Rough notes

English Language

Present continuous tenses

Subject + BE (am/is/are) + Verb-ING

1. We can use to explain the idea that something is happening now, at this moment.
a. We are learning English now.
b. My mother is cooking dinner in the kitchen at this time.
c. The gardener is working in the garden at present.
2. We can use to express longer actions not at this moment, but in progress.
a. She is studying to become a science teacher.
b. We are working on a new project.
c. I am learning to play guitar.
3. We can use to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
a. You are starting work tomorrow.
b. My ister is coming with us to the party tonight.
c. I am talking to the teacher after this lesson.
4. We can use the tenses with always, constantly, forever to describe the idea that something
often happens in a negative sense.
a. She is always talking.
b. These students are constantly complaining about everything.
c. You are always coming to work late.

Future continuous tenses

Subject + will + be + verb with –ing

1. For interrupted actions in the future

When you get home, I will be watching this movie.
2. For specific time as an interruption in the future
We will be having breakfast tomorrow morning at 9’ o’ clock.
3. For actions already happening now and expected to continue some time in the future.
We will still be dealing with this task in an hour.
4. To ask a question politely about the future
Will you be leaving Mexico tonight?
5. While expressing intentions for future
I will be helping my mother during the weekend.
6. For parallel actions or a series of parallel actions (sometimes to describe the atmosphere)
This time next week, they will be dancing, chatting together, and having fun.
Present perfect tense

1. Finished actions (past event-present result)

She has lost her wallet. (she can’t find it)
2. Recent completed actions
I have just finished my project.
3. Unfinished actions (duration from past until now)
I have lived in Paris for five years.
4. Life experiences
Have you ever eaten sushi before?
5. Accomplishments
Man has walked to the moon.
6. Changes over time
I have become more interested in medical issues.
7. Multiple actions a t different times
I have seen David several times.

Past perfect tense

Subject + had + 3rd form of verb

1. It is used for the past action already finished when another past action happened.
After the film had started, we arrived.
2. For the past action that started inn the pastand continued up to a given time in the past.
I had never seen him for 5 days.
3. For unreal or imaginary things, wishes in the past
We wish we hadn’t eaten so much.
4. In reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked, etc.
She said she had swum.

Differences between present perfect continuous tenses and past perfect continuous tenses

1. Present perfect continuous tense

It is used to express an action which started before now (or in the past) and has continued up until
now (or into the present).

Ex. I have been reading this novel for five days.

2. Past perfect continuous tense

Is used to express a past action which started in the past and continued to happen after another
action or time in the past.

Ex. We had been looking for the wallet for 2 hours when Susan found it.
Future perfect continuous tense

The children will have been studying in the classroom for three hours.

Structure: S + will have been + V1 (ing form) + time ref.

Example: She will have been learning French for two weeks.

Mathematics

English Literature

About the author

Howard Mary Breslin (23 December 1912- 30 May 1964) was an American novelist and radio script
writer. He mainly wrote novels of historical fiction and is most notable for The Tamarack Tree and ‘Bad
Time at Honda’, a short story that was the basis of the film Bad Day at Black Rock.

Main elements

1. Setting: London
2. Main characters: Gebhardt
3. Theme: thrill
4. Minor characters: salesman, jeweler, policeman

What impression do you get of Gebhardt?

1. He was a tall man with a blonde mustache and he wore a heavy overcoat and black hat. He was
slightly lame and carried a cane. He smiled when the policeman at the corner said ‘Good
Morning’ to him. The lame man’s name was Gebhardt, and the policeman’s superior officers
would have been very glad to know that.
2. Gebhardt walked slowly, leaning heavily on his cane. The meeting with the policeman never
failed to amuse him, and he smiled to himself at the stupidity of the English. Gebhardt looked
into the jewellery shop window.

Main events

1. Gebhardt enters into a watch shop.

2. He complains his watch is not working.
3. The jeweler fixes the watch and puts on a new strap.
4. Once Gebhardt goes back to his room, he takes off the strap.
5. He had a message inside which was: “Trucks from King Charles Square will transport Regiment
55 tomorrow A.M. Act at once.”

Continuation

Did anyone trespass the information?

1. He burns the message.

2. He decides to set the bomb as according to the plan.
3. He takes in a small package about fourteen of the bombs to King Charles Square and he had to
take care of it in two hours.
4. He had set his watch 64 minutes behind as a secret message for the jeweler.
5. Gebhardt gets shot in the leg and dies.
6. The next day, the jeweler wonders why Gebhardt was killed when he had reset his watch, too.

What I think now

1. Has your impression of Gebhardt changed?

 2. What headline would you give if you were the author?

Let’s wrap up

The title name is only symbolic in one of the two stories discussed. Would you agree or disagree?
Give your reasoning.

Science

Let’s recap

Food web: A food web shows an interconnected pathway from the producers to the consumers and
how the energy flows in this pathway.

There are two types of food web: terrestrial and marine.

Pyramid of number

the pyramid of number shows the number of organism at each trophic level.

Biomass pyramid

Biomass pyramid represents the mass of the members of the food chain present in the hierarchy.

The pyramid of energy

The pyramid of energy denotes the rate at which food material in the form of energy passes through the
food chain.

What is energy transfer?

Pyramid of biomass: it shows the mass of living organism of each trophic level in the food chain.

As the pyramid moves upwards, bars get smaller.

This means energy diminishes as it moves up.

As the pyramid moves upwards, most of the energy is either used or lost.

Why is energy wasted?

1. Organisms don’t normally eat every part. Birds do not eat snake skeleton or teeth.
2. Even if they do eat it might not be absorbed. As it gets egested as faeces.
3. Most of the energy consumption is used for respiration rather than growth. Biomass gets
wasted as carbon dioxide and urea.

Concept review

1. Food pyramid shows number, mass, and energy transitions in a food chain.
2. Organisms need energy to survive. They get it from other organisms through a food cycle but
not all energy received is absorbed, a lot is wasted too in the process.

History

Let’s recall

1. Indian Councils Act of 1861 was presented by Lord Canning.

2. Name of the theory introduced by Sir Syed. The Two Nation Theory
3. Name of the first Indian political party. Indian National Congress
4. World War I began in the year 1914.
5. Winner of World War 1. British

Last discussed events

World War 1 (1914-1918)

Important points

1. Indians wholeheartedly participated in the wars.

2. They were expecting freedom in return after the war.

In the meantime, in India, Hindus and Muslims were shaking hands as they believed that it was the
need of time. Meeting in Lucknow

Lucknow Pact 1916

1. First official meeting of the two communities.

2. Farsighted Jinnah arose as a devoted champion of Hindu Muslim unity; he convinced All India
Muslim League to change their policies for a better India.
3. Congress and Muslim league held a joint session in Lucknow.
4. It was basically a give and take sort of agreement between both the parties.
5. Congress agreed to the right for separate electorates for the Muslims.
6. League agreed upon upholding the principle of self rule demanded by the Congress.

Jinnah in Lucknow

Quaid-e-Azam, in his presidential speech at Lucknow, said, “India’s real progress can only be
achieved by a true understanding and harmonious relations between the two great communities.
With regards to our own affairs, we can depend upon nobody but ourselves.”

Ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity

End of World War 1

1. World War I ended in 1918 with British victory.

 2. Occurrence of two important events was noticed in the subcontinent as an impact of World War
I
1. Montague Chelmsford Reforms 1919
To control Indian anger
2. Khilafat Movement 1919
Muslims started to express their anger.

Khilafat Movement 1919

Background

Turkey was a part of World War I but it was fighting against the British. It was being ruled by a Caliph.
This system of ruling was very much Islamic in nature. Indian Muslims also had a soft corner for it. They
feared that the British, after defeating Turkey, would abolish the Caliphate.

Action

Indian Muslims ran the Khilafat Movement in India for around 5 years to support the caliphate system in
Turkey. Congress also supported this cause.

Mont Ford reforms 1919

1. British knew about the Indian expectation of the grant of self-rule after the war.
2. To cope up with the situation, they came up with the Mont Ford reforms.
3. It majorly proposed:
a. More Indians to be included in the governmental bodies.
b. Introduction of the system of diarchy- a system which was devised to give more power to
the Indians on the provincial level but in certain fields.
These reforms were totally rejected by the Indians.

After rejection

1. When the Indians observed that the actual power will still lie with the British, they were
disappointed.
2. Their dream to get self rule was broken.
3. Hindus and Muslims openly opposed these reforms.
4. To control their anger, the British government presented the Rowlatt Act as a precautionary
measure.

Rowlatt Act 1919

1. After the war, British government decided to pass a bill to control the emotions of the Indians.
2. Enforcement of this bill shocked the Indians who had helped the British so much in the war.
3. This bill allowed the imprisonment without trial and right of appeal for political offences.
4. Meetings and processions were banned.
Amritsar Massacre 1919

General Dyer ordered to openfire on a gathering of more than 5000 people who gathered at
Jallianwala Bagh despite the fact that public gathering was banned. Around 400 people died and
more than thousand were wounded.

Simon Commission 1927

1. A commission was sent to India headed by Sir John Simon to find out the views of the Indians.
2. On its arrival in India, this commission was greeted with black flags and slogans which said,
‘Simon Go Back’.
a. All the members of the commission were British.
b. Indians were not included.

All Parties Conference 1928

1. This conference was held in Calcutta.

2. Jinnah, in this conference, appealed to both communities to work together but Muslims
were only considered as a minority and not as a nation.
3. The conference failed to reach a conclusion on the issue of the rights of minorities.
4. British took up the situation and asked the Indians to draft a future constitution for India.
5. A committee was formed for this purpose led by Moti Lal Nehru.

Nehru Report 1928

Seven members committee under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru

1. Demanded dominion status for India

2. Suggested that all power would rest with the federation.
3. Elections would be held on joint basis.

Impact of the Nehru report

1. Jinnah and Muslim League rejected this report but agreed upon accepting it with some
changes which will safeguard Muslim rights.
2. Congress refused to make any changes.
3. Jinnah called this the parting of ways.

14 points of Jinnah

1. Muslim League now had to make its position clear for any future constitutional agreement
for an independent India.
2. Mr Jinnah drafted his famous fourteen points to get the Muslim demands recorded in black
and white.
3. All of his points safeguarded the rights of not only the Muslims, but other minorities also.
4. Jinnah’s points were rejected and he was so disappointed that he decided to leave politics
and settle in London.

Salt March 1930

1. Neither Hindus nor Muslims were ready to maintain a working relationship with the British.
2. Both were angry and wanted to express their feelings.
3. In this scenario, Gandhi announced a Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. He marched towards the coast of Gujrat with his followers to challenge the monopoly of the
British over the trade of sea salt.
5. Things started getting worse and British government announced to hold a conference to
settle the matters.

Conclusion

Indians are now aware of their demands and all these events are making them confident enough
to stand for their rights.

They have started giving tough time to the British.