Answer No (1)

INTRODUCTION:-
LEADERSHIP:- Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to
influence and guide followers or other members of an organization. Leadership involves
making sound and sometimes difficult decisions, creating and articulating a clear vision,
establishing achievable goals and providing followers with the knowledge and tools
necessary to achieve those goals.

The essence of leadership is followership. In other words, it is the willingness of people

to follow a person that makes that person a leader. Moreover, people tend to follow
those whom they see as providing a means of achieving their desires, needs and
wants.Leadership involves an unequal distribution of power between leaders and group
members. Group members are not powerless; they can shape group activities in some
ways. Still, the leader will usually have more power than the group members.

Every organization should have a leader who must possess characteristics such as self-
confidence, strong communication and management skills, creative
and innovative thinking, willingness to take risks, openness to change etc.

CONCEPTS & APPLICATION:-

PITFALLS OF LEADERSHIP:~

1) No Empowerment:-Leaders should empower their team members to

take decisions by themselves specially , small decisions and should focus on
important matters. Here, In above case Kiran has not delegate powers to team
leaders to take even minute decisions, she is very inflexible in nature and wants
every work should be done as per her wish which is not a sign of good leader.

If she continue to micromanage her fallowers, it will develop a lack of trust and
more importantly, she will not be able to focus on important matters. Delegate
tasks to your subordinates and see how they perform. Provide them with all the
resources and support they need to achieve the objective and give them a chance
to bear the responsibility.
 2) Lack of Empathy:-Leaders should develop empathy with their followers.
In above case Ross,the boss of Joey is following a dictatorial style and neglect
empathy altogether. Due to this, he fail to make a closer connection with her
followers. Understanding the problems of your followers and feeling their pain is
the first step to become an effective leader. Even that is not enough until you
work hard and provide your followers with the suitable solution to their problems.

3) Dictatorship:-Ross ,in above case is fallowing authoritarian style of

leadership he use to dictate policies and procedures, decide what goals are to be
achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful
participation by his team members.He has full control of the team, leaving low
autonomy within the group. The group is expected to complete the tasks
under very close supervision, while unlimited authority is self-bestowed by the
leader.

4) No Listening:- For great leaders, the secret to success is

attentive listening to the people your work with,but  in above case
situation is totally opposite Ross does not listen to his team
members, he is very rigid in nature and wants everyone to do work as
per his commands and directions, moreover if any team member tries
to give their views, opinions and work in different way or commits any
insignificant mistake them he reprimands the member infront of his
peers and subordinates.

5)Lack Of Creativity:-A leader should be possess, here in

above case Ross does not welcome views and ideas of team
members, he is very inflexible ,does not appreciate new ideas which
his team members presents, he does not support new concepts ,new
way of doing things at all, by doing so, he lacks creativity and
innovation at work.

Instead of resisting change, or reacting to it after the fact, he should

anticipate the changes that are coming and make plans to address
them before they arrive.

CONCLUSION:-
We all make mistakes, and there are some mistakes that leaders and managers make
in particular. These include no empowerment, lack of empathy, lack of creativity,
dictatorship style of leadership, no listening as per the above case.
It's true that making a mistake can be a learning opportunity. But, taking the time to
learn how to recognize and avoid common mistakes can help you become productive
and successful, and highly respected by your team.
You will have to set a good example for others to follow. That is where your
commitment, passion, empathy, honesty and integrity come into play. Good
communication skills and decision-making capabilities also play a vital role in success
and failure of a leader. Lastly, innovation and creative thinking, as well as the futuristic
vision, are a couple of key traits which make a leader stand out.

Answer No (2)

INTRODUCTION:-
Organisational Behaviour:- Organisational behaviour is the study and
application of knowledge about how people act within organisation .It involves study of
what an individual thinks feels or does in and around an organisation, both individual
and in group. It investigates people’s emotions and behaviour, behaviour &
performances in a team, systems & structures of organisations. It helps to explore and
provide an understanding of all the factors that are necessary to create an effective
organisation.

The study of organizational behavior relates to the expected behavior of an individual in

the organization.No two individuals are likely to behave in the same manner in a
particular work situation. It is the predictability of a manager about the expected
behavior of an individual. There are no absolutes in human behavior. It is the human
factor that is contributory to the productivity hence the study of human behavior is
important. Great importance therefore must be attached to the study.

The value system, emotional intelligence, organizational culture, job design and the
work environment are important causal agents in determining human behavior. Cause
and effect relationship plays an important role in how an individual is likely to behave in
a particular situation and its impact on productivity.

CONCEPTS & APPLICATION

Opportunities Of Organisational Behaviour:-
OB is the study and application of knowledge about predicting, understanding, and
controlling the behavior in the organizational setting. It is of great importance for any
organization in today’s scenario. The vast changes in the organizational set up and the
world economy, as well as the growing concern about the stakeholders have increased
the scope of the study of OB.

Therefore, some important opportunities of OB can be

discussed as follows:-

1.Improving Customer Service:-Organisational Behaviour can contribute

to improving organizational performance by showing drat how employees’ attitude and
behavior are associated with customer satisfaction.
In that case, service should be the first production-oriented by using technological
opportunities like a computer, the internet, etc.
To improve the customer service need to provide sales service and also the after-sales
service.

2. Sustaining Changes in Business Environment:-Organisation

needs to accept the changes occurring in the business environment in order to survive
successfully in competitive business world. The dynamic external environment
increases the importance of OB as a field of study, because it affects the internal
environment as well, thus, forcing an organization to accept changes as survival
strategy.

3. Surviving Intense Competition:-An organization can face fierce

competition by adopting various policies, such as capturing market share and
developing human resource. The study of OB helps the organization to develop the
human resource by molding their behavior for the benefits of organization .

4. Managing Global Influences:- Controlling the effects of privatization,

liberalization, and globalization on organizations is very essential task for every
business organizations. Global influences make the workforce of an organization more
diverse in nature, thus makes the study of OB more important.

5. Managing the Complexity in the Structure of

Organizations:-Controlling the complexity that may arise in the organisational
structure due to dynamic business environment is also very essential for every business
organisations. As an organization grows, its structure becomes complex because its
command chain expands, the scope of authority becomes multifaceted, and the
responsibilities of employees keep changing.

Challenges Faced by Organizational Behavior:

The significance of studying OB is increasing day-by-day due to dynamic business
environment. Now-a-days, numerous changes are taking place in the global, industrial,
and organizational setups. These changes have brought numerous challenges for OB.

Following points discuss these issues briefly:

1.Globalization:-No organization can work effectively in isolation and has to

comply with the global factors that have an impact on it. Globalization poses numerous
challenges in front of an organization. At the individual level, an employee may require
to work on foreign assignments or collaborate with people from different cultures.
At the group level, problems may arise in decision-making procedures and while
working in teams that include people of different cultural backgrounds. At the
organizational level, problems may arise in case of mergers or acquisitions due to vast
cultural differences.

2. Management of Workforce Diversity:-It refers to the need of

numerous conflict resolution techniques and problem- solving approaches to deal with
diverse workforce. It is difficult to manage the employees belonging to different cultural
backgrounds, due to differences in their values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. A
proper management of workforce diversity can have numerous positive results, such as
the availability of fresh ideas and talents.

3. Improvement in Quality and Productivity:-It means matching

the desired levels of quality and productivity with the ever-changing demands. Almost all
quality improvement comes via simplification of design, manufacturing, layout,
processes, and procedures.” Now-a-days, a number of programs, such as process
reengineering and quality management are being implemented to bring improvement in
productivity.

4. Improvement in People Skills:- It is the necessity of time to improve

and upgrade the skills of employees from time to time. The change in business, political,
and technological environment makes it important to train and develop the employees
according to new trends. The technical and interpersonal skills of employees need
constant improvement.

5. Incorporation of Innovation:-It is necessary to incorporate change in

rules, regulations, processes and procedures of an organization to suit the current
standards. It is easy to formulate the strategies for change in an organization, but
difficult to implement it due to the employee resistance. If the resistance of employees is
overcome then the positive changes can be brought in the organization to enhance the
productivity level.

CONCLUSION:-
Organisational Behaviour exists as long as human factor works in organisations.
Behavioural pattern may change in accordance with the needs of the organisations.
Behavioural aspect is influenced by human psychology and the environment in which
human factor lives and works. OB may be relatively a new field of study. But lived with
organisations ever since the organisations started functioning for serving business
objectives.

Behaviour moves with any living object and more so with human factor. Only recently
behavioural aspects in organisations are identified considering cognitive aspects and
social systems in which organisations function. Today, OB has systems in which
organisations function, and it has been considered as a strong factor for organisational
success.

Behavioural aspects are unpredictable. Availing the assistance of various disciplines

(such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc.), behavioural aspects are
understood and accordingly methods and procedures are developed and adapted. The
behavioural pattern changes. In nontechnical organisations, human factor works more.
As more and more technology is introduced, behavioural aspects of human factor also
changes. But OB aspects are eternal.
 Answer No (3)

INTRODUCTION:-
3(a) MOTIVATION
Motivation is the process of inspiring people in order to intensify their desire and
willingness for executing their duties effectively and for co-operating to achieve the
common objectives of an enterprise. In other words, it means to induce, instigate, incite
or prompt someone to a particular course of action for getting the results expected from
him.

Motivation is the actuating force that stimulates a man to put his best in the
accomplishment of a task. It is a powerful tool in the hands of a manager for inducing
his subordinates to act in the desired manner by satisfying their needs and desires. It is
concerned with how behaviour gets started, is energised, initiated, sustained and
directed.

CONCEPT

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory relies on the fact that people want to increase what
they want to achieve in life and their needs are prioritized according to their importance.
Deriving from the hierarchy of needs by Maslow, content theories of job satisfaction
revolve around employees’ needs and the factors that bring them a reasonable degree
of satisfaction. Based on the basic physical, biological, social and psychological needs
of human beings, Maslow came up with a five-stage theory that places the needs of the
individual in different categories and prioritizes their attainment.

These categories, in order of decreasing priority, are:

• physiological needs (food, shelter, clothing);
• safety and security needs (physical protection);
• social needs (association with others);
• esteem needs (receiving acknowledgement from others); and
• self-actualisation needs (the desire for accomplishment or to leave behind a legacy).
Kushal,a trainer for Yummy Tummy a home ground brand, despite being a hard worker
and top paid employees was unhappy as the organisation in which he works focus on
training employees working at top as well as shop floor level only, there was no training
programmes and policies for employees working at ground level, which is wrong as in
every organisation there should be appropriate and flexibile training goals, plans and
policies for each and every employees irrespective of hierarchy level in which they
works as training employees at right time at right place and with right knowledge
updates and enhances knowledge ,skills and abilities of each and every employees
which ultimately leads to organizational growth as well as personal growth of
employees, training employees is must as it not only motivates them but also leads to
job statisfaction ,thus more the trained and statisfied are the employee more efficiently
and effectively they will contribute towards organizational goals and objectives which
ultimately increases organizational growth and performance, since being unsatistified
with the current training programme of the organisation he himself realized that there is
need to train and teach employees at ground level as there is a huge gap which needs
to be fulfill soon by training employees in order to enhance their knowledge and skills so
that they also contribute more efficiently and effectively towards organizational goals.
Since he has move through all stages of need hierarchy theory and after fullfilling all his
needs and desires now what he is left is self actualization need which is fulfilling by
training employees at ground levels.

Conclusion

Motivation is very much needed for employees in an organisation to be productive, and

management or leadership style has an important role to play. Motivation is not always
based on financial rewards, but non-financial rewards methods can also be used to
derive the best out of employees. Although individuals have their expectations, it is the
leadership’s responsibility to develop and align with theories that are suitable to bring
job satisfaction to their employees. However, there is no single reliable theory to be
used, a mixture of them can be utilized.

In terms of empowering workforce, employees should be encouraged and given a

platform to voice out their concerns on how they can be motivated. Rewards and
promotions following performance appraisals maybe used to boost employee’s moral as
well as feedback. All employees should understand the company’s vision and goals and
work together towards those. Managers should use various motivational programmes to
encourage employees to achieve their maximum potential leading to improved
organisational performance.
INTRODUCTION
3(B) TRAINING

Training of employees takes place after orientation takes place. Training is the process
of enhancing the skills, capabilities and knowledge of employees for doing a particular
job. Training process moulds the thinking of employees and leads to quality
performance of employees. It is continuous and never ending in nature. A very good
training program is vital to the success of any business but surprisingly it is most often
overlooked. Training is very important for organizational development and success. It is
fruitful for the employers as well as the employees in an organization. If employee is
trained well, he will become more efficient and productive.

In today's dynamic business environment, job knowledge and skills to handle the
continuously changing job contents need continuous upgradation and training has to be
imparted continuously. It also becomes imperative to handle diverse situations and to
deal with varied clients, customers, vendors, suppliers, colleagues, business partners.
Training deals with developing attitudes which help the individuals to deal with different
situation and people according to one's advantage.

In the light of these diverse factors, training has become extremely important for
organizations in maintaining its human resources at their peak performance level.

CONCEPT