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Rough notes

English Language

Pronouns are words that replace nouns.

I, me, she, we, they, who, that, yours, his, her, etc.

Indefinite pronouns

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are.

We use pronouns ending in –body or –one for people and pronouns ending in –thing for things.

somebody someone something


anybody anyone Anything
nobody No one nothing
everybody everyone Everything

Examples

1. A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to.
2. Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else.
3. I don’t know anything about music.

Does it mean there are no plural indefinite pronouns?

Pronouns beginning with any (anyone, anybody, etc), no (no one, nobody, nothing), every (everyone,
everything, etc), and some (something, someone, etc) are always singular and take a singular verb.

For example

Everybody is coming. (Singular)

Examples

The Martin girls are twins. Both are here. (plural)

The second category includes pronouns that refer to a specific noun.

all neither Either


any some Many
each another One
few both Several
Examples

1. Of those who say nothing, few are silent.


2. All in the courtroom must be seated.
3. Many missed the bus.

Reciprocal pronouns

A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or
have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the benefits or consequences of that action
simultaneously.

Anytime something is done or given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used.

There are only two reciprocal pronouns:

1. Each other
2. One another

When do we use reciprocal pronouns?

1. Reciprocal pronouns allow you to make sentences simpler.


2. It helps to prevent repetition within sentences.
3. They are especially useful when you need to express the same general idea more than once.
4. Reciprocal pronouns are easy to use. When you want to refer to two people, you will normally
use ‘each other.’
5. When referring to more than two people, for example the students in a lecture hall, you will
normally use ‘one another.’

Examples

1. Maria and Juan gave each other gold rings on their wedding day.
2. Terry and Jack were talking to each other in the hallway.
3. We give each other gifts during the holidays.
4. The students congratulated one another after giving practice speeches.
5. The kids spent the afternoon kicking the ball to one another.
6. The defendants blamed one another for the crime they were charged with.

Mathematics

Rhombus properties

1. All four sides are equal in length.


2. All internal angles equal 90 degree.
3. Opposite sides are parallel.
4. The diagonals cross at their midpoints.
5. The diagonals are perpendicular.

What is a rhombus?

1. 4 sided figure (quadrilateral)


2. All sides are of equal length.
3. Opposite sides are parallel.
4. Opposite angles are equal.

English Literature

Setting in fantasy fiction

1. In fantasy fiction, setting is more important than in any other genre.


2. Because the authors create a completely new world so they create a vivid picture for the
readers to imagine.
3. Such a world has details that the readers have never seen before around them.

Think of Harry Potter, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Lord of the Rings, Northern Lights, Divergent,
His Dark Materials, Wizard of Oz, Alice in Wonderland, Hobbit, Percy Jackson, and The Olympians.

Do you know that authors are most careful of setting when they create a world of fantasy?

That is because a fantasy world is being shown to the readers for the first time- authors try to get every
detail sound like a new surprise.

Let’s look at the world of Narnia that C.S. Lewis created.

Lucy felt a little frightened, but she felt very inquisitive and excited as well. She looked back over her
shoulder and there, between the dark tree trunks, she could still see the open doorway of the wardrobe
and even catch a glimpse of the empty room from which she had set out.

She began to walk forward, crunch-crunch over the snow and through the wood towards the other light.
In about ten minutes, she reached it and found out it was a lamp-post. She stood looking at it,
wondering why there was a lamp-post in the middle of a wood and wondering what to do next.

And of course the chocolate world of Willy Wonka

They were looking down upon a lovely valley. There were green meadows on either side of the valley,
and along the bottom of it there flowed a great brown river. Below the waterfall, a whole mass of
enormous glass pipes were dangling down into the river from somewhere high up in the ceiling!

There must have been a dozen of them at least, and they were sucking up the brownish muddy water
from the river and carrying it away. And because they were made of glass, you could see the liquid
flowing and bubbling along inside them, you could hear the never-ending suck-suck-sucking sound.
“There!” cried Mr. Wonka, dancing up and down and pointing his gold topped cane at the great brown
river. “It’s all chocolate! Every drop of that river is hot, melted chocolate. Thousands of gallons an hour!
Do you like my grass and my buttercups? The grass you are standing on, my dear little ones, is made of a
new kind of soft, minty sugar that I’ve just invented! I call it swudge! Try some grass! Please do! It’s
delectable!”

Now let’s take a look at the fascinating universe of Harry Potter.

Science

Let’s recap

Decomposers:

1. Are organisms that feed on dead organic matter.


2. They constitute a vital element in the ecosystem.

Note

1. I left you all with a video.


2. What happened in it?
3. What caused the tomato to rot?

`Fungus

Types of decomposers (Earth’s recyclers)

Decomposers

Decomposers are detritivores. They eat dead stuff :-

1. Dead plants
2. Dead animals
3. Animal wastes

Bacteria

1. Single-celled microorganisms
2. Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
3. Pathogenic
4. Beneficial
5. Most are decomposers

Fungi

1. Multi-cellular organism
2. Microscopic and visible forms
3. Not plants
4. Sessile (can move location)
5. No chloroplast
6. Photosynthesis

Types of fungi

1. Mushrooms
2. Yeast
3. Mold
4. Mildew
5. Diseases
6. Most reproduce via spores

Scavengers

Scavengers are animals or other organisms that feed on dead organic matter.

Insects

1. Flies
2. Beetles
3. Earth worms
4. Slugs and snails
5. Pill bugs, millipedes, and centipedes
6. Crabs and lobsters

Adaptability

Most thrive in warm and moist environments; this is the reason the forests of Amazon are dense and
have enhanced soil quality compared to other biomes in the world.

Wrap up

1. Decomposers are a vital element of our ecosystem and are present in various forms and shapes
around.
2. Usually, dense forests have the most decomposition, making the soil more enriched.

History

Starter activity (picture reading)

Do you know?

1. What is election?
2. Why are elections needed?
3. What is an Election Commission?
4. Think of any two types of elections

Last discussed events

1. Series of discussions held in India but all failed


a. Hindus demanded majority rule.
b. Minorities demanded fair representation.
2. This failure resulted in a deadlock.
3. British tried to clear it through an act (1935).
4. This Act somehow gave more power to the Indians.

Significance of the 1935 Act

1. Constitution was desperately required in India to hold the general elections.


2. Elections would help the British transfer the decided power according to the will of the Indians.
3. Last written constitution by the British for their Indian Colony.
4. Granted more voting rights to the Indians.
5. Served as the base for the constitution of independent India and Pakistan after 1947.

Impact of the act on

India

General elections held in 1937.

Indians

They were fueled well to demand self-rule; Independence Movement speeded up.

Reaction over the Act of…

Hindus

1. Congress rejected the Act because it did not give Swaraj to the Indians.
2. They disliked the fact that major power in the center was still in British hand.

Muslims

1. Muslim League also rejected this act because it did not give enough independence to the
Muslims to run the affairs of the provinces.

General elections of 1937

1. Even though the Congress and Muslim League both rejected the Act of 1935, it was
implemented.
2. Both the parties decided to participate in the elections to the provincial assemblies of 1937 to
be held under this Act.
3. Now, political parties had the task to persuade their concerned masses to support them in the
upcoming elections.

Significance of the elections

1. Indians learned a great deal about how to contest elections, planning and organizing.
2. Congress found it as an excellent way to show their strength.
3. Muslim League also considered it as a way to check their power.
4. British took it as a chance to prolong their rule.

Result of the elections

1. The final success of the elections was named in the favour of the Congress, which gained
majority in Bihar, Orissa, Madras, U.P, and other regions.
2. And Muslims?

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