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Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Thermo-mechanical stresses in functionally graded circular

hollow cylinder with linearly increasing boundary temperature
a,b a,*
Z.S. Shao , G.W. Ma
a
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
b
MOE Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration, School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Available online 19 April 2007

Abstract

Thermo-mechanical analysis of functionally graded hollow circular cylinders subjected to mechanical loads and linearly increasing
boundary temperature is carried out in this study. Thermo-mechanical properties of functionally graded material (FGM) are assumed
to be temperature independent and vary continuously in the radial direction of cylinder. Employing Laplace transform techniques and
series solving method for ordinary differential equation, solutions for the time-dependent temperature and thermo-mechanical stresses
are obtained. As an example, a molybdenum/mullite FGM with material properties follow an exponential law is calculated, and numer-
ical results are graphically presented.
 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Functionally graded material; Circular hollow cylinder; Thermo-mechanical stress; Linear thermal load

1. Introduction Tanigawa [3] presented an extensive review that covered a

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are mixtures of
two or more different materials. Volume fraction of each
material varies continuously along certain direction(s).
The gradual change of material properties can be tailored
to meet the requirements of different applications and
working environments. The FGMs were initially designed
as thermal barrier materials for aerospace structures [1,2].
Compared to the fiber-reinforced or laminated compos-
ite materials, FGMs are more preferable in many thermal–
mechanical applications. It is because continuous change in
microstructure of FGMs may not be subjected to a mis-
match of mechanical properties across the interface as a
reinforced or laminated material does. As a result, the
FGMs may not debond even at extremely high thermal
loading.
Exploration of the thermo-mechanical performance of
FGM structures has been attractions to many researchers.
*
Corresponding author. Fax: +65 67910676.
E-mail address: cgwma@ntu.edu.sg (G.W. Ma).
wide range of topics from thermoelastic to thermo-inelastic
problems. He compiled a comprehensive list of papers on
the analytical models of thermoelastic behavior of FGMs.
In order to understand the effect of the volumetric ratio of
constituents and porosity on thermal stresses, Obata and
Noda [4] studied the steady-state thermal stresses in
FGM hollow cylinders and FGM hollow spheres. Based
on the multi-layered method, Kim and Noda [5] studied
the unsteady-state thermal stress of FGM circular hollow
cylinders by using of Green function method. Reddy and
co-workers [6–11] carried out theoretical as well as finite
element analyses of the thermo-mechanical behavior of
FGM cylinders, plates and shells. Geometric non-linearity
and effect of coupling item was considered for different
thermal loading conditions. Batra and co-workers [12–15]
studied the thermo-mechanical deformations of thick func-
tionally graded plates. Based on a higher-order shear defor-
mation theory, transient response of a thick plate was
derived using a meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method,
and analytical solutions was obtained using of Laplace
transformation technique and the power series method.
Shao and Wang [16–18] studied the thermo-mechanical

0263-8223/$ - see front matter  2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.04.011
260 Z.S. Shao, G.W. Ma / Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265

stresses of FGM hollow cylinders and cylindrical panels

with the assumption that the material properties of FGM
followed simple laws, e.g., exponential law, power law or
mixture law in thickness direction. An approximate static
solution of FGM hollow cylinders with finite length was
obtained by using of multi-layered method; analytical solu-
tion of FGM cylindrical panel was carried out by using the
Frobinus method; and analytical solution of transient
thermo-mechanical stresses of FGM hollow cylinders were
derived by using the Laplace transform technique and the
power series method, in which effects of material gradient
and heat transfer coefficient on time-dependent thermal
mechanical stresses were discussed in detail. Similarly,
Ootao and Tanigawa [19–21] obtained the analytical solu-
tions of unsteady-state thermal stress of FGM plate and
Fig. 1. Dimensions and loading conditions of FGM hollow circular
cylindrical panel due to non-uniform heat supply. Using cylinder.
the multi-layered method and through a novel limiting pro-
cess, Liew and co-workers [22] obtained the analytical solu-
R ¼ r=rm ; R1 ¼ r1 =rm ; R2 ¼ r2 =rm ;
tions of steady-state thermal stress in FGM hollow circular
cylinder. Using finite difference method, Awaji and Sivaku- Y ¼ E=E0 ; X ¼ a=a0 ; K ¼ k=k0 ; K ¼ j=j0 ;
man [23] studied the transient thermal stresses of a FGM H ¼ T =T 0 ; H1 ¼ T 1 =T 0 ; H2 ¼ T 2 =T 0 ; s ¼ j0 t=r2m ;
hollow circular cylinder, which is cooled by surrounding U ¼ u=a0 T 0 rm ; Rr ¼ rr =a0 T 0 E0 ; Rh ¼ rh =a0 T 0 E0 ;
medium. Ching and Yen [24] evaluated the transient ther-
moelastic deformations of 2-D functionally graded beams Qa ¼ qa =ða0 E0 T 0 Þ; Qb ¼ qb =ða0 E0 T 0 Þ;
under non-uniformly convective heat supply. where rm = (r1 + r2)/2 is the radius of the mid-surface of
Based on the mathematical similarity of the axisymmet- the circular hollow cylinder. T0 is the reference tempera-
ric bending and buckling problems of a circular plate ture. E0, a0, k0 and j0 are reference values of the elastic
between the classical plate theory and Reddy’s third-order modulus, the thermal expansion coefficient, the heat con-
shear deformation plate theory, Ma and Wang [25] derived ductivity and the heat diffusivity.
the analytical relations of the solutions of bending and In the cylindrical coordinate system as shown in Fig. 1,
buckling of circular FGM plate based on various plate the- the unsteady-state heat conduction equation for the hollow
ories, respectively. They obtained the analytical solutions cylinder can be expressed as
of bending and buckling of circular FGM plate. Ma and  
Wang [26] also investigated the non-linear bending and o2 HðR; sÞ 1 K0 ðRÞ oHðR; sÞ 1 oHðR; sÞ
2
þ þ ¼ ; ð1Þ
post-buckling behavior of FGM circular plate under ther- oR R KðRÞ oR KðRÞ os
mal and mechanical loadings. where H(R, s) is the dimensionless temperature in the cylin-
In the present work, we consider the unsteady-state der. In Eq. (1) and following derivations, the primes denote
thermo-mechanical problem of FGM hollow circular cylin- derivatives with respect to the radial or r coordinate.
ders. The temperature variation from the inner surface to It is assumed that the initial temperature of the FGM
the outer surface is linear. The hollow cylinder is also sub- cylinder is zero. The temperature of its inner surface is lin-
jected to mechanical loads on inner and outer surfaces. early increased to T1 within a very short time interval s0
Material properties of the hollow cylinder are assumed to and kept constant subsequently (see Fig. 2). Its outer sur-
be temperature independent and vary continuously in the
radial direction. The Laplace transform technique and
power series method for solving ordinary differential equa-
tion(s) are employed to solve the thermo-mechanical
problems.

2. Solution of time-dependent temperature

A FGM circular hollow cylinder with an inner radius r1

and an outer radius r2, as shown in Fig. 1, is considered. It
is assumed that the thermal conductivity coefficient k and
the thermal diffusivity j change continuously through the
thickness.
The following dimensionless variables are used in the Fig. 2. Linearly increasing temperature on inner surface of the FGM
derivation for easier formulation: hollow circular cylinder.
 Z.S. Shao, G.W. Ma / Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265 261

face is heated by surrounding media to temperature T2. The coefficients An in series (7) are linear combinations of
The heat transfer coefficient on outer surface is h2. There- A0 and A1 that can be expressed as
fore, the initial and boundary temperature conditions of An ðsÞ ¼ P 1n ðsÞ  A0 þ P 2n ðsÞ  A1 ; ð9Þ
the hollow cylinder can be expressed as
where the coefficient P1n(s) and P2n(s) can be derived from
HðR; 0Þ ¼ 0; ð2Þ
 the recurrence Eq. (8). Therefore, the solution of Eq. (4)
H1 ss0 ; 0 6 s 6 s0 ; can be expressed as
R ¼ R1 : H ¼ ð3aÞ
H1 ; s > s0 ; X
1
n
oHðR2 ; sÞ F ðR; sÞ ¼ ðA0 P 1n ðsÞ þ A1 P 2n ðsÞÞ  ðR  1Þ : ð10Þ
þ H 2 HðR2 ; sÞ ¼ H 2 H2 ; ð3bÞ n¼0
oR
where A0 and A1 are unknown constants. Substituting Eq.
where H2 is dimensionless heat transfer coefficient on the
(10) into the boundary conditions (5), we obtain the follow-
outer surface and defined as
ing algebraic equations:
H 2 ¼ r m h2 :     ( H1 1 )
d 11 d 12 A0 s
 s2
Firstly, the temperature solution in the phase of ¼ H0 H ; ð11Þ
d 21 d 22 A1 2 2
0 6 s 6 s0 is derived. Considering the initial condition s
(2), Laplace transformation to Eq. (1) and boundary con- where
ditions (3) with respect to variable s is performed. It
X
1
derives d 11 ¼ P 1n ðsÞ  ðR1  1Þ ;
n
 
o2 F ðR; sÞ 1 K0 ðRÞ oF ðR; sÞ s n¼0

2
þ þ ¼ F ðR; sÞ; ð4Þ X
1
oR R KðRÞ oR KðRÞ d 12 ¼ P 2n ðsÞ  ðR1  1Þ ;
n

H1 1 n¼0
R ¼ R1 : F ¼  ; ð5aÞ X
1 X
1
s0 s 2 d 21 ¼ nP 1n ðsÞ  ðR2  1Þ
n1
þ H2
n
P 1n ðsÞ  ðR2  1Þ ;
oF 1 n¼1 n¼0
R ¼ R2 : þ H 2 F ¼ H 2 H2 : ð5bÞ
oR s X1
n1
X1
n
d 22 ¼ nP 2n ðsÞ  ðR2  1Þ þ H2 P 2n ðsÞ  ðR2  1Þ :
According to the series solving method for ordinary dif- n¼1 n¼0
ferential equation, if the coefficients K 0 (R)/K(R) and 1/
K(R) are analytical at R = 1 and can be expressed as the From Eq. (11), the constants A0 and A1 are determined,
following Taylor’s series: i.e.
   
1 dKðRÞ X 1
1 H1 =s0 d 12 d 11 d 12
f1 ðRÞ ¼ ¼ f1n ðr  1Þn ; ð6aÞ A0 ¼ 2 det det ; ð12aÞ
KðRÞ dR n¼0 s H 2 H2 s d 22 d 21 d 22
   
1 X1
1 d 11 H1 =s0 d 11 d 12
f2 ðRÞ ¼ ¼ f2n ðr  1Þn ; ð6bÞ A1 ¼ 2 det det : ð12bÞ
KðRÞ n¼0 s d 21 H 2 H2 s d 21 d 22
where Substituting the solved constants A0 and A1 from Eqs.
(12a,b) into the series solution (10), we derive
1 ðnÞ 1 ðnÞ
f1n ¼ f ð1Þ; f 2n ¼ f ð1Þ: X1
N n ðsÞ
n! 1 n! 2 F ðR; sÞ ¼
n
ðR  1Þ ; ð13Þ
The solution of Eq. (4) can also be expressed as the follow- n¼0
MðsÞ
ing Taylor’s series at the point of R = 1: where
X
1 " #
n H1
F ðR; sÞ ¼ An ðsÞ  ðR  1Þ : ð7Þ s0
d 12
n¼0
N n ðsÞ ¼ det P 1n ðsÞ
H 2 H2 s d 22
Substituting series (6) and (7) into Eq. (4), employing the " #
d 11 Hs01
Abel principle of series multiplication and comparing the þ det P 2n ðSÞ;
coefficients of (R  1)n, the following recurrence relation d 21 H 2 H2 s
 
is then derived d 11 d 12
MðsÞ ¼ s2  det :
X n
d 21 d 22
ðn þ 1Þðn þ 2ÞAnþ2 ¼ s ½Ak1 þ Ak f2;nk
k¼0 Using of Galerkin method, we then deduce the inverse La-
2
X
n place transformation for all coefficients of (R  1)n in Eq.
 ðn þ 1Þ Anþ1  ½kAk (13). In the case of the transcendental equation M(s) = 0
k¼0
has only single root sk ðk ¼ 1; 2; . . .Þ, then the inverse trans-
þ ðk þ 1ÞAkþ1 f1;nk : ð8Þ formation of Eq. (13) can be written as
262 Z.S. Shao, G.W. Ma / Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265

We assume that the FGM cylinder is subjected to axi-

symmetric pressures qa and qb on its inner and outer
surfaces, respectively. Therefore, considering the aforemen-
tioned dimensionless variables, the boundary condition can
be expressed as
oU l
R ¼ R1 : ð1  lÞ þ U  ð1 þ lÞX  H ¼ Qa ; ð19aÞ
oR R1
oU l
R ¼ R2 : ð1  lÞ þ U  ð1 þ lÞX  H ¼ Qb : ð19bÞ
oR R2
According to the theory of series solving method for
ordinary differential equation, if the coefficients
Y 0 ðRÞ=Y ðRÞ; ½XðRÞ  Y ðRÞ0 =Y ðRÞ and X(R) are analytical
Fig. 3. Sternberg and Chakravorty’s analytical method in case of s0 6 s. at R = 1 and can be expressed as the following Taylor’s ser-
" # ies in terms of (R  1):
X
N X
K
N n ðsk Þ
HðR; sÞ ¼ e ðR  1Þn :
sk s
ð14Þ 1 dY ðRÞ X 1
n
n¼0 k¼1
½dMðsÞ=dss¼sk f3 ðRÞ ¼ ¼ f3n  ðR  1Þ ; ð20aÞ
Y ðRÞ dR n¼0
If s1 is a multiple-root with m orders of function M(s), and 1 d½XðRÞ  Y ðRÞ X 1
n
smþ1 ; smþ2 ; smþ3 . . . are single roots of function M(s), the in- f4 ðRÞ ¼ ¼ f4n  ðR  1Þ ; ð20bÞ
Y ðRÞ dR
verse transform of Eq. (13) can be written as n¼0
X1
X N    n
1 dm1 m N n ðsÞ ss f5 ðRÞ ¼ XðRÞ ¼ f5n  ðR  1Þ ; ð20cÞ
HðR; sÞ ¼ lim m1 ðs  s1 Þ e n¼0
n¼0
ðm  1Þ! s!s1 ds MðsÞ
#
XK where
N n ðsk Þ n
þ esk s ðR  1Þ : ð15Þ
½dMðsÞ=ds 1 ðnÞ
k¼mþ1 s¼sk f3n ¼ f ð1Þ;
n! 3
Based on the temperature solution (14) or (15) for the 1 ðnÞ
phase of 0 6 s 6 s0, we derive the temperature solution f4n ¼ f4 ð1Þ;
n!
for s0 6 s. Following the work of Sternberg and Chakra- 1 ðnÞ
vorty [27], as shown in Fig. 3, the temperature change of f5n ¼ f5 ð1Þ;
n!
the inner surface for the phase of s0 6 s can be expressed as
s s  s0 then the solution of Eq. (18) can also be expressed as the
HðR1 Þ ¼ H1  H1 ; s  s0 : ð16Þ following Taylor’s series at the point of R = 1:
s0 s0
X
1
Thus, the solution of time-dependent temperature of the U ðR; sÞ ¼
n
Bn ðsÞ  ðR  1Þ : ð21Þ
FGM cylinder can be expressed as n¼0

H ¼ HðR; sÞ  HðR; s  s0 Þ; ð17Þ Additionally, we rewrite the time-dependent temperature

where H(R, s  s0) is a function similar to H(R, s), in which (14) or (15) as
variable s is replaced by s  s0. X
1
HðR; sÞ ¼ Hn ðsÞ  ðR  1Þn ; ð22Þ
3. Solution of transient thermo-mechanical stresses n¼0

where
Generally, the Poisson’s ratio l of FGM varies in a
small range. Its effects on thermo-mechanical stresses are X
K
N n ðsk Þ
insignificant. For simplicity, we assume l to be a constant. Hn ðsÞ ¼ esk s or
k¼1
½dMðsÞ=ds s¼sk
On the other hand, the elastic modulus E and thermal m1  
expansion coefficient a change continuously through the 1 d m N n ðsÞ ss
Hn ðsÞ ¼ lim m1 ðs  s1 Þ e
thickness of the hollow cylinder. Using the cylindrical coor- ðm  1Þ! s!s1 ds MðsÞ
dinate system shown in Fig. 1, the equilibrium equation of XK
N n ðsk Þ
the FGM hollow cylinder can be expressed as þ e sk s :
½dMðsÞ=ds
    k¼mþ1 s¼s k
o2 U 1 Y 0 ðRÞ oU l Y 0 ðRÞ 1 U
þ þ þ  Substituting Eqs. (20), (21) and (22) into Eq. (18),
oR2 R Y ðRÞ oR 1  l Y ðRÞ R R
0 employing the Abel principle of series multiplication and
1 þ l ½XðRÞ  Y ðRÞ 1þl oH n
comparing the coefficient of ðR  1Þ , we obtain the follow-
 H XðRÞ ¼ 0: ð18Þ
1l Y ðRÞ 1l oR ing recurrence relation,
 Z.S. Shao, G.W. Ma / Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265 263

 ðn þ 1Þðn þ 2ÞBnþ2 ½aJ 1 ðR1 aÞ þ H 1 J 0 ðR1 aÞ½aY 1 ðR2 aÞ  H 2 Y 0 ðR2 aÞ

2  ½aY 1 ðR1 aÞ þ H 1 Y 0 ðR1 aÞ½aJ 1 ðR2 aÞ  H 2 J 0 ðR2 aÞ ¼ 0:
¼ ðn þ 1Þð2n þ 1ÞBnþ1 þ ðn  1ÞBn
l X n Xn
We can obtain the temperature solution of this heat con-
 ½Bk1 þ Bk f3;nk þ ½ðk  1ÞBk1
1  l k¼0 k¼0
duction problem by using of the present analytical study.
For the sake of brevity, we will not repeat the process of
þ 2kBk þ ðk þ 1ÞBkþ1 f3;nk
( derivation. For homogeneous circular hollow cylinder,
1þl X n
the coefficients of Taylor’s series (6) and the recurrence
 ðHk2 þ 2Hk1 þ Hk Þf2;nk
1  l k¼0 relation (8) can be rewritten as
)
X
n f1n ¼ 0; n ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . . ;
þ ½ðk  1ÞHk2 þ 2kHk1 þ ðk þ 1ÞHk f3;nk : f20 ¼ 1=K; f 2n ¼ 0; n ¼ 1; 2; 3; . . . ;
k¼0
2 s
ð23Þ  ðn þ 1Þðn þ 2ÞAnþ2 ¼ ðn þ 1Þ Anþ1  ðAn þ An1 Þ:
Kd
It is observed that all the coefficients of Taylor’s series (21) ð27Þ
can be expressed as
The relevant coefficient items P1n(s) and P2n(s) can be ob-
Bn ðsÞ ¼ B0 Q1n þ B1 Q2n þ Q3n ; ð24Þ tained from the recurrence relation (8). Then the relevant
where Q1n, Q2n and Q3n are derived from the recurrence coefficients d11, d12, d21 and d22 can be carried out by using
relation (23). Furthermore, the solution of the radial dis- the corresponding temperature boundary conditions. Sub-
placement of the FGM hollow cylinder is expressed as mitting these coefficient items into Eq. (14), the tempera-
ture solution of this problem can be finally obtained.
X1
n We consider a homogeneous circular hollow cylinder
U ðR; sÞ ¼ ½B0 Q1n þ B1 Q2n þ Q3n ðR  1Þ ; ð25Þ
n¼0
with inner radius R1 = 0.9 and outer radius R2 = 1.1. Its
initial temperature is zero and suddenly heated by sur-
where B0 and B1 are unknown constants and can be deter- rounding media on the inner and outer surfaces. The tem-
mined by substituting solutions (25) into boundary condi- peratures of internal and external surrounding medium are
tions (19). H1 = 1 and H2 = 0. The heat transfer coefficients on the
Substituting Eq. (25) into the geometric equation and inner and outer surfaces are H1 = H2 = 30. Results
then into the constitutive equation, we obtain the transient obtained from Carslaw and Jaeger’s solution and the pres-
thermo-mechanical stresses of the FGM circular hollow ent method are graphically presented in Fig. 4. Results with
cylinder. three, five, and seven series items of the present method are
all summarized in this figure. It is seen that differences of
4. Numerical results and discussion numerical results between these two methods decrease as
the time proceeds. The numerical results of the present
Before any calculation of the thermal stresses of FGM method converge rapidly with the increase of the series
circular hollow cylinder, we firstly check the convergence items considered. Excellent agreement can be obtained
of the series solution (14). Carslaw and Jaeger [28] studied when seven terms in the series solution (14) are considered.
the heat conduction problem in a homogeneous circular Now we consider a FGM circular hollow cylinder with
hollow with heat transfer boundary conditions. Using radius R1 = 0.9 and R2 = 1.1, as shown in Fig. 1. The
Laplace transformation and Bessel functions, they carried
out the analytical solution of this problem, i.e.
R1 H 1 H1 ½1  R2 H 2 lnðR=R2 Þ þ R2 H 2 H2 ½1 þ R1 H 1 lnðR=R1 Þ
HðR; sÞ ¼
R1 H 1 þ R2 H 2 þ R1 R2 H 1 H 2 lnðR2 =R1 Þ
X 1 2
ejan s
p ½an J 1 ðR2 an Þ  H 2 J 0 ðR2 an Þ  C 0 ðR; an Þ
k¼1
F ðan Þ
 fH 1 H1 ½an J 1 ðR2 an Þ  H 2 J 0 ðR2 an Þ
 H 2 H2 ½an J 1 ðR1 an Þ þ H 1 J 0 ðR1 an Þg; ð26Þ
where
2
F ðan Þ ¼ ða2n þ H 22 Þ½an J 1 ðR1 an Þ þ H 1 J 0 ðR1 an Þ
2
 ða2n þ H 21 Þ½an J 1 ðR2 an Þ  H 2 J 0 ðR2 an Þ ;
C 0 ðR; an Þ ¼ J 0 ðRan Þ½an Y 1 ðR1 an Þ þ H 1 Y 0 ðR1 an Þ
 Y 0 ðRan Þ½an J 1 ðR1 an Þ þ H 1 J 0 ðR1 an Þ;
and an are the roots of the following equation: Fig. 4. Time-dependent temperature of a homogeneous circular hollow
cylinder.
264 Z.S. Shao, G.W. Ma / Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265

dimensionless temperature of the inner surface is heated up

to 1.0 in a short time interval s0 = 0.1. Its outer surface is
cooled by surrounding medium. The heat transfer coeffi-
cient on the outer surface is 30. The FGM circular hollow
cylinder is made from molybdenum and mullite. Its inner
surface is pure mullite, and its outer surface is composite
of molybdenum/mullite. Both molybdenum/mullite vary
continuously from the inner to outer surfaces of the cylin-
der. E0, a0, k0, j0 and l of mullite are 225 GPa,
4.8 · 106 K1, 5.9 W(m K)1, 2.8 · 106 m2 s1 and 0.3,
respectively [23]. It is assumed that variations of the mate-
rial properties through the thickness of the hollow circular
cylinder follows the following exponential laws:
Y ðRÞ ¼ Exp½m1 ðR  R1 Þ; ð28aÞ
XðRÞ ¼ Exp½m2 ðR  R1 Þ; ð28bÞ Fig. 7. Transient radial stress of molybdenum/mullite FGM hollow
KðRÞ ¼ Exp½m3 ðR  R1 Þ; ð28cÞ cylinder, (s0 = 0.1).

KðRÞ ¼ Exp½m4 ðR  R1 Þ; ð28dÞ

where m1, m2, m3 and m4 are material constants, and
m1 ¼ 2:0; m2 ¼ 0:3; m3 ¼ 3:0; m4 ¼ 2:0.

Fig. 8. Transient circumferential stress of the FGM hollow cylinder,

(s0 = 0.1).

Fig. 5. Time-dependent temperature in the FGM hollow cylinder, Fig. 5 shows the numerical results of the time-dependent
(s0 = 0.1).
temperature in the FGM cylinder. It is seen that tempera-
ture increases with time in the phase of 0 6 s 6 s0 and rap-
idly approaches to the steady-state value in the phase of
s0 6 s.
Fig. 6 shows the numerical results of the dimensionless
radial displacement. The radial displacement increases with
time in the phase of 0 6 s 6 s0 and approaches rapidly to the
maximum value at steady state in the subsequent phase of
s0 6 s. Figs. 7 and 8 show the numerical results of the tran-
sient radial and circumferential thermal stresses, respec-
tively. It is seen that absolute values of the radial and
circumferential thermal stresses increase with time in the
phase of 0 6 s 6 s0and rapidly approaches to the maximum
values at steady state in the following phase of s0 6 s.

5. Conclusions

Fig. 6. Transient radial displacement of the FGM hollow cylinder, Thermo-mechanical analysis of FGM circular hollow
(s0 = 0.1). cylinders subjected to mechanical loads and linear-type
 Z.S. Shao, G.W. Ma / Composite Structures 83 (2008) 259–265
heat supply is presented in this paper. Using Laplace trans-
form technique and series solving method for ordinary dif-
ferential equation, solutions of time-dependent
temperature and unsteady thermo-mechanical stresses of
FGM hollow cylinders are derived. For exemplification,
using the derived temperature solution and employing the
exponential material law for FGM, we analyzed a molyb-
denum/mullite FGM hollow circular cylinder.
The virtue of the present method lies on that the varia-
tion continuity of material properties in one direction can
be fully taken into account, and it is applicable to any
material model suggested for FGMs.
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