Minor losses in pipelines:

+ + = + + + +∑

= minor losses

Minor losses: losses in energy due to change in pipe cross

sectional area, bends, elbows, valves, fittings, ------etc.

① Entrance losses:

= kL ------------------------ (34)

v= pipe velocity
② Abrupt contraction:

= kL ------------------------ (35)

Ac = contraction area
A1 = area in the first bigger pipe
A2 = area in the second smaller pipe
CC = coefficient of contraction
CC = -------------------------- (36)

A2/A1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.617 0.624 0.632 0.643 0.659 0.681 0.712 0.755 0.813 0.892 1.00
CC
0.5 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.3 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.02 0
KL
③ Gradual contraction:
KL = 0.02 to 0.04 computed from equation (35) and the losses are
very small( could be neglected).

④ Abrupt enlargement:

---------------------------------------------------- (37)
KL= 1

⑤ Exit losses:

= kL ------------------------ (38)
⑥ Gradual enlargement:

or:

---------------------------------------------------- (39)

KL = f( , Ɵ)
⑦ Pipe bends:

= kL ------------------------------------------------------- (40)

a) Meter bends

b) Smooth bends

R = Radius of curvature: IR = Reynolds No.

KL = f (Ɵ, )
⑧ Fittings:

= kL ------------------------------------------------------- (41)
Ex. 5 : Find the discharge through the pipeline in Fig. below for
H= 10m. and determine the head loss for Q= 60 L/s, ʋ =
1.01*10-6 m2/s. Note: clean cast iron.

Solution:
From table (4):
Reservoir (Tank Square edge entrance) = 0.5
2 Standard elbows = 0.9: Note there are two elbows
Screwed globe valve Ks = 10
a) Bernoulli (1) and (2) :

+ + = + + +( )+[ ∑ ]

0+ 0 +H =0 + + 0 + (f )+[∑ ]

H = + (f )+[∑ ]

H = + (f ) + [ kentrance* + 2*kelbow* + kglobe valve* ]

 H= + (f ) + [ 0.5* + 2*0.9* + 10* ]

10 = (13.3 +680 f) --------------------------------①

Cast iron assume f= 0.022 then sub in eq. ① v2= 2.63 m/s
From Fig (2): Roughness of commercial pipes

= 0.0017 for cast iron pipe, IR= = = 391000

From Fig. (1) Moody Diagram :

For = 0.0017 and IR= 391000

f=0.023 which close to assumption 0.022 o.k.
Note: if not close enough re-calculate using new f to check the
latest f.
Then v2= 2.63 and Q= v2 A2 = 2.63 (π ) = 0.046 m3/s ← Ans.
b) for known Q= 60 L/s:
v2= Q2/A2 = 0.06/(π ) = 3.4 m/s. then
IR= = = 5*105
From Moody diagram f= 0.023
Sub. In ① then:
H= (13.3 +680 f) = (13.3 + 680 * 0.023)
= 17.06 m ← Ans.