use of
of Waste
Waste Cigarette
Cigarette Butts
Butts in
in Construction
Construction Materials
Materials
The recycling
The recycling of of CBs
CBs and
and turning
turning thisthis waste
waste into
into aa resource
resource cancan be be aa solution
solution to to cigarette
cigarette butt
butt
pollution. Researchers have developed methods to recycle different waste
pollution. Researchers have developed methods to recycle different waste materials as aggregates in materials as aggregates in
construction materials [20]. Góra et al. (2019) utilized recycled LCD (liquid
construction materials [20]. Góra et al. (2019) utilized recycled LCD (liquid crystal display) as fine crystal display) as fine
aggregate in
aggregate in concrete. Samples exhibited
concrete. Samples exhibited goodgood freeze-thaw
freeze-thaw resistance
resistance and and performed
performed similarly
similarly to to
C50/60 concrete [21]. Based on a comprehensive study, Mohajerani et
C50/60 concrete [21]. Based on a comprehensive study, Mohajerani et al. (2016) proposed that the CBal. (2016) proposed that the
CB pollution
pollution problem
problem cancan
be be solved
solved globally
globally byby incorporating
incorporating 1%1%CBs CBsinin2.5% 2.5%of of the
the world’s
world’s brick
brick
production. The study involved incorporating various percentages of
production. The study involved incorporating various percentages of CBs in clay bricks, including CBs in clay bricks, including
2.5%, 5%,
2.5%, 5%, 7.5%,
7.5%, andand 10%10% [14,22–24]. Furthermore, Mohajerani
[14,22–24]. Furthermore, Mohajerani et et al. (2017) revealed
al. (2017) revealed aa new new method
method to to
recycle CBs in asphalt concrete for the construction of flexible pavement [10].
recycle CBs in asphalt concrete for the construction of flexible pavement [10]. In their study, cigarette In their study, cigarette
butts were
butts were encapsulated
encapsulatedby byparaffin
paraffinwaxwaxand andbitumen
bitumenand andthetheencapsulated
encapsulated CBsCBswere
were incorporated
incorporated in
dense asphalt. This comprehensive study investigated the effects of incorporating
in dense asphalt. This comprehensive study investigated the effects of incorporating encapsulated encapsulated CBs
as aggregate in different percentages of up toof15up kg/m 3 , on the physical and mechanical properties
CBs as aggregate in different percentages to 15 kg/m3, on the physical and mechanical
properties of dense asphalt and found very promising results paper
of dense asphalt and found very promising results [10]. This [10]. Thisis part
paperof aisstudy
part offrom the same
a study from
the same ongoing research at RMIT University focusing on exploring a method to recycle CBsasina
ongoing research at RMIT University focusing on exploring a method to recycle CBs in bitumen
fiber modifier
bitumen that will
as a fiber introduce
modifier a unique
that will form aofunique
introduce recycling formapproach.
of recycling This approach.
research aims Thistoresearch
recycle
CBs as
aims toarecycle
fiber modifier
CBs as afor bitumen
fiber for the
modifier for construction
bitumen for the of flexible pavements.
construction The preparation
of flexible pavements. and The
preparation and incorporation of CBs in different classes of bitumen are investigated,the
incorporation of CBs in different classes of bitumen are investigated, and some results from andongoing
some
exploration
results fromare thepresented and discussed
ongoing exploration are in this paper.
presented and discussed in this paper.
1.3. Use of Waste Materials in Bitumen
1.3. Use of Waste Materials in Bitumen
Bitumen is a viscoelastic complex hydrocarbon that is black or brown. Although there are a
Bitumen is a viscoelastic complex hydrocarbon that is black or brown. Although there are a few
few natural sources of bitumen available, bitumen is generally sourced from crude oil refineries [25].
natural sources of bitumen available, bitumen is generally sourced from crude oil refineries [25].
Because of its waterproofing and viscoelastic nature, bitumen is used as the binder for the construction
Because of its waterproofing and viscoelastic nature, bitumen is used as the binder for the
of flexible pavement all over the world. Bitumen can be classified into three categories: penetration
construction of flexible pavement all over the world. Bitumen can be classified into three categories:
grade, performance grade, and viscosity. Nowadays, bitumen classification based on the viscosity
penetration grade, performance grade, and viscosity. Nowadays, bitumen classification based on the
viscosity grade is gaining popularity, and the available types according to the Australian Standard
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grade is gaining popularity, and the available types according to the Australian Standard which is
namedisafter
which the typical
named after theviscosity of bitumen
typical viscosity of at 60 ◦ C except
bitumen forexcept
at 60 °C PMB class (polymer
for PMB modified modified
class (polymer bitumen)
for the construction
bitumen) of flexibleof
for the construction pavements are provided
flexible pavements are in Figure 4in[26].
provided Figure 4 [26].

Classification of
Bitumen

C170 C320 C600 PMB

A10E A15E A20E A25E A27F A35P

Figure 4. Classification of bitumen according to Australian standard for the construction of pavements.
Figure 4. Classification of bitumen according to Australian standard for the construction of
pavements.
Around the world, researchers are working to improve the properties of these materials to ensure
sustainability in the pavement construction sector [25,27,28]. Recycling waste materials in asphalt is
Around the world, researchers are working to improve the properties of these materials to
recognized as a very efficient method, as it improves the pavement quality, and, at the same time,
ensure sustainability in the pavement construction sector [25,27,28]. Recycling waste materials in
helps to manage and recycle different waste products [27]. Many researchers have investigated the
asphalt is recognized as a very efficient method, as it improves the pavement quality, and, at the same
use of different waste materials in bitumen. Plastic and polymer-based modifiers have been used
time, helps to manage and recycle different waste products [27]. Many researchers have investigated
extensively for a long time. Many industries have adopted plastic rubber and polymer modified
the use of different waste materials in bitumen. Plastic and polymer-based modifiers have been used
bitumen for the construction of roads [28–30], while numerous researchers have investigated the use of
extensively for a long time. Many industries have adopted plastic rubber and polymer modified
regular household residue like waste cooking oil in bitumen. In some cases, they have recommended
bitumen for the construction of roads [28–30], while numerous researchers have investigated the use
an optimum amount of waste cooking oil in bitumen, which is up to 5% (by weight), to ensure that
of regular household residue like waste cooking oil in bitumen. In some cases, they have
any resultant compromise in the performance is minimized [28,31]. Intending to achieve better aging
recommended an optimum amount of waste cooking oil in bitumen, which is up to 5% (by weight),
resistance, researchers have used palm oil fuel ash (POFA) to modify bitumen and found that POFA in
to ensure that any resultant compromise in the performance is minimized [28,31]. Intending to
bitumen can work as a rejuvenator for the binder [28,32,33]. Different types of fiber have been used
achieve better aging resistance, researchers have used palm oil fuel ash (POFA) to modify bitumen
in construction materials to alleviate the global waste management issue [34]. A number of studies
and found that POFA in bitumen can work as a rejuvenator for the binder [28,32,33]. Different types
have found that fiber can improve the performance of bitumen [34–37]. Researchers have investigated
of fiber have been used in construction materials to alleviate the global waste management issue [34].
the use of synthetic fibers like polymer fiber, steel fiber, and carbon fibers in asphalt concrete [34].
A number of studies have found that fiber can improve the performance of bitumen [34–37].
It has been found that carbon fiber can improve the electrical property of asphalt but compromise the
Researchers have investigated the use of synthetic fibers like polymer fiber, steel fiber, and carbon
mechanical performance of asphalt concrete while steel fiber improves the stability of asphalt [38,39].
fibers in asphalt concrete [34]. It has been found that carbon fiber can improve the electrical property
Industry uses cellulose fiber to reduce binder drain off during the transportation of the mix from the
of asphalt but compromise the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete while steel fiber improves
plant to the construction site [40,41]. As cigarette butt filter is cellulose acetate based fiber, it can be a
the stability of asphalt [38,39]. Industry uses cellulose fiber to reduce binder drain off during the
potential replacement of natural cellulose fiber used in stone mastic asphalt. Recycling suitable waste
transportation of the mix from the plant to the construction site [40,41]. As cigarette butt filter is
in bitumen in a proper manner is a sustainable way to contribute to solving the waste management
cellulose acetate based fiber, it can be a potential replacement of natural cellulose fiber used in stone
problem of the world.
mastic asphalt. Recycling suitable waste in bitumen in a proper manner is a sustainable way to
contribute
2. Materialstoand
solving the waste management problem of the world.
Method
The types
2. Materials ofMethod
and bitumen were selected based on the most popular types of bitumen used in asphalt
concrete in Australia. Samples were prepared in laboratory conditions with CBs, and the results
The types of bitumen were selected based on the most popular types of bitumen used in asphalt
were compared with the control sample and the samples prepared with conventional cellulose fiber.
concrete in Australia. Samples were prepared in laboratory conditions with CBs, and the results were
Incorporation of cellulose fiber in stone mastic asphalt is a common practice in the industry to prevent
compared with the control sample and the samples prepared with conventional cellulose fiber.
bitumen drain off during mixing and the transportation of materials.
Incorporation of cellulose fiber in stone mastic asphalt is a common practice in the industry to prevent
bitumen drain off during mixing and the transportation of materials.
2.1. Materials
In this research, three types of bitumen were used to investigate this novel approach. Bitumen
2.1. Materials
class 320, 170, and PMB A10E were used as a binder. Nowadays, the industry uses cellulose fiber
with In this research,
bitumen three types ofofbitumen
for the construction were asphalt
stone mastic used to (SMA).
investigate
Fiberthis novel approach.
prevents Bitumen
the drain-off of the
class 320, 170, and PMB A10E were used as a binder. Nowadays, the industry uses cellulose
bitumen during transportation to the site. Cellulose fiber and shredded cigarette butts were used fiber
to
with bitumen for the construction of stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Fiber prevents the drain-off of the
bitumen during transportation to the site. Cellulose fiber and shredded cigarette butts were used to
modify bitumen in this research. Cigarette butts were pre-processed before blending with bitumen.
The industry standard for the binders is provided in Table 1.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 5 of 20

modify bitumen in this research. Cigarette butts were pre-processed before blending with bitumen.
The industry standard for the binders is provided in Table 1.
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 20
Table 1. Typical properties of bitumen used in this research (adapted from industry approved
standards) [42–45].
Table 1. Typical properties of bitumen used in this research (adapted from industry approved
standards)
Sample [42–45].
Type Penetration Test (dm) Softening Point (◦ C) Viscosity at 135 ◦ C (Pa.s)
PMB A10E
Sample Type 60–70 (Typical)
Penetration Test (dm) 90 (Minimum)
Softening Point (°C) Viscosity5 at
(Typical)
135 °C (Pa.s)
PMB A10E
Bitumen C320 60–70 (Typical)
40 (Minimum) 90
45 (Minimum)
(Minimum) 5 (Typical)
0.53 (Typical)
Bitumen
Bitumen C320
C170 40 (Minimum)
62 (Minimum) 45
40 (Minimum)
(Minimum) 0.53
0.40(Typical)
(Typical)
Bitumen C170 62 (Minimum) 40 (Minimum) 0.40 (Typical)

Pre-Processing of CB
Pre-Processing of CB
The cigarette butts (CBs) used in this study were supplied by Butt out Australia Pty Ltd. After
The cigarette butts (CBs) used in this study were supplied by Butt out Australia Pty Ltd. After
collection, the CBs were stored in a plastic tub. The cigarette butts were dried in the oven for 24 h,
collection, the CBs were stored in a plastic tub. The cigarette butts were dried in the oven for 24 h,
and excess tobacco was removed from the CB. The dried CBs were shredded into ground fiber with a
and excess tobacco was removed from the CB. The dried CBs were shredded into ground fiber with
grinder in sealed and controlled conditions. The ground CBs were later blended with bitumen samples.
a grinder in sealed and controlled conditions. The ground CBs were later blended with bitumen
Figure 5 shows a part of the pre-processing of the CBs.
samples. Figure 5 shows a part of the pre-processing of the CBs.

.
Figure 5. Cigarette butts (a) before and (b) after oven drying and the removal of excess tobacco
Figure 5. Cigarette butts (a) before and (b) after oven drying and the removal of excess tobacco and
and dirt; (c) ground cigarette butts (CBs) used for sample preparation; (d) view of CB fibers under
dirt; (c) ground cigarette butts (CBs) used for sample preparation; (d) view of CB fibers under optical
optical microscope.
microscope.
2.2. Method
2.2. Method
2.2.1. Blending of Bitumen with Fibers and Sample Preparation
2.2.1. Blending of Bitumen with Fibers and Sample Preparation
The fibers were blended with three different types of bitumen. The blending process was replicated
three The
timesfibers were blended
to confirm with three
repeatability. A totaldifferent
of eighteentypes of bitumen.
samples The blending
were prepared process
for each was
blending
replicated three
approach. From times to confirm
each type repeatability.
of bitumen, six typesA of
total of eighteen
samples samples were
were prepared. Theprepared for each
first sample was
blending
the controlapproach. From each
sample without anytype
fiberofblended
bitumen, six types
with of samples
the sample. were prepared.
The second The first sample
sample comprised 0.3%
was the control
cellulose fiber. The sample
rest ofwithout any contained
the samples fiber blended
0.2%,with
0.3%the sample.
0.4%, The shredded
and 0.5% second sample comprised
CBs, respectively.
0.3% cellulose
Tables 2–4 showfiber. The restdesign
the blending of theforsamples
Bitumencontained 0.2%,
Class A10E, 0.3%
C320, 0.4%,
and C170and 0.5%
with shredded
cellulose fiber CBs,
and
respectively. Tables 2–4 show the blending design for Bitumen
CB fiber for blending approach 1, approach 2 and approach 3 consecutively. Class A10E, C320, and C170 with
cellulose fiber and CB fiber for blending approach 1, approach 2 and approach 3 consecutively.

Table 2. Blending approach 1 for bitumen modified with cellulose fiber and cigarette butts.

Type of Type of % of Mass of Bitumen Mass of Fiber Mass of Final Blend

Bitumen Fiber Fiber (g) (g) (g)
No fiber 0 181 0.00 181.00
0.2 197 0.39 197.39
A10E
CB 0.3 182 0.55 182.55
Materials 2020, 13, 734 6 of 20

Table 2. Blending approach 1 for bitumen modified with cellulose fiber and cigarette butts.

Type of Type of Mass of Mass of Fiber Mass of Final

% of Fiber
Bitumen Fiber Bitumen (g) (g) Blend (g)
No fiber 0 181 0.00 181.00
0.2 197 0.39 197.39
0.3 182 0.55 182.55
A10E CB
0.4 211 0.84 211.84
0.5 298 1.49 299.49
Cellulose 0.3 155 0.47 155.47
No fiber 0 205 0.00 205.00
0.2 201 0.40 201.40
0.3 236 0.71 236.71
C320 CB
0.4 198 0.79 198.79
0.5 213 1.07 214.07
Cellulose 0.3 172 0.52 172.52
No fiber 0 229 0.00 229.00
0.2 194 0.39 194.39
0.3 182 0.55 182.55
C170 CB
0.4 179 0.72 179.72
0.5 208 1.04 209.04
Cellulose 0.3 155 0.47 155.47

Table 3. Blending approach 2 for bitumen modified with cellulose fiber and cigarette butts.

Type of Type of Mass of Mass of Fiber Mass of Final

% of Fiber
Bitumen Fiber Bitumen (g) (g) Blend (g)
No fiber 0 204 0.00 204.00
0.2 225 0.45 225.45
0.3 219 0.66 219.66
A10E CB
0.4 190 0.76 190.76
0.5 195 0.98 195.98
Cellulose 0.3 170 0.51 170.51
No fiber 0 197 0.00 197.00
0.2 186 0.37 186.37
0.3 194 0.58 194.58
C320 CB
0.4 218 0.87 218.87
0.5 190 0.95 190.95
Cellulose 0.3 187 0.56 187.56
No fiber 0 142 0.00 142.00
0.2 167 0.33 167.33
0.3 154 0.46 154.46
C170 CB
0.4 161 0.64 161.64
0.5 151 0.76 151.76
Cellulose 0.3 159 0.48 159.48
Materials 2020, 13, 734 7 of 20

Table 4. Blending approach 3 for bitumen modified with cellulose fiber and cigarette butts.

Type of Type of Mass of Mass of Fiber Mass of Final

% of fiber
Bitumen Fiber Bitumen (g) (g) Blend (g)
No fiber 0 181 0.00 204.00
0.2 197 0.45 225.45
0.3 182 0.66 219.66
A10E CB
0.4 211 0.76 190.76
0.5 298 0.98 195.98
Cellulose 0.3 155 0.51 170.51
No fiber 0 205 0.00 197.00
0.2 201 0.37 186.37
0.3 236 0.58 194.58
C320 CB
0.4 198 0.87 218.87
0.5 213 0.95 190.95
Cellulose 0.3 172 0.56 187.56
No fiber 0 162 0.00 162.00
0.2 149 0.30 149.30
0.3 165 0.50 165.50
C170 CB
0.4 187 0.75 187.75
0.5 148 0.74 148.74
Materials 2020,Cellulose
13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 0.3 161 0.48 161.48
7 of 20

0.4 187 0.75 187.75

0.5 148 0.74
The samples were blended with a shear mixture in laboratory conditions. 148.74
The blending temperature
Cellulose 0.3 161 0.48 161.48
was set at 160 ◦ C, and the rotation speed was 500 rpm. After blending all the samples, they were
The samples were blended with a shear mixture in laboratory conditions. The blending
labeled and prepared for laboratory investigations. The shear mixture was used to blend bitumen with
temperature was set at 160 °C, and the rotation speed was 500 rpm. After blending all the samples,
cellulose andthey
CBwere
fiber. Nowadays,
labeled and preparedtheforindustry
laboratoryuses cellulose
investigations. fiber
The shearwith
mixturebitumen
was usedfor the construction
to blend
bitumen
of stone mastic with(SMA).
asphalt cellulose and
FiberCBprevents
fiber. Nowadays, the industry
the drain-off of uses
the cellulose
bitumen fiber with bitumen
during for
transportation to the
the construction of stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Fiber prevents the drain-off of the bitumen during
site. Figure 6transportation
exhibits few of the samples before the mixture and the blending process.
to the site. Figure 6 exhibits few of the samples before the mixture and the blending
process.

Figure 6. (a) Figure

Bitumen6. (a) Bitumen C170, (b) Bitumen A10E, (c) Bitumen C320, and (d) blending of bitumen with
C170, (b) Bitumen A10E, (c) Bitumen C320, and (d) blending of bitumen with
fibers using the shear mixture.
fibers using the shear mixture.
2.2.2. Laboratory Tests
All the samples were assessed in the laboratory following the AASHTO, ASTM, and Australian
Standards (AS). The laboratory tests included a penetration test, softening point test, and viscosity
test. The average result of at least three replicate tests was used for the comparison. The details of the
laboratory investigation plan are shown in Figure 7. In addition, a binder drain-off test was
performed on the asphalt samples prepared with fiber modified bitumen to assess the drain down
Materials 2020, 13, 734 8 of 20

2.2.2. Laboratory Tests

All the samples were assessed in the laboratory following the AASHTO, ASTM, and Australian
Standards (AS). The laboratory tests included a penetration test, softening point test, and viscosity
test. The2020,
Materials average result
13, x FOR ofREVIEW
PEER at least three replicate tests was used for the comparison. The details of8 ofthe
20
laboratory investigation plan are shown in Figure 7. In addition, a binder drain-off test was performed
on the asphalt
Materials 2020,samples prepared
13, x FOR PEER REVIEWwith fiber modified bitumen to assess the drain down properties.
8 of 20

Laboratory investigation for

bitumen
Laboratory investigation for
bitumen

Physical test Rheological test

Physical test Rheological test

1. Penetration test
1. Penetration test
2. Softening point test 1. 1. Viscosity
Viscosity testtest
2. Softening point test

Figure Adapted
7. Adapted
Figure laboratory
7. Adapted laboratorytest
laboratory test flow forbitumen
flow for bitumenfollowed
followed in this
in this research.
research.

2.2.3.2.2.3.
Penetration Test
Penetration
2.2.3. Penetration TestTest
The penetration
The penetrationtesttest
was carried
was carriedout
outaccording to AASHTO
according to AASHTOTT4949 and
and ASAS 2341.12.
2341.12. During
During the test,
the test,
The penetration test was carried out according to AASHTO T 49 and AS 2341.12. During the test,
◦ Ctemperature
samples
samples werewere collected
collected in penetration
in penetration cups
cups and
and conditionedin
conditioned inthe
thewater
water bath at at 25
25 °C temperature for
samples were collected in penetration cups and conditioned in the water bath at 25 °C temperature
for 2 h.aLater,
2 h. Later, a penetrometer
penetrometer was was
usedused to determine
to determine thepenetration
the penetration value
valueofofthethe
samples.
samples.The The
results
results
for 2 h. Later,
were a penetrometer
compared with the was used
control sampleto determine
without anythe penetration
fiber. Figure 8 valuethe
shows of the samples.test
penetration Theofresults
a of a
were compared with the control sample without any fiber. Figure 8 shows the penetration test
weresample
compared with the
in the laboratory.control sample without any fiber. Figure 8 shows the penetration test of a
sample in the laboratory.
sample in the laboratory.

Figure 8. Penetration test (on left) and softening point test (on right) of a sample carried out in this
study.

Figure
Figure 8. Penetration
8. Pointtest
Penetration
2.2.4. Softening test(on
Test (onleft) and
left) softening
and point
softening testtest
point (on (on
right) of a sample
right) carried
of a sample out inout
carried thisin
study.
this
study.The softening point test of all twelve samples was carried out with a ring and ball apparatus.
The lab test was conducted according to AASHTO T 53 ASTM D 36 and AG: PT/T131. Figure 8 shows
2.2.4.the
Softening
softeningPoint
pointTest
test carried out for this research.
The softening point test of all twelve samples was carried out with a ring and ball apparatus.
2.2.5. Viscosity Test
The lab test was conducted according to AASHTO T 53 ASTM D 36 and AG: PT/T131. Figure 8 shows
Materials 2020, 13, 734 9 of 20

2.2.4. Softening Point Test

The softening point test of all twelve samples was carried out with a ring and ball apparatus.
The lab test was conducted according to AASHTO T 53 ASTM D 36 and AG: PT/T131. Figure 8 shows
the softening point test carried out for this research.

2.2.5. Viscosity
Materials 2020, 13, xTest
FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 20

The viscosity test was conducted on all the samples using a Fungilab (Barcelona, Spain) rotational
The viscosity test was conducted on all the samples using a Fungilab (Barcelona, Spain)
viscometer according to AASHTO T 316, ASTM D 4402, and AG: PT/T111. Figure 9 shows the viscosity
rotational viscometer according to AASHTO T 316, ASTM D 4402, and AG: PT/T111. Figure 9 shows
test of the binder carried out in the laboratory.
the viscosity test of the binder carried out in the laboratory.

Figure 9.
Figure Viscosity test
9. Viscosity test of
of samples
samples used
used in
in this
this study.
study. Use
Use of
of rotational
rotational viscometer
viscometer to
to assess
assess viscosity
viscosity
(left); cylindrical containers used to store and perform viscosity test of bitumen (right).
(left); cylindrical containers used to store and perform viscosity test of bitumen (right).
3. Results and Discussion
3. Results and Discussion
The results of the laboratory tests were observed and analyzed; the outcome of which was
The
promising. results of the laboratory
The outcome testsiswere
of the analysis observed
presented and analyzed;
and discussed in thisthe outcome of which was
section.
promising. The outcome of the analysis is presented and discussed in this section.
3.1. Penetration and Softening Point Test Results
3.1. Penetration and Softening Point Test Results
The average result of the penetration and softening point tests for all blending approaches are
The
mentioned average
in Table result
5. of the penetration and softening point tests for all blending approaches are
mentioned in Tableit5.can be observed that, on average, in the case of bitumen PMB A10E, the control
In the results,
sample with no fiber present had an average penetration value of 62.2 dmm (deci-millimeter). When
0.3% of cellulose fibers wasTable added,5. Penetration
an increase andinsoftening point results.
the penetration value was observed. However,
after the addition
Type
of
% of
shredded
BlendingCBs as
Approachfiber
1 in the
Blending bitumen
Approach A10E,
2 a slight
Blending decrease
Approach 3 in the penetration
Average Result
Type of Penetratio Softenin Penetratio Softenin Penetratio Softenin Penetratio Softenin
value was found.
of As
Fibemore CBs were added, the penetration values started to decrease and maintained
Bitumen n Test g Point n Test g Point n Test g Point n Test g Point
Fiber r
the range of 61–62 dmm. (dmm) In the case(°C)of bitumen(dmm)C320, with (°C) the addition
(dmm) of (°C)
CBs fiber,(dmm)
the penetration
(°C)
No and penetration value stayed within 40–43 dmm. Bitumen C170, without any fibers,
value increased, 0 62.8 91.0 61.0 90.0 62.7 91.0 62.2 90.7
fiber
possessed the maximum 0.2
penetration
62.8
value
90.0
of 63.3
60.2
dmm. 90.0
On the other
62.6
hand,
90.0
when Bitumen
61.9
C170
90.0
was modified with0.30.2% CBs 62.5 fibers 89.9
in the mix60.4 it exhibited89.9 the highest
62.4 penetration
89.9 value
61.8 among89.9 all
A10E CB
the modified C1700.4bitumen 62.4samples, 89.7and the 60.7
increase90.0 62.4
in the presence of89.7
CBs in the 61.8mix reduced
89.8
0.5 62.0 89.3 60.9 90.2 62.0 89.3 61.6 89.6
the penetration
Cellul value. The probable reason is the soft nature of C170, and the absence of polymer
0.3 63.9 90.7 61.6 90.8 63.0 91.0 62.8 90.8
ose
No
0 41.4 45.2 41.0 46.0 41.9 45.0 41.4 45.4
fiber
0.2 40.8 45.2 41.1 45.2 40.8 45.1 40.9 45.1
0.3 42.0 45.2 41.2 45.5 42.5 45.2 41.9 45.3
C320 CB
0.4 42.9 45.0 41.6 45.4 43.0 45.6 42.5 45.3
0.5 44.2 45.2 42.0 45.5 44.0 45.8 43.4 45.5
Materials 2020, 13, 734 10 of 20

content compared to the PMB class. The results suggested that the use of CBs fibers in bitumen is not
significantly detrimental to the penetration property. In the results, it can be observed that, on average,
in the case of bitumen PMB A10E, the control sample with no fiber present has a penetration value of
62.8 dm. When 0.3% of cellulose fibers was added, an increase in the penetration value was observed.
However, after the addition of shredded CBs as fiber in the bitumen A10E, a slight decrease in the
penetration value was found. As more CBs were added, the penetration value started to decrease.
In the case of bitumen C320, with the addition of CB fiber, the penetration value increased. Bitumen
C170 without any fibers, possessed the maximum penetration value of 66 dm. On the other hand,
when Bitumen C170 was modified with 0.3% fibers in the mix, it exhibited the highest penetration
value among all the modified C170 bitumen, and the increase in the presence of CBs in the mix reduced
the penetration value. The results suggested that the use of CBs fibers in bitumen is not significantly
detrimental to the penetration performance and a 0.3% addition of CBs does not compromise the typical
penetration range of bitumen. Variance of the penetration test result was calculated to understand
the mean differences of the result in all three approaches. Results from bitumen PMB A10E shows
variance of 0.2, C320 having variance 1.42 and C170 having variance of 0.75. This shows that despite of
modification of bitumen with CBs, results are very close to each other and CBs fiber do not damage the
penetration property of bitumen.

Table 5. Penetration and softening point results.

Blending Approach 1 Blending Approach 2 Blending Approach 3 Average Result
Type of Type of % of
Bitumen Fiber Fiber Penetration Softening Penetration Softening Penetration Softening Penetration Softening
Test (dmm) Point (◦ C) Test (dmm) Point (◦ C) Test (dmm) Point (◦ C) Test (dmm) Point (◦ C)
No fiber 0 62.8 91.0 61.0 90.0 62.7 91.0 62.2 90.7
0.2 62.8 90.0 60.2 90.0 62.6 90.0 61.9 90.0
0.3 62.5 89.9 60.4 89.9 62.4 89.9 61.8 89.9
A10E CB
0.4 62.4 89.7 60.7 90.0 62.4 89.7 61.8 89.8
0.5 62.0 89.3 60.9 90.2 62.0 89.3 61.6 89.6
Cellulose 0.3 63.9 90.7 61.6 90.8 63.0 91.0 62.8 90.8
No fiber 0 41.4 45.2 41.0 46.0 41.9 45.0 41.4 45.4
0.2 40.8 45.2 41.1 45.2 40.8 45.1 40.9 45.1
0.3 42.0 45.2 41.2 45.5 42.5 45.2 41.9 45.3
C320 CB
0.4 42.9 45.0 41.6 45.4 43.0 45.6 42.5 45.3
0.5 44.2 45.2 42.0 45.5 44.0 45.8 43.4 45.5
Cellulose 0.3 39.8 45.9 40.3 45.9 40.0 45.3 40.0 45.7
No fiber 0 66.0 42.3 62.0 41.0 62.0 41.0 63.3 41.4
0.2 62.8 42.8 61.0 40.7 61.0 40.7 61.6 41.4
0.3 61.8 42.6 61.4 40.2 61.4 40.2 61.5 41.0
C170 CB
0.4 61.6 42.2 61.3 40.2 61.3 40.2 61.4 40.9
0.5 60.2 42.0 61.2 40.1 61.2 40.1 60.8 40.7
Cellulose 0.3 60.8 42.8 61.5 40.9 61.5 40.9 61.3 41.5

After analyzing the softening point of samples, it has been found that, use of CBs as fiber in
PMB A10E decreases the softening point slightly and maintains a range between 89.5–90 ◦ C. Variance
for softening point difference in three blending was found 0.25. Bitumen C320 modified with CB
has softening point around 45 ◦ C and variance was as low as 0.03. Softening point of bitumen C170
modified with CB stayed very close to 41 ◦ C and variance among three approaches was 0.11. This shows
that results are very similar to the control sample and all these samples might be suitable for the
construction of flexible pavement.

3.2. Viscosity Test

The viscosity test was carried out at two different temperatures, 135 ◦ C and 165 ◦ C. The results
are given in Table 6.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 11 of 20

Table 6. Viscosity test results of the samples.

Viscosity (Pa.s)
Type of Type of % of Blending Blending Blending Average
Bitumen Fiber Fiber Approach 1 Approach 2 Approach 3 Viscosity
135 ◦ C 165 ◦ C 135 ◦ C 165 ◦ C 135 ◦ C 165 ◦ C 135 ◦ C 165 ◦ C
No fiber 0 6.43 1.03 6.53 1.03 6.5 1.02 6.49 1.03
0.2 6.23 1.02 6.24 1.02 6.21 1.02 6.23 1.02
0.3 6.25 1.02 6.25 1.09 6.22 1.12 6.24 1.08
A10E CB
0.4 7.01 1.26 7.05 1.29 7.02 1.25 7.03 1.27
0.5 7.28 1.32 7.4 1.34 7.37 1.33 7.35 1.33
Cellulose 0.3 6.59 1.01 6.91 1.02 6.88 1.05 6.79 1.03
No fiber 0 0.78 0.36 0.72 0.35 0.74 0.35 0.75 0.35
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER0.2
REVIEW 0.82 0.37 0.77 0.37 0.76 0.34 0.78 11 of0.36
20
0.3 0.85 0.38 0.85 0.37 0.8 0.42 0.83 0.39
C320 CB 0.5 7.28 1.32 7.4 1.34 7.37 1.33 7.35 1.33
Cellulos 0.4 0.91 0.38 0.91 0.41 0.91 0.51 0.91 0.43
0.3 6.59 1.01 6.91 1.02 6.88 1.05 6.79 1.03
e 0.5 1.08 0.43 1.05 0.44 1.1 0.7 1.08 0.52
No fiber 0 0.78 0.36 0.72 0.35 0.74 0.35 0.75 0.35
Cellulose 0.2 0.3 0.82 0.77 0.37 0.36 0.77 0.76 0.37
0.36 0.74
0.76
0.04
0.34
0.76
0.78 0.36
0.25
No fiber 0.3 0 0.85 0.65 0.38 0.31 0.85 0.65 0.370.31 0.80.65 0.31
0.42 0.65
0.83 0.390.31
CB
C320 0.4 0.91 0.38 0.91 0.41 0.91 0.51 0.91 0.43
0.2 0.67 0.35 0.67 0.35 0.67 0.35 0.67 0.35
0.5 1.08 0.43 1.05 0.44 1.1 0.7 1.08 0.52
Cellulos 0.3 0.68 0.35 0.68 0.35 0.68 0.35 0.68 0.35
C170 0.3 0.77 0.36 0.76 0.36 0.74 0.04 0.76 0.25
eCB 0.4 0.73 0.39 0.73 0.39 0.73 0.39 0.73 0.39
No fiber 0 0.65 0.31 0.65 0.31 0.65 0.31 0.65 0.31
0.2 0.5 0.67 1.1 0.35 0.44 0.67 1.1 0.350.44 0.671.1 0.44
0.35 1.10
0.67 0.350.44
Cellulose 0.3 0.3 0.68 0.66 0.35 0.34 0.68 0.66 0.350.34 0.680.66 0.35
0.34 0.68
0.66 0.350.34
CB
C170 0.4 0.73 0.39 0.73 0.39 0.73 0.39 0.73 0.39
0.5 1.1 0.44 1.1 0.44 1.1 0.44 1.10 0.44
Cellulos
The results show a positive
0.3 resemblance
0.66 0.34 inthe
0.66viscosity
0.34 of the samples.
0.66 0.34 In the case of0.34
0.66 PMB A10E,
e
◦
the control sample without any fibers, the viscosity was 6.49 Pa. s at 135 C. However, when PMB
The results show a positive resemblance in the viscosity of the samples. In the case of PMB A10E,
A10E was modified with cellulose fibers, a slight increase in viscosity was noticed. When it was
the control sample without any fibers, the viscosity was 6.49 Pa. s at 135 °C. However, when PMB
modified with shredded CBs, an increase in the viscosity was found with the increase in the quantity
A10E was modified with cellulose fibers, a slight increase in viscosity was noticed. When it was
of CBs in the mixture.
modified The presence
with shredded of the polymer
CBs, an increase content
in the viscosity wasin the with
found bitumen has a vital
the increase in therole in terms of
quantity
higher viscosity.
of CBs in the mixture. The presence of the polymer content in the bitumen has a vital role in terms of
Onhigher viscosity.
the other hand, Bitumen C320 and C170, which have low viscosity compared to PMB A10E
because of the the
On other hand,
absence Bitumencontent,
of polymer C320 andshowed
C170, which have low viscosity
an increase comparedwith
in the viscosity to PMB
theA10E
increase of
because of the absence of polymer content, showed an increase in the viscosity with the increase of
CBs in the mixture. Figures 10–12 illustrate the comparative average viscosity from different blending
CBs in the mixture. Figures 10–12 illustrate the comparative average viscosity from different blending
approach for different types of bitumen.
approach for different types of bitumen.

Bitumen PMB A10E

8
7
6
Viscosity (Pa.s)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0% Fiber 0.3% 0.2% CBs 0.3% CBs 0.4% CBs 0.5% CBs
Cellulose

at 135℃ at 165℃

Figure Figure 10. Comparative

10. Comparative viscosity
viscosity ofofBitumen
Bitumen PMB
PMB A10E
A10Emodified
modifiedwithwith
different types types
different of fiber.of fiber.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 12 of 20
Materials
Materials 2020,
2020, 13,
13, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 12
12 of
of 20
20

Bitumen
Bitumen C320
C320
1.2
1.2
11
(Pa.s)
Viscosity(Pa.s)

0.8
0.8
0.6
Viscosity

0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
00
0%
0% Fiber
Fiber 0.3%
0.3% 0.2%
0.2% CBs
CBs 0.3%
0.3% CBs
CBs 0.4%
0.4% CBs
CBs 0.5%
0.5% CBs
CBs
Cellulose
Cellulose
at
at 135℃
135℃ at
at 165℃
165℃

Figure
Figure 11.
11. Comparative
Comparative viscosity
Comparative viscosity of
viscosity of Bitumen
of Bitumen C320
Bitumen C320 modified
modified with
with different types of
different types of fiber.
fiber.
fiber.

Bitumen
Bitumen C170
C170
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
(Pa.s)

11
Viscosity(Pa.s)

0.8
0.8
Viscosity

0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
00
0%
0% Fiber
Fiber 0.3%
0.3% 0.2%
0.2% CBs
CBs 0.3%
0.3% CBs
CBs 0.4%
0.4% CBs
CBs 0.5%
0.5% CBs
CBs
Cellulose
Cellulose
at
at 135℃
135℃ at
at 165℃
165℃

Figure
Figure 12.
12. Comparative
Comparative viscosity
Comparative viscosity of
viscosity of Bitumen
of Bitumen C170
Bitumen C170 modified
C170 modified with
modified with different
different types
types of fiber.
of fiber.
fiber.

The
The viscosity
viscosity ratio, as aa relative
ratio, as relative change
change in in the
the state of flow
state of flow and
and linear
linear slope for two
slope for two different
different
temperatures (135 ◦ C and 165 ◦ C), is provided to understand the slope condition of the temperature
temperatures (135 °C °C and 165 °C),°C), is provided to understand the slope condition of the temperature
susceptibility
susceptibility graph.
graph. A AA higher
higher value
higher value for
value for the
for the slope
the slope indicates
slope indicates aaa steep
indicates steep slope;
slope; hence, the sample
hence, the sample is is
comparatively more vulnerable to
comparatively more vulnerable to temperature temperature change.
temperature change.
change. A A lower
A lower value
lower value for the slope indicates aa
value forfor the slope indicates
comparatively
comparatively flat
comparatively flatslope,
flat slope,and
slope, andthe
and thesample
the sample
sample is less
is susceptible
is less
less to temperature
susceptible
susceptible to change.
to temperature
temperature Figures
change.
change. 13–15 13–15
Figures
Figures show
13–15
the viscosity ratio and theand
slope ◦ ◦
show
show the
the viscosity
viscosity ratio
ratio and theofslope
the the samples
slope of
of the due to the
the samples
samples duechange
due to the of
to the viscosity
change
change of from 135from
of viscosity
viscosity C to135
from 165°C
135 °CC.to
to
165
165 °C.
°C.
Materials 2020,
Materials 13, x734
2020, 13, FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of
13 of 20
20

Figure 13. Viscosity ratio and slope of Bitumen PMB A10E with cellulose fiber and different % of
Figure 13. Viscosity ratio and slope of Bitumen PMB A10E with cellulose fiber and different % of CB
CB content.
content.
The viscosity ratio of the samples prepared with bitumen PMB A10E shows that the addition of
0.3% CBsviscosity
The ratio has
in the binder of the
thesamples
highest prepared with of
viscosity ratio bitumen PMB other
6.13 among A10E modified
shows that the addition
bitumen of
samples.
0.3% CBs in the binder has the highest viscosity ratio of 6.13 among other modified bitumen
In terms of temperature susceptibility, 0.3% CBs in bitumen keeps the binder very similar to the controlsamples.
In termsConsidering
sample. of temperature susceptibility,
the slope condition,0.3% CBs inwith
the sample bitumen keeps
0.3% CBs hasthe
thebinder very similar
slope closest to the
to the control
control sample.
sample as well. Considering the slope condition, the sample with 0.3% CBs has the slope closest to
the control sample as well.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 14 of 20
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 20

14. Viscosity
Figure 14.
Figure Viscosityratio
ratioand
andslope of Bitumen
slope C320
of Bitumen withwith
C320 cellulose fiber and
cellulose fiberdifferent % of CBs
and different %content.
of CBs
content.
In case of bitumen C320, it has been found that the sample with 0.3% and 0.4% CB shows a
very In
similar temperature
case of susceptibility
bitumen C320, it has beentrend compared
found to the control
that the sample sample.
with 0.3% Considering
and 0.4% theaslope
CB shows very
condition, 0.2% and 0.3% CBs-modified samples have a slope very close to the control sample.
similar temperature susceptibility trend compared to the control sample. Considering the slope
condition, 0.2% and 0.3% CBs-modified samples have a slope very close to the control sample.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 15 of 20
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 20

15. Viscosity
Figure 15. Viscosityratio
ratioand
andslope of Bitumen
slope C170
of Bitumen withwith
C170 cellulose fiber and
cellulose fiberdifferent % of CBs
and different %content.
of CBs
content.
The viscosity ratio of the samples prepared with bitumen C170 shows that the addition of 0.4%
CBs in theviscosity
The binder has theoflowest
ratio viscosity
the samples ratio of with
prepared 1.87. bitumen
Even theC170
sample withthat
shows 0.5%theCBs had a viscosity
addition of 0.4%
ratio of 2.5, which is very close to the viscosity ratio of the control sample which is 2.10. Nevertheless,
CBs in the binder has the lowest viscosity ratio of 1.87. Even the sample with 0.5% CBs had a viscosity
considering
ratio the linear
of 2.5, which slope
is very condition,
close the sample
to the viscosity modified
ratio with 0.2%
of the control and 0.3%
sample whichCBs showed
is 2.10. the closest
Nevertheless,
slope after the
considering thecontrol
linearsample.
slope condition, the sample modified with 0.2% and 0.3% CBs showed the
closest slope after the control sample.
3.3. Binder Drain off Test
3.3. Binder Drain offmaintains
The industry Test 6–7% of bitumen in the SMA during the construction of flexible pavements
(VicRoads 2012). Because of the higher percentage of bitumen in SMA, binder drain off is significant in
The industry maintains 6–7% of bitumen in the SMA during the construction of flexible
this type of asphalt. The loss of binder occurs during the mixing process and transportation to the site.
pavements (VicRoads 2012). Because of the higher percentage of bitumen in SMA, binder drain off is
Cellulose fiber is used in SMA to reduce the loss of bitumen because of binder drain off (VicRoads 2012).
significant in this type of asphalt. The loss of binder occurs during the mixing process and
Three types of samples were prepared for this investigation: samples without any fiber, samples with
transportation to the site. Cellulose fiber is used in SMA to reduce the loss of bitumen because of
cellulose fiber, and samples prepared with CBs modified bitumen. The samples were prepared and
binder drain ◦off (VicRoads 2012). Three types of samples were prepared for this investigation:
mixed at 185 C following VicRoads (2012) specified gradation and materials as mentioned in Table 7.
samples without any fiber, samples with cellulose fiber, and samples prepared with CBs modified
bitumen. The samples were prepared and mixed at 185 °C following VicRoads (2012) specified
gradation and materials as mentioned in Table 7.
Materials 2020, 13, 734 16 of 20

Table 7. Materials used for the preparation of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) for binder drain off test.

Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW % of Materials for SMA Mix (by Weight) 16 of 20
Materials
With Fiber Without Fiber
Table 7. Materials used for the preparation of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) for binder drain off test.
9.5 mm 4.36 4.36
% of Materials for SMA Mix (by Weight)
Materials 6.7 mm 52.32 52.32
Aggregates With Fiber Without Fiber
4.7mm
9.5 mm 4.362.62 4.36 2.62
(retained in the sieve)
6.7 mm
2.36 mm 52.328.72 52.328.72
Aggregates
4.7 mm 2.62 2.62
(retained in the sieve) Fines 19.18 19.48
2.36 mm 8.72 8.72
Filler (limestone) Fines 19.18 6 19.48 6
Filler Fiber
(limestone) 6 0.3 6 -
Fiber 0.3 -
Bitumen 6.5 6.5
Bitumen 6.5 6.5

The
Thebinder
binderdrain
drain off
off test
test was
was performed
performed on onstone
stonemastic
masticasphalt
asphalt(SMA)
(SMA) samples
samples according
according to to
Austroadstest
Austroads teststandard
standardAG:
AG: PT/T235.
PT/T235. Part
Part of
of the
thebinder
binderdrain
drainoff
offprocess
processisisshown
shownin in
Figure 16.16.
Figure

Figure Binder
Figure16.16. drain
Binder off process.
drain Asphalt
off process. mix prepared
Asphalt with CBs
mix prepared modified
with bitumenbitumen
CBs modified (left); preparation
(left);
ofpreparation
binder drainofoff test (middle);
binder drained
drain off test off binder
(middle); with
drained offfine aggregates
binder with fineretained at the
aggregates bottomatofthe
retained glass
flask (right).
bottom of glass flask (right).

Table
Table8 8shows
showsthe theresults
results of
of the
the binder drainoff
binder drain offtests.
tests.TheThebitumen
bitumen sample
sample prepared
prepared with
with 0.3% 0.3%
CBs
CBsfiber
fibershows
shows0.26%
0.26% of of binder
binder drain off, while
drain off, whilethe
thesample
sampleprepared
preparedwith
with conventional
conventional cellulose
cellulose
fiber
fiberhashas0.29%
0.29%ofofbinder
binderdrain
drain off. These
These results
resultsshow
showthatthatthe
theCBs
CBs modified
modified binder
binder hashas a lower
a lower drain
drain
off;
off;hence,
hence,thetheloss
lossofofbinder
binder during
during transportation willbe
transportation will beless.
less.The
Theindustry
industry maintains
maintains a maximum
a maximum
binder
binderdrain
drainoffoffofof0.3%
0.3%[26,40]. Figure 17
[26,40]. Figure 17 shows
showsthetherelative
relativedifference
difference
ininthethe percentage
percentage of binder
of binder
losswith
loss withthethemaximum
maximumrecommended
recommendedlimit limitpracticed
practicedby byindustry,
industry,which
whichhelps
helpsone
onetotounderstand
understand the
the significance
significance of theofusetheofuse
CBsofinCBs in bitumen
bitumen asin
as fiber fiber
termsin terms of improving
of improving the binder
the binder drain
drain off off
property.
property.

Table 8. Binder drain off test results.

Mass, g
Mineral Maximum
Binder
Asphalt Fiber Type of Remaining Aggregates Allowable
Drain
Type Used Bitumen Asphalt Binder in the Present in Drain Off
Off (%)
beaker Remaining (%)
Binder
PMB
SMA 0% Fiber 896.9 4.1 0.7 0.38
A10E
0.3% 0.3%
PMB
SMA cellulose 851.8 8.9 6.4 0.29
A10E
fiber
Materials 2020, 13, 734 17 of 20

Table 8. Binder drain off test results.

Mass, g
Maximum
Mineral Binder
Asphalt Fiber Type of Remaining Allowable
Aggregates Present Drain Off
Type Used Bitumen Asphalt Binder in Drain Off
in Remaining (%)
the Beaker (%)
Binder
SMA 0% Fiber PMB A10E 896.9 4.1 0.7 0.38
0.3%
Materials
SMA 2020, 13, x FOR PEER
cellulose REVIEW
PMB A10E 851.8 8.9 6.4 0.29 17 of 20
fiber 0.3%

0.3%
0.3% CBs
CBs PMB
SMA
SMA PMB A10E 939
939 3.1
3.1 0.7
0.7 0.260.26
fiber
fiber A10E

Binder Drain off

0.4

0.35
% of Binder drain off

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
Type of asphalt mix: Stone Mastic Asphalt

0% Fiber 0.3% cellulose fiber 0.3% CB fiber Maximum allowable binder drain off

Figure
Figure 17.Relative
17. Relativeview
viewof
of ‘Binder drain off’
‘Binder drain off’of
ofasphalt
asphaltmixture
mixtureprepared
prepared with
with bitumen
bitumen modified
modified with
with
different types of fiber.
different types of fiber.

4. Conclusions
4. Conclusion
This study has investigated the possible recycling of cigarette butts in bitumen as a fiber modifier for
This study has investigated the possible recycling of cigarette butts in bitumen as a fiber modifier
thefor
construction of flexible
the construction of pavements. The materials
flexible pavements. were selected
The materials were considering industry standards
selected considering industryand
allstandards
the tests were
and carried out according
all the tests were carried to the
outAustralian
accordingStandards, ASTM, and
to the Australian Austroads
Standards, ASTM,guidelines.
and
The penetration
Austroads guidelines. results indicated that, although there is a slight decrease in the penetration,
the results are very close
The penetration to the
results standard
indicated range
that, for the
although respective
there is a slightbitumen.
decrease in Thethetypical penetration
penetration, the
value forare
results Bitumen C320
very close to is
thea standard
minimum of 40fordmm,
range and all the
the respective samples
bitumen. Themodified with CBs met
typical penetration valuethis
condition.
for BitumenOnC320the other hand, the
is a minimum typical
of 40 dmm,penetration value for
and all the samples Bitumen
modified with170
CBsismet
62 dmm. However,
this condition.
theOnpenetration
the other result
hand, of thebitumen
typical C170 was found
penetration valuetofor
be slightly
Bitumenlower 170 isthan
62 62dmm.dmm. In the case
However, the of
PMBpenetration
A10E, theresult of bitumen
penetration C170
values arewas
very found
closetotobethe
slightly
control lower
samplethanand
62 dmm.
higherInthan the 62
case of PMB
dmm. It can
beA10E, the penetration
concluded values are very
from the penetration closeBitumen
test that to the control
C320 andsample PMB and higher
A10E than
is the 62 dmm.
most It can be
appropriate type
concluded from the penetration test that Bitumen C320 and
of bitumen to be modified with CBs without compromising the penetration property. PMB A10E is the most appropriate type
of bitumen to be modified
The softening point of with CBs without
the samples compromising
slightly changed after the the
penetration property.
modification with fiber. However,
The the
even after softening point
decrease, it of
was thefound
samplesthatslightly changed
the results after thetomodification
are similar the control with
sample fiber.
andHowever,
within the
even after the decrease, it was found that the results are similar to the control
typical range. During the comparison, it was observed that with the increase in the CBs in the mixture, sample and within the
typical range. During the comparison, it was observed that with the increase
the softening point moderately decreases except for the case of bitumen C320. The samples with 0.2 in the CBs in the mixture,
the softening point moderately decreases except for the case of bitumen C320. The samples with 0.2
and 0.3% CBs have a softening point very close to the control samples.
and 0.3% CBs have a softening point very close to the control samples.
The viscosity test has enhanced the understanding of the rheological behavior of the samples.
Although the addition of fiber has slightly increased the viscosity of the samples compared to the
control sample without any fiber, the results are within the range for typical values. The temperature
susceptible slope shows that the pattern of viscosity changed with temperature. In the case of PMB
A10E, C320, and C170 it was found that when the samples are modified with 0.5% CBs, viscosity
increased significantly because fibers work as reinforcement in the binder mixture. It can be
Materials 2020, 13, 734 18 of 20

The viscosity test has enhanced the understanding of the rheological behavior of the samples.
Although the addition of fiber has slightly increased the viscosity of the samples compared to the
control sample without any fiber, the results are within the range for typical values. The temperature
susceptible slope shows that the pattern of viscosity changed with temperature. In the case of PMB
A10E, C320, and C170 it was found that when the samples are modified with 0.5% CBs, viscosity
increased significantly because fibers work as reinforcement in the binder mixture. It can be concluded
from these results that 0.3% CBs as fiber can be used to modify bitumen without compromising the
required properties for use in the construction of flexible pavements.
An improved binder drain off property was observed when bitumen was modified with CBs.
This will save the loss of bitumen during transportation from plant to site and in the mixing of asphalt
concrete. During the construction of flexible pavements, 4–7% of bitumen is used as a binder based
on the type and requirement of the road. A typical density of asphalt concrete is 2000–2400 kg/m3 .
This means that around 150 Tons of CBs will be recycled in a sustainable way to construct a typical
100 km strip of a two-lane roadway as the typical thickness of SMA layer is 35–45 mm. This method can
contribute to solving the environmental pollution problem of cigarette butts. Cities around the world
spend millions of dollars on the collection and disposal of cigarette butts. Successful implementation
of this method of recycling will turn waste cigarette butts into a valuable construction material which
can be utilized in the construction of roads and highways, which is the largest sector of the world in
terms of asset management.
The results associated with the physical and rheological properties of CBs modified bitumen
showed that CBs could be used as a fiber modifier for bitumen. Further rheological investigation
including laboratory tests on different classes of bitumen and aged bitumen modified with CBs
is recommended.

Author Contributions: A summary of each author’s contribution to this work is provided below.
Conceptualization: A.M., M.T.R.; Supervision: A.M.; Experimental Design: M.T.R., A.M.; Laboratory Investigation:
M.T.R.; Writing: M.T.R.; Editing and Reviewing: A.M.; Reviewing and Support: F.G. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: This work is part of an ongoing postgraduate study on recycling cigarette butts in bitumen
and asphalt concrete. The authors would like to thank Butt-Out Australia Pty Ltd., RMIT University, and the
Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship for their financial and in-kind support.
Also, the supply of the bitumen samples by Boral Asphalt (Victoria) is gratefully acknowledged.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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