DC Circuit January 12

2011
Analysis:
Design
Project
This document is a
representative of the By Hameer Abbasi, Ammar Ahmed
comprehensive design project, Shamim, Shaheer Ahmed Cheema
cumulative of the work done in
DC Circuit Analysis. and Rida Maamoor (TE-47B)
 Military College of Signals 1
DC Circuit Analysis: Design Project

DC Circuit Analysis: Design Project

By Hameer Abbasi, Ammar Ahmed Shamim, Shaheer Ahmed Cheema and Rida
Maamoor (TE-47B)

Question
Solve the following circuit using any resistances and putting anything the “black boxes” so that the
voltages at the marked points turn out to be as shown in the following diagram:

V3

V1 R5 R4 R1 BLACK BOX 2
15V
BLACK BOX 1 5V

7.5V 7V
R6 R3

3.5V

R8 R7
R2

V2
10V

Answer
We use a sort of potential divider in the black boxes, simplifying the circuit to the following:

V3
10V

V1 R5 R4 R1
15V

R9 A R6 B R3 D R11 C

R8 R7
R10 R2 R12

E
V2 R13
10V
 Military College of Signals 2
DC Circuit Analysis: Design Project

The nodes of the circuit are marked. We will use the technique of nodal analysis to find the resistors’
resistances. Writing KCL for nodes A, B, C, D and E respectively:

7.5 − 15 7.5 − 0 7.5 − 5 7.5 − 0 7.5 − 𝑉𝐵

+ + + + =0
𝑅9 𝑅10 𝑅5 𝑅8 𝑅6

Now here, we get a lot of resistances in the denominator. We use conductances instead of
resistances to convert the given equation into a linear one, if 𝑉𝐵 is considered a constant. The other
equations are written directly by inspection:

−7.5𝐺9 + 7.5𝐺10 + 2.5𝐺5 + 7.5𝐺8 + (7.5 − 𝑉𝐵 )𝐺6 = 0

(𝑉𝐵 − 7.5)𝐺6 + 𝑉𝐵 𝐺7 + (𝑉𝐵 − 5)𝐺4 + (𝑉𝐵 − 7)𝐺3 = 0
−2.5𝐺5 + (5 − 𝑉𝐵 )𝐺4 − 2𝐺11 + 1.5𝐺12 = 0
−3𝐺1 + 17𝐺2 + (7 − 𝑉𝐵 )𝐺3 + 2𝐺11 = 0
−1.5𝐺12 + 3.5𝐺13 = 0

Since the node B is between nodes of voltages 7.5 V, 7 V, 5 V and 0 V; we can infer that 0 V ≤ 𝑉𝐵 ≤
7.5 V. Let’s take 𝑉𝐵 = 4.5 V, and form a coefficient matrix from the given values:

0 0 0 0 2.5 3 0 7.5 −7.5 7.5 0 0 0

⎡0 0 −2.5 −0.5 0 −3 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0.5 −2.5 0 0 0 0 0 −2 1.5 0⎥
⎢−3 17 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1.5 3.5⎦

We then use Wolfram Mathematica 8.0 to find the row-reduced echelon form of this matrix:

(Please Turn Over)

 Military College of Signals 3
DC Circuit Analysis: Design Project

Using which we get the row-reduced matrix

17 3 5 5 5 7
⎡1 − 3 0 0 0 0 −2 −2 2
−2 0 0 − 6⎤
⎢0 0 1 0 0
9
0 −5 −3 3 −3
4
− 5⎥
0
7
⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 1 0 6 0 15 −15 15 −4 0 7 ⎥
6
⎢0 0 0 0 1 0 3 −3 3 0 0 0⎥
5
⎢ 7⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 − 3⎦

From which we find that 𝐺1 , 𝐺3 , 𝐺4 , 𝐺5 and 𝐺12 are the dependent variables. Writing equations for
these dependent variables, we then write the equations for these respective variables:
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DC Circuit Analysis: Design Project

17 3 5 5 5 7
𝐺1 = 𝐺 + 2𝐺7 + 2𝐺8 − 2𝐺9 + 2𝐺10 + 6𝐺13
3 2
9 4 7
𝐺3 = 𝐺 + 3𝐺8 − 3𝐺9 + 3𝐺10 − 5𝐺11 + 5𝐺13
5 7
𝐺4 = −6𝐺6 − 15𝐺8 + 15𝐺9 − 15𝐺10 + 4𝐺11 − 7𝐺13
6
𝐺5 = −5𝐺6 − 3𝐺8 + 3𝐺9 − 3𝐺10
7
𝐺12 = 3𝐺13

Observing the matrix, we find that, out of the independent variables, 𝐺7 , 𝐺9 and 𝐺13 are the most
negative in the matrix. Let’s give them a high value, say, 0.01 S. 𝐺6 is always positive, so we give it a
low value, say, 0.0001 S. The others, we give values of 0.001 S. Mathematica comes to our aid again
to help us find the rest of the values:
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DC Circuit Analysis: Design Project

Tabulating the now known conductances and the corresponding resistances:

37 3000
𝐺1 = 3000 S ⇔ 𝑅1 = 37 Ω
𝐺2 = 0.001 S ⇔ 𝑅2 = 1000 Ω
9 1250
𝐺3 = 1250 S ⇔ 𝑅3 = 9
Ω
267 5000
𝐺4 = 5000 S ⇔ 𝑅4 = 267
Ω
597 25000
𝐺5 = 25000 S ⇔ 𝑅5 = 597
Ω
𝐺6 = 0.0001 S ⇔ 𝑅6 = 10000 Ω
𝐺7 = 0.01 S ⇔ 𝑅7 = 100 Ω
𝐺8 = 0.001 S ⇔ 𝑅8 = 1000 Ω
𝐺9 = 0.01 S ⇔ 𝑅9 = 100 Ω
𝐺10 = 0.001 S ⇔ 𝑅10 = 1000 Ω
𝐺11 = 0.001 S ⇔ 𝑅11 = 1000 Ω
7 300
𝐺12 = 300 𝑆 ⇔ 𝑅12 = 7 Ω
𝐺13 = 0.01 S ⇔ 𝑅13 = 100 Ω

We then simulate using the found values in ISIS Professional 7.7 SP2, placing voltage probes and
relevant locations to verify the results:

V3
10V

V1 R5 R4 R1
15V 3000/37
25000/597 5000/267

R9(2) R3(1) R1(2) R12(1)

R9 V=7.5
R6 V=4.5
R3 V=7
R11 V=5
100 10k 1250/9 1k

R8 R7
R10 R2 R12
1k 1k 100 1k 300/7
R12(2)
V=3.5

V2 R13
10V 100

This confirms the validity of the found values in context to the given problem. ∎