SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

ABSTRACT
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive
electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric
current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least
one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as
television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game
consoles and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in
solid-state lighting applications.
There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing
polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)
which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix
(PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) addressing schemes. Passive matrix OLEDs (PMOLED)
uses a simple control scheme in which you control each row (or line) in the display sequentially
whereas active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each
individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.
An OLED display works without a backlight; thus, it can display deep black levels and can be
thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions (such as a
dark room), an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, regardless of whether
the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or an LED backlight.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

1
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

1. INTRODUCTION

Scientific research in the area of semiconducting organic materials as the active substance in
light emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased immensely during the last four decades. Organic
semiconductors was first reported in the 60:s and then the materials were only considered to be
merely a scientific curiosity. (They are named organic because they consist primarily of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.). However when it was recognized in the eighties that many of them are
photoconductive under visible light, industrial interests were attracted. Many major electronic
companies, such as Philips and Pioneer, are today investing a considerable amount of money in the
science of organic electronic and optoelectronic devices. The major reason for the big attention to
these devices is that they possibly could be much more efficient than today’s components when it
comes to power consumption and produced light. Common light emitters today, Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs) and ordinary light bulbs consume more power than organic diodes do. And the
strive to decrease power consumption is always something of matter. Other reasons for the
industrial attention are i.e. that eventually organic full color displays will replace today’s liquid
crystal displays (LCDs) used in laptop computers and may even one day replace our ordinary CRT-
screens.Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) operate on the principle of converting electrical
energy into light, a phenomenon known as electroluminescence. They exploit the properties of
certain organic materials which emit light when an electric current passes through them. In its
simplest form, an OLED consists of a layer of this luminescent material sandwiched between two
electrodes. When an electric current is passed between the electrodes, through the organic layer,
light is emitted with a colour that depends on the particular material used. In order to observe the
light emitted by an OLED, at least one of the electrodes must be transparent. When OLEDs are used
as pixels in flat panel displays they have some advantages over backlit active-matrix LCD displays -
greater viewing angle, lighter weight, andquicker response. Since only the part of the display that is
actually lit up consumespower, the most efficient OLEDs available today use less power.

Fig 1.1 OLED

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

2
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials were in the early 1950s by A.
Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université, France. They applied high-voltage alternating
current (AC) fields in air to materials such as acridine orange, either deposited on or dissolved in
cellulose or cellophane thin films. The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye
molecules or excitation of electrons. In 1960, Martin Pope and co-workers at New York University
developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals. They further described the
necessary energetic requirements (work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode
contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all modern OLED devices. Pope's group
also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under vacuum on a pure single crystal
of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963 using a small area silver
electrode at 400V. The proposed mechanism was field accelerated electron excitation of molecular
fluorescence.
Pope's group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, the
electroluminescence in anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron
and hole, and that the conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton energy
level. Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada
produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene
single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes, the forerunner of modern double
injection devices. In the same year, Dow Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing
electroluminescent cells using high voltage (500–1500 V) AC-driven (100–3000 Hz) electrically-
insulated one millimetre thin layers of a melted phosphor consisting of ground anthracene
powder,tetracene, and graphite powder.
Device performance was limited by the poor electrical conductivity of contemporary organic
materials. This was overcome by the discovery and development of highly conductive polymers.
For more on the history of such materials, see conductive polymers.Electroluminescence from
polymer films was first observed by Roger Partridge at the National Physical Laboratory in the
United Kingdom. The device consisted of a film of poly(n- vinylcarbazole) up to 2.2 micrometres
thick located between two charge injecting electrodes. The results of the project were patented in
1975 and published in 1983.
The first diode device was reported at Eastman Kodak by Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke in
1987.This device used a novel two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron
transporting layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic
layer. This resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency and led to
the current era of OLED research and device production.Research into polymer

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

3
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

electroluminescence culminated in 1990 with J. H. Burroughes et al. at the Cavindish laboratory in

Cambridge reporting a high efficiency green light-emitting polymer based device using 100 nm
thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

3. WORKING
Like an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or
about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of
organic material; in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the
emissive layer.

Fig 3.1 OLED structure

An OLED consists of the following parts:

Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows
through the device.
Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the
anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

4
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the
conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One
polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects
electrons when a current flows through the device.

3.1 MANUFACTURING OF OLED

The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the substrate.
This can be done in three ways:
➢ Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) - In a vacuum chamber, the
organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin films onto
cooled substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient.
➢ Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) - In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber,
a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates,where they
condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of
making OLEDs.

Fig 3.2:OVPD

➢ Inkjet printing – With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just like inks
are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of OLED
manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films for large displays like
80-inch TV screens or electronic billboards.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

5
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

3.2 HOW DO OLEDs EMIT LIGHT?

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

6
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Fig 3.3:OLED light is created through a process called electrophosphorescence..

OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.
The process is as follows:
1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the
OLED.
2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical
current is a flow of electrons). The cathode gives electrons to theemissive layer of organic
molecules. The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is
the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of
the atom that's missing an electron). When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of
a photon of light.
4. The OLED emits light.
5. The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer.
Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
6. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the
more current, the brighter the light.

3.3 SMALL MOLECULE OLED VS. POLYMER OLED

The types of molecules used by Kodak scientists in 1987 in the first OLEDs were small organic
molecules. Although small molecules emitted bright light, scientists had to deposit them onto the
substrates in a vacuum (an expensive manufacturing process called vacuum deposition -- see
previous section).
Since 1990, researchers have been using large polymer molecules to emit light. Polymers can be
made less expensively and in large sheets, so they are more suitable for large-screen displays.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

7
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

3.4 TYPES OF OLED

There are six types of OLEDs:
1. Passive-matrix OLED
2. Active-matrix OLED
3. Transparent OLED
4. Top-emitting OLED
5. Foldable OLED
6. White OLED

1. PASSIVE-MATRIX OLED (PMOLED)

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

8
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Fig 3.4:Passive-matrix OLED(PMOLED).

PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged
perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels
where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode,
determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each
pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due
to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and
are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs
and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery
power than the LCDs that currently power these devices.

2. ACTIVE-MATRIX OLED (AMOLED)

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

9
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Fig 3.5:Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED)

AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a
thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that
determines which pixels get turned on to form an image .
AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array require less power than
external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates
suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and
electronic signs or billboards

3. TRANSPARENT OLED
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when
turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display
is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either
active or passive matrix. This technology can be used for heads up displays.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

10
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Fig 3.6: Transparent OLED

4. TOP-EMITTING OLED
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix
design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.

Fig 3.7: Top-emitting OLED

4. FOLDABLE OLED
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs
are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce
breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

11
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

fabrics to create "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer
chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.

5. WHITE OLED
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that
emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent
lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are
currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.

4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

12
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

4.1 ADVANTAGES

1.LOW POWER

Fig 3.8: Lower power consumption of OLED

In this picture we have structures of LCD and OLED. Since in LCDs we have a gray scale shutter
i.e polarizer for light this makes the structure more complex whereas in OLEDs the organic layers
themselves produce colors and thus the structure which leads to low cost of OLED.

2.HIGH POWER EFFICIENCY

Fig 3.9: Comparing OLED and LCD pictures

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

13
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

As we can see in the first picture that for same amount of luminance, we are getting a better display.
For producing the same amount of brightness as shown in the second picture, OLED will need
comparatively lesser luminance.

3.LESS POWER CONSUMPTION

Fig 3.10: Power ratings of different lights

Organic light emitting diode, or OLED, displays seem to have it all: energy, efficiency and a
beautiful, crisp picture that refreshes rapidly. But it’s difficult to make them on large scale, so
OLED televisions remain very expensive. DuPont Displays announced the development of a
manufacturing process that the company says can be used to print large, high performance OLED
televisions at volumes that should bring down costs.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

14
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Figure 3.11: Power consumption by different displays.

4.BETTER DISPLAYS

Fig 3.12: Brightness and Contrast of OLED and LCD display

Compared to LCDs, todays dominant flat panel display (FCD) technology, OLEDs are capable of
markedly better performance feature. Thinner, lighter and more attractive, OLEDs offer much faster
response times, wider viewing angels, higher contrast rations and brighter, more saturated colors for
a more enjoyable viewing experience. With operating lifetimes now in the tens of thousands of
hours, OLEDS with Universal Displays proprietary PHOLED TM technology, can also be more
energy efficient than LCDs.
OLEDs also have the potential to be cost effective. They have fewer processing steps and are also
less materials and equipment intensive than today’s LCDs. As OLED manufacturing technologies
mature, OLED production yields should continue to improve and larger scale equipment be
brought on line. As a result, production costs will continue to decrease ultimately enabling OLEDs
to outperform LCDs on a basis.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

15
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

4.2 DISADVANTAGES
1.Short Lifetime
OLEDs biggest disadvantage is that these screens are not for long use. Compared with LCD, these
screens are not designed to last as long. So life time may be critical issue and of course a biggest
disadvantage of OLED screens. However, these screens may find good use as mobile phone
displays as most people don’t keep phone for more than a year
2.Sunlight Effect
Another disadvantage of OLED display is that they are hard to see in direct sunlight. So if you have
open lobbies where sunlight reaches directly, you will not get benefit of viewing these screens
3.Highly Water prone
OLED screens are highly prone to water. This adds to another disadvantage as these screens are
less susceptible to water damage.
4.High Cost
As mentioned above, current cost is quite high which adds to another OLED disadvantage.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

16
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

4.APPLICATIONS
1.LIGHT SOURCE
Starting with light source, not only OLEDs are super-efficient, but these ‘lamps’do not contain any
‘bad’ metals such as mercury, which is present in efficient CFL lamps. So OLEDs are really the
future lighting source, when all things are considered.

2.OLED TV
Lighting manufacturers are constantly looking for ways to distinguish themselves in an industry
comprised of light bulbs and fluorescent tubes that sell mostly on price.Potential differentiators
might include the initial price paid, but for conventional products these are now so low that it is
unlikely that any new technology could offer an improvement. With this in mind, lighting producers
are seeking other ways to stand out in the marketplace mostly through improved aesthetics, energy
efficiency and improved lifetimes
One such technology that could offer these distinct characteristics is organic light- emitting diodes
(OLEDs). According to a report recently published by NanoMarkets, OLED Lighting Markets
2008, the OLED lighting market will grow from about $2.8 m this year to around $6 billion in
2015.

3.KEYBOARD
This keyboard looks like any other keyboard but on a closer view, we find that each key has a
movable cap,a microchip and an OLED which can be configured using user configurable software.
His enables multiple usage of the keyboard. Each key is a stand-alone display that shows the
function currently assigned to it.
Optimus’s customizable layout allows convenient use of any language2Cyrillic, Ancient Greek,
Georgian, Arabic, Quenya, hiragana, etc, as well as of any other character set: notes, numerals,
special symbols, HTML codes, math functions and so on to infinity.
In order to extend the service life of the displays and avoid using cables that may be vulnerable to
wear, the screens embedded in the keytops are fixed-its only the transparent caps that are pressed.
Every button of the keyboard (or, more precisely, a module consisting of a moving cap, a microchip
and a display) can be easily removed to clean or replace.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

17
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

4.FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS
Flexible displays have advantage of Low weight which is important for mobile applications. They
are very sturdy and strong. Cost production is very less due to R2R manufacturing technology.
A flexible cell phone display can be unfurled and then rolled back up into a cylinder case. An early
prototype show above shows E ink technology at work, what is absolutely amazing is that the
display retains its image even when the power is turned off. An OLED consists of an emissive
organic material, that when supplied with an electrical current, can produce a superior full color flat
panel display. OLED stands for organic light emitting diode. OLED or flexible displays do not use
crystals the way smart phone LCD screen uses crystals. OLED is much better than both the LCD
and CRT technology. Organic light emitting diode is so incredibly thin; it can be placed on a
substrate such as plastic film or glass. Not only is it thin, but OLED is so light weight, it is an
advantage for hand-held devices, smart phones, cell phones, laptops and notebooks. Compared to
traditional or old CRT displays, OLED is brighter, sharper and even has a better contrast than LCD.
The OLED imaging quality certainly surpasses that of LCD screens. What is also incredible is that
OLED can be viewed at any angle, a full 170 degrees.
OLED consists of super thin layers that are sandwiched together. An organic compound is inserted
between two electrodes layers which are arranged like a grid of ways very much like your patio
screen door that keeps mosquitoes away. Electricity goes to one wire on one layer. More electricity
goes to another wire of the grid on the second layer. When the two charged wires meet, an organic
layerlights up. The colors you see on flexible display are created by lighting up sub pixels within
each pixel. This causes what you call electroluminescent light. Without getting too complex, a
chemical arrangement of the organic material dictates which colors of light are being produced.
When you look at an OLED display, it's like you're looking at your mosquito screen door itself not
the filtered light coming through it. This is why you can view the OLED screen from any angle
without distorting the image.

5.CURRENT RESEARCHES
Since the discovery of OLEDs an amazing development could be realized. The first patterns of the
new displays already offer a brightness of 150 candela per square meter and contrasts above 100:1.
Thus, the new technology starts at the level of present high-value TFT monitors. The initially only
weakly glowing layers in laboratories became bright shining components which achieve
luminosities of up to 200.000 candela per square meter - a brightness for which you need sun
glasses.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

18
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

While fixed organic displays slowly enter the market, flexible displays still cause some problems.
They must be encapsuled carefully since light emitting polymers react sensitive to air humidity and
oxygen. In flexible construction concepts this is still a problem since the film compound is exposed
to extreme mechanical stress. The combination of organic LEDs with electronic circuits could allow
completely flexible displays which may be bent or rolled in at will. Today, every pixel must be
wired with conventional technology and must be triggered separately. The goal is to print the
electronic circuit directly onto the back. Thus, displays become carrier systems and even with a film
computer behind them they will measure only millimeters.
Experts predict an OLED display market of up to 2 billion dollars by 2007. In the future many
consumer devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, PDAs, and DVD players are going to be
developed with the OLED technology. Roll to Roll Manufacturing.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

19
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

5. FUTURE SCOPE
1.PORTABLE PICTURES
The cell phone projector technology developed by Siemens communications in Samsung
respectively, can detect PDA stylus presses as well as a finger taps on the projected image. The
technology is already in development and soon you can projector your tiny cell phone screen onto a
nearby flat surface and enjoy a larger reading area. If you happen to be a gamer, and the cell phone
projector technology has a special treat to offer you. This will solve the problem for many cell
phone users that are becoming nearsighted because they have to squint and decipher the small
printing on a 2x2 inch cell phone screen. For professional and hobby photographers, cell phone
projector technology allows you to show your portfolio with just a cell phone and a projector

Figure 5.1: Portable Picture using OLED

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

20
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

2.NANO EMISSIVE DISPLAYS

The whole family would gather round the radio to listen to entertainers and stories sunday night
after dinner. The classic cathode ray tube CRT displays require an electronic gun mounted to the
back firing electrons, the way a soldier would fire a machine gun onto a phosphor coated
glass.What really is amazing is that Motorola recently developed a prototype nano emissive display
(NED) containing thousands of guns, for each pixel.

3.SCROLLING LAPTOPS
The novel and truly exciting features of Universal Displays proprietary FOLED® flexible
technology have the potential to engender a wide variety of new display and lighting products. With
FOLED technology still under development today, the first commercial FOLED displays are
targeted for use in portable electronics and lighting tiles leveraging their advantages in ruggedness,
thinness and light weight. Based on Universal Display's FOLED technology roadmap, the next
generation of FOLEDs may provide added functionality through increased conformability. This
feature may open up a wide range of new product opportunities ± ranging from new shaped cell
phone designs to novel communication devices that are wearable, for example, on the cuff of your
shirtsleeve or your backpack .

Figure 5.2: Scrollable laptop prototype

Continued progress in Universal Display's FOLED roadmap may, then, enable the realization of
Universal Displays innovative product concept, the Universal Communication Device (UCD).
Envisioned as a truly portable, cell phone-like communication device, the UCD is designed to offer
advanced voice and data communication capabilities via a roll-out, full-color, full-motion video
display thats as flexible as it is energy-efficient.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

21
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

6. CONCLUSION
OLEDs offer many advantages over both LEDs and LCDs. They are thinner, lighter and more
flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD. They have large fields of view as they
produce their own light.
Research and development in the field of OLEDs is proceeding rapidly and may lead to future
applications in heads up displays, automotive dash boards, billboard type displays etc. Because
OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs, a device with OLED display could change information almost in
real time. Video images could be much more realistic and constantly updated.

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

22
SEMINAR REPORT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

7. REFERENCES
[1] Delnet online http://www.mdpi.com/109-4300/15/6/2277
[2] http://www.jgateplus.com/KohnoT, Kuranaga T, Kasai N, Akimoto H,”AMOLED Display for
thin film”, Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Electron,devices, Vol-60,No11,Nov 2013,pp-378-
396
[3] S. Yamazaki, J. Koyama, Y. Yamamoto, K. Okamoto,”Overview of OLED Display Technology.”
Proceedings of.SID Symp. Dig. Tech, Vol 183,Nov 2011,pp-15-23
[4] S. Reineke, F. Lindner, G. Schwartz, N. Seidler, K. Walzer, B.Lussem, K.Leo, ”Better displays
with organic display”,Proceedings of Nature,Vol 459,Nov 2009, pp-234-287
[5] S.-H. Pieh, M.-S. Kim, C.-J. Sung, J.-D. Seo, H.-S. Choi,C.-W. Han, Y.-H. Tak, SID,”AMOLED
materials and OLED displays”,Proceedings of Symposium Digest,Vol 40,Dec 2009, pp-903-1888
[6] M. W. Lee, O. K. Song, Y. M. Koo, Y. H. Lee, H. K.Chung, and S. S. Kim, SID” Sensitive film
in OLED”,Proceedings of Symposium Digest ,Vol 41,Jan 2010, pp-1800-1888
[7] C.-L. Lin, W.-Y. Chang, C.-C. Hung, and C.-D. Tu,”Kodak first OLED camera”, Proceedings of
IEEE Electron devices,Vol 33,Nov 2010,pp-700-900
[8] C. W. Kim, J. G. Jung, J. B. Choi, D. H. Kim, C. Yi, H.D. Kim, Y. H. Choi, and J.Im,SID, ”Sony
readies OLED”, Proceedings of Symp. Dig. Tech,Vol 11,Dec 2011,pp-862-889

1. MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE KILIMANOOR

23