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English Language
Phrasal verbs
Particles
Particles are part of the verb phrase, and they often change the meaning of the verb.
Preposition
Particle
Wake up = awaken
Go on = continue
Phrasal verbs are less formal and more common in everyday speech.
Transitive
Intransitive
2. You can separate some of the transitive phrasal verbs, which means you can place the object
between the verb and the particle.
E.g. I looked the word up in the dictionary.
The object can come after the phrasal verb or between the verb and the particle.
Object
Object
1. However, some verbs can’t be separated and the object must be placed after the particle.
2. Some phrasal verbs can take an object either between the verb and the particle or after the
particle.
Be careful!
When the object is a pronoun, it must come between the verb and the particle.
Unlike the transitive ones, these verbs don’t need an object when used in a sentence.
She will hang up before she gets into her car = no object
Mathematics
Sum of all the three interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180 degrees.
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
Science
In biology, decomposition refers to the biological process of breaking down an organic material into
smaller, constituent parts. Some examples of decomposition are shown next.
1. The decomposers provide food for themselves by extracting chemicals fro the dead bodies or
organic wastes, using these to produce energy.
2. The decomposers will then produce waste of their own. In turn, this will also decompose,
eventually returning nutrients to the soil.
1. What would happen if decomposers are removed from the food chain?
2. What is organic matter? What happens with an apple when you throw it away?
3. Have you ever found a leaf where you only saw the veins? If so, why?
English Literature
Why do you think setting is such an important element for any story?
Foreshadowing
For e.g.:
As Jonathan barged into his home, he was shocked to see it bathed it darkness. “Mom! Dad! Where are
you?” His foot struck an upturned table and that is when he realized in horror that the entireliving room
was in shambles- the furniture was thrown around, the bookshelves empty, and vases lay shattered on
the floor.
It reveals a lot about a character’s temperament, current mood, situation in life etc.
For e.g.:
When Shawn entered the room, he was shocked to see Joe curled in a ball on the bed, trying to sleep as
the curtains were drawn tightly shut. The floor was littered with old pizza boxes and paper plates of stale
food gone bad. On the bed was a mountain of dirty clothes piled and the dresser boasted a layer of dust
at least an inch thick.
Are the characters rich and powerful? Are they destitute and struggling? Is the story set in an urban
landscape? A fantasy world?
For e.g.:
The man sat quietly in a wingback chair. He was silent throughout, quietly puffing on his cigar while his
assistant stood near the huge marble fireplace holding files, waiting for his boss’ next order.
Creates a mood
One of the most important functions of setting is to create a mood in the story.
Through the use of techniques such as light and dark, the design elements of an indoor space and time
of the day, authors routinely create a particular mood in the story that is designed to evoke a response
in the reader.
Now, think of the many, many stories you have read and the response they have evoked in you.
History
Starter activity
Keeping in view the two below mentioned events, share your views regarding the role played by Indian
National Congress and Muslim League in the then politics of India.
Through a pamphlet, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali stated that India is actually claimed by multiple communities
so decisions about it should be taken with their consent.
He advocated the idea of creating a separate Muslim state consisting of the Muslim majority areas of
the subcontinent. He used the word Pakstan for the first time.
Failure of the Round Table Conferences made the British settle the matters by themselves.
British prime minister Ramsay Mac Donald presented the Communal Awards in August 1932.
Several political parties are now an active part of the Indian politics resulting in the radical grooming of
the locals and their growing demand for self-rule.
Later
Failed negotiations
Political deadlock
To bring new members, one-third members of the Upper House had to retire after every 3 years.
1) Power authority
a. More power to the provinces.
b. The provinces were given more authority and powers and for the first time the provinces were
made separate bodies.
2) System of diarchy
a. Abolished at provincial level but introduced in the center.
b. This meant that the provinces will be run by the Indians.
c. But power in the center will still remain with the British.
1919 1935
Criteria of voting wealth and education – 5 million Criteria of voting wealth and education- 35 million
can vote got voting rights.