Analysis 6

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS
Dr. Zuhal Akyürek
METU, GGIT Dept.
1. Introduction
2. Managing Spatial Data
3. Managing Attribute Data
4. Integrated Analysis of Spatial and
Atrribute Data
5. Data Integration
6. Output Formatting
METU, GGIT Dept.
1
1. Introduction
GIS database is a model to imitate certain facts or

features of the real world
Model
Can be tested and manipulated at a faster or slower rate
Alternatives can be changed
Problem value judgement of humanbeings
(wants and goals)
Good answers are given to good questions
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1. Introduction
Answers provided by GIS

In order to get useful answers
one must ask the right questions!
Questions Categories
Function Categories
Answers Categories
These categories are not mutually exclusive!
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1. Introduction
Questions Categories
What are the data?

(existing data)
What is the pattern in the data?
(is there a trend?)
What could be the data?
(Prediction in different period or occasion)
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1. Introduction
Function Categories
Storage and retrieval

Constrained query
Modelling
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1. Introduction
Answers Categories
Presentation of current data
Finding new patterns in the data
Predicting new information
(What the data would be at different time or place?)
(Determining different outputs from the same

data by using functions)
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1. Introduction
Answers provided by GIS
Presenting Finding new

existing patterns in Storing and Conditional What are What are the
data existing data retreaving query the data?
patterns in
data
A B A B A B
Answer Function Question
categories categories categories
C C C
Predicting new Prediction of the data at

Modelling
information different times and places or
under different conditions
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1. Introduction
Strategy of using a specific GIS analysis depends

on the answers to be provided
Success of using a GIS is a function of
Knowing how to combine the available functions
On a particular system
To provide required information
Using the available data
Quality of produced information depends on the
intelligent use of a systematic analysis approach
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1. Introduction
Management of geographic data for analysis

It depends on the:
Data type
Types of analysis
Method used in data entry
Classical data paper map sheet

(can be both input and output)
GIS every thing can be very different
(depending on the hardware and software)
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1. Introduction
Organizing spatial data for analysis
Data layers
Partitioning the coverage (layer)
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1. Introduction
Data layers
Logically related geographic objects and their
attributes
Ease in usage
Different data types at different layers
Point, line, polygon
Raster, vector
Management of layers
(a function of the software)
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1. Introduction
Topography Polygon (area, elvation) Streams Line (name, length, order, )
Soil Polygon (type, area, depth, ) Wells Point (well no., depth, )
Polygon (type, crop, area, ) Faults Line (name, type, )

Land use
Geology Polygon (area, type, depth, ) Slope and aspect Polygon (slope, aspect, area)
Lakes Polygon (name, area, depth, ) Roads Line (name, type, width, )
Basins Polygon (name, area, ) Cities Point (name, type, )
Layers used in the GIS applications for natural resources
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1. Introduction
Parcels Polygon and line (owner name, area, address, )
Streats Line (name, type, width, )
Environment (Land use) Polygon (type, crop, area, )
Topography Polygon (area, elvation)
Environment (Lakes) Polygon (name, area, depth, )
Buildings Poygon (type, area, )
Environment (Streams) Line (name, length, order, )
Facilities Line and point (type, characteristics )
Layers used in the urban GIS applications
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1. Introduction
Partitioning the layers

Ease in usage
Better performance in the system
No change in data bank while in use
UTM Lat., Long. Division
Parts may be interest regions
User can divide as desired
Map Library Sofware special software
(for automated management of tiling)
Divided layers slow down the processing when worked on
the whole layer
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1. Introduction
Dividing the data of large layers into tiles
T1 T2 T3 T4
T5 T6 T7 T8
T9 T10 T11 T12
All the data in one layer Tiles Data in tile system
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1. Introduction
GIS functions are grouped into four major

categories
Differences between groups are not very distinct
The use of functions depends on:
Data type (raster or vector)
Hardware
Performance criteria
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1. Introduction
Main groups of GIS functions

Maintenance and analysis of spatial data
Maintenance and analysis of attribute data
Integrated analysis of spatial and attribute
data
Output formatting
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2.1. Format transformation

2.2. Geometric transformation
2.3. Transformations between map projections
2.4. Conflation
2.5. Edge matching
2.6. Editing of graphic elements
2.7. Line coordinate thinning
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Transformation of spatial data:

Correction
Editing
Assessing accuracy
Genereally not with attribute data
Mosaicing
(assebling files of adjacent areas into a single file)
Coordinate thinning
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2.1. Format Transformation

Input data should be put into proper format
(data structure and file format) for the system

Topology should be built (for vector data)
If data do not come with a suitable format for

the system, it may be too expensive to
transform!
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2.2. Geometric Transformation

Maps should be registered with actual location
(ground) coordinates
All the layers should be registered in the same way
Two approaches of registration:
Registration by relative position
Master, Slave (Rubber sheeting)
Registration by absolute position
Each layer is registered separately
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2.3. Transformations among geometric projections

Mathematical expressions for (3D 2D) conversion
There are many different types
Latitude-Longitude coordinate systems
Projection coordinate systems
Transformations
They differ in the degree of distortion introduced in
representing area, shape, distance and direction
Data layers of a GIS project should be in the same
coordinate system
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2.4. Conflation
Joining the boundaries of the same features in
different layers
Very important for overlaying
Manually possible (taking one layer as
standard)
Changing boudaries with time (lake, reservoir)
Can be obtained using computers (new)
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Conflation
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2.5. Edge matching

Correcting the errors which occur at the borders of
combining map sheets
Seemless map
Possible manually
Possible with some softwares
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Edge matching
Sheet A Sheet B Edgematched sheets

(seemless)
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2.6. Editing functions
Adding
Deleting
Changing geographic position
Correcting
Sliver, splinter correction
Some softwares can do
Be careful for real thin long features!
Line snapping
Over or under shoots
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Small problem areas A

(sliver)
C
D
A
B
While digitizing While edgematching
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Unsnapped node
Line snapping can solve some of the problems
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Over shoots
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2.7. Line coordinate thinning

Decreasing the coordinate data to be stored
Can be obtained without losing information

Operators should be very careful
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Line (coordinate) thinning
Before After
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Attribute management functions

- Many GIS functions can be used without touching graphic
data
- In some Raster GIS, Graphic and Attribute data are together
- In advanced GIS, attribute data are as a separate database
3.1. Attribute Editing Functions

3.2. Attribute Query Functions
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3.1. Attribute Editing Functions

Retreiving the data from storage
Controlling the data
Correcting if necessary
Erasing (deleting) and adding
Many systems provide a function to match corresponding

records in two attribute data sets using a common data
field (file matching, address matching)
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3.2. Attribute Query Functions
Retreiving the data from storage

Querying
Preparing report
Processing can be very fast since spatial data are

not used
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ATTRIBUTE TABLE 1
Polygon Area (ha) Stand
ID
157 30
Number
7
Finding the area where there are
158
159
20
50
8
3
trees more than 30 years old
160 180 1
161 30 5
162
163
60
90
4
2
Relational-join
164 100 6
ATTRIBUTE TABLE 2 REPORT

Stand Dominant Age (yrs) Forest Areas
Number Species Older Than 30 years
1 Spruce 60+ Dominant Area
2 Maple 30 Species (ha)
3 Spruce 20 Cedar 130
4 Spruce 60+ Hemlock 30
5 Hemlock 40 Maple 110
6 Cedar 30 Spruce 240
7 Cedar 30
8 Maple 30
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4. Integrated Analysis of Spatial and Attribute Data
A GIS links attribute and spatial data
Attribute Data Map Data

Flat File Point File
Relations Line File
Area File
Topology
Theme
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Power of GIS is in dealing with Spatial and

Attribute data together (distinguish GIS from
CAD/CAM)
Range of functions in this group is very
large
They are grouped into four categories
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4.1. Retrieval, classification, and

measurement functions
(Both spatial and attribute data are retrieved but
only attribute data are modified or created.)
4.2. Overlay operations
4.3. Neighbourhood operations
4.4. Connectivity (or network) functions
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4.1.1. Retrieval operations

They involve:
Selective search
Manipulation
Output of data
Without the need to modify the geographic

location of features or to create new spatial
entities.
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- Commonly used retrieval functions are:

*browsing
*query window generation Display window
.
-Attribute retrieval functions provide the capabilities to
specific various criteria for extracting information based on the
attributes
Eg:“select all polygons of a certain type of soil within 20km diameter radius of a specified
location”
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4.1.2. Classification and generalization

Classification: grouping the features with the same
characteristics
Some softwares do themselves
Cell values are used in Raster GIS (recoding)
Important since it shows the patterns
Obtained by using single data layer
Generalization (map dissolve): Decreasing detail
by joining classes
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Classification in raster GIS (Recoding)

OR
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Generalization
Urban Urban
Urban
industry
Rural Rural Rural

forest farms
Original classification Generalized classification
One technical difficulty related to dissolving and merging is the fact

that process requires the manipulation of the graphic file.
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4.1.3. Measurement
Spatial measurements
Measures of shapes, farthest, shortest distances
In Raster GIS
(called as neighborhood operations)
3-D measurements are needed in eng. appl.
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Measurement
B B B
4 4.5 5 5.7
3 3.6 4.2 5
2 2.8 3.6 4.5
1 2 3 4
A C A A
AB = AC2 + CB2 AB = 8 units AB = 5.7 units
AB = 5.7 units
Area = 31 units
Perimeter = 28 units
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4.2. Overlay operations

Different for raster and vector data models
Easier for raster data models
Arithmetic overlay
Summation
Subtraction
Division
Multiplication
Logical overlay
Finding areas with specific conditions
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Arithmetic operations in raster data

Cells with gaging station
3
3 1
1.2
1.8
4
25.4
76.2
45.72 30.48
7 Multiplication
Changing rainfall depth
from inch to mm
Summation
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In vector GIS, the operation of finding

precipitation is made by using attribute tables
St. Precip. Precip.

A B (in) (mm)
A 2.0 50.8
C D B 1.7 43.1
C 2.1 53.3
Input data layer D 1.8 45.7
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Arithmetic Overlay in vector data

M Input layer A
Polygon Value
A
A 1
M 3
N Input layer B
Polygon Value
B
B 7
N 12 Polygon Joined Value
P M-N 15
C A-N 13
P D M-B 10
Output layer D E A-N 13
E G
F F M-B 10
C
G A-B 8
Subdivision of polygons (clipping) is necessary

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Logical overlay (Boolean Operators)
A AND B A OR B
Which hotels are in luxury Which hotels are in luxury

category and have more than category or have more than 40
40 bedrooms? bedrooms?
A NOT B A XOR B
Which hotels are in luxury Which hotels are in either

category but do not have more luxury category or have more
than 40 bedrooms? than 40 bedrooms?
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• A GIS can perform spatial joins:
Eg, The locations where pine and soil type A occurs.
F-ID Forest type Timber $ Age

F-1 F-2
F-1 Pine Low 15
F-2 Blue oak High 78
S-ID Soil type pH Texture

S-1 S-2 S-1 5.7 SL
A
S-2 Ch 7.2 C
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F-ID Forest type Timber $ Age

F-1 F-2 F-1 Pine Low 15
F-2 Blue oak High 78
S-ID Soil type pH Texture

S-1 S-2 S-1 A 5.7 SL
S-2 Ch 7.2 C
ID F-ID S-ID F. type Timber $ Age S. type pH Texture

S-1 2 F-2 1 F-1 S-1 Pine Low 15 A 5.7 SL
2 F-2 S-1 B Oak High 78 A 5.7 SL
1 3
F-1 S-2 3 F-2 S-2 B. Oak High 78 Ch 7.2 C
4 4 F-1 S-2 Pine Low 15 Ch 7.2 C
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What cells are both A and 7?
A A B 6 7 7
A A B 6 7 7
C C B 8 8 7
RECLASSIFY RECLASSIFY
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
MULTIPLY
1X0 1X1 0X1 0 1 0
1X0 1X1 0X1 0 1 0
0X0 0X0 0X1 0 0 0 Logical AND
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What cells are both A or 7?
A A B 6 7 7
A A B 6 7 7
C C B 8 8 7
RECLASSIFY RECLASSIFY
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
ADD
1+0 1+1 0+1 1 1 1
1+0 1+1 0+1 1 1 1
0+0 0+0 0+1 0 0 1 Logical OR
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4.3. Neighborhood Operations

Evaluation of the characteristics of the area
surrounding a specified location
Every neighbourhood function requires the
specification of at least three basic parameters
One or more target locations
A specification of the neighbourhood aroud each target
A function to be performed on the elements within neighbourhood
All GIS packages provide some neighbourhood
operations
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Neighborhood Operations
Search
Line-in polygon and polygon-in-polygon
Topographic Functions
Thiessen polygons
Interpolation
Contour generation
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4.3.1. Search operation

Most common neighbourhood operation
May have different names in different GISs
Search functions are two types
Ones operating on numerical data
Ones operating on thematic data
Operators may define an equation for the search
Three basic parameters of search
Targets
Neighbourhood
Applied function
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Search
7 km
Search area with 7 km radius
Eg: “Counting the number of residental buildings within a 7 km radius of a

fire station”
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Search
Ambulance service area for 30 min.
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4.3.2. Line-in polygon and polygon-in-polygon
A special search function

In raster GIS it is an overlay analysis
Different softwares have different capabilities for
this function
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Point and line in polygon
D2
D1
E7
M12
E3
0 D3
M4
City boundary
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Point-in-polygon
Analysis
the Jordan Algorithm
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4.3.3. Topographic functions

Surface characteristics
Defined by elevation of each location in the area
Represented by digital elevation data
An alternative representation is Triangulated
irregular network (TIN)
Topography is used to determine slope, aspect,
gradient, ...
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DEM
(Digital Elevation Model)
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3
TIN 2
Tables C
D
4
1 A B
7
E
F
6
Coordinate table Node table Edge table

Node Coordinate Triangle Node Triangle Neighbor triangles
1 x1, y1, z1 A 1, 2, 6 A B
2 x2, y2, z2 B 2, 7, 6 B A, C, F
7 x7, y7, z7 F 6, 7, 5 F B, E
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max. slope gradient = slope in the

direction direction of max.
inclination
ct ope
aspect = direction, the

n
i r e sl
io
surface looks at
-d y-
Slope is given as degree or %

y
x - slope
x - direction
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Slope
and
Aspect
Maps
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4.3.4. Thiessen (Voronoi) Polygons

Define influence areas around a set of
points
Polygon boundaries are equidistant to the
neighbouring points
Good for meteorologic data
(e.g. precipitation)
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Thiessen Polygons
Thiessen Polygons with irregular and regular sample

point searching
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Thiessen Polygons
used to analyze
rain gauge data
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4.3.5. Interpolation
Predicting the unknown values using the known ones in the
neighbourhood
There are different methods
Polynomial regression
Fourier Series
Splines
Moving averages
Kriging
Quality of interpolation depends on the accuracy, number and
distribution of known points as well as the method
Best results are obtained with mathematical functions behaving similar
to the phenomenon
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Interpolation
?
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Interpolation
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4.3.6. Contour generation

Lines joining point of equal value
Elevation
Climatic data
Crime rates
Housing values
May require value prediction for some points

Softwares may change in this prediction
(A cartographer’s judgement may be necessary)
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Contour
generation
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4.4. Connectivity functions

They accumulate values over the area being traversed
They require one or more attributes be evaluated and
running total is retained step by step
Running total can be quantitative (distance) or qualitative
(visibility)
Connectivity functions must include
Specification of the way spatial elements are interconnected
(cells,lines)
Set of rules for movement along interconnections(rules for shortest
path)
Unit of measurement(time, length etc)
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Connectivity functions
4.4.1. Contiguity measures
4.4.2. Proximity
4.4.3. Network functions
4.4.4. Spread functions
4.4.5. Seak or stream functions
4.4.6. Intervisibility functions
4.4.7. Illimunation
4.4.8. Perspective view
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4.4.1. Contiguity measures

Evaluation of characteristics of spatial units that
are connected
A contiguous area is a group of spatial units
having one or more specific characteristics
Commomly used measures
Size of the area
Shortest or longest straigth line distances across the
area
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Contiguity
1 1
Green
1 1 3
area
2 3 1 1 3
2 3 7 1 1 1 1
7 3 7 3 1 1 1
Park
7 2 5 3 1 1 1
Zoo
3 5 5 5 7 2 7
5 2 5 7 5 5 5
Adjecency situations
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4.4.2. Proximity
Measure of distance between features
May be measured in length, travel time, noise level, ...
Four parameters must be specified
Target location (e.g. Road, school)
Unit of measure(e.g.distance in meters)
Function to calculate proximity(e.g. straight line distance)
Area to be analized(the entire study area, the specific part of a
study area)
Buffer zone: area of specified width around one or more
map elements
Some proximity functions may require complex analyses
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Buffer in Vector Data:
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Buffer in raster data:

+1
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Proximity
House hunting case study: distance from Distance from office adjusted for
office calculated using proximity method road network
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4.4.3. Network functions

Network is a set of interconnected linear features
Used for moving resources from one point to another
Components of network analysis
A set of resources (goods)
Locations of resources(warehouses)
Objective to deliver resources to destinations
Constraints (max. Speed)
Types of network analysis
Prediction of network loading (sediment, flood)
Route optimization (emergency: fire, police)
Resource allocation (zoning for better service)
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4.4.4. Spread functions
Used to evaluate transportation time or cost
Used to define drainage basins
Has characteristics of both network and
proximity functions
Running totals are kept as values of cells or
contours
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Shortest Path Analysis

-The linkage is given by topologically structured
networks
-The movement along the network is determined by
the traversability of the segment of the network.
The rules used should produce the shortest path.
-The unit of measurement could be :
-length for the shortest path in length
-the travel time for the shortest path in time
-The data must be up-to-date.
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Shortest Path Analysis

An Example:
A 2
DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM 5
B
C
4 3
7
4
D
E
3
3 6
The shortest path is through the
2
J F nodes A,B;CD;J;F and K with
a total cost of 11.
1
5 K
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2.8 2.4 2 2.4 2.8
2.4 1.4 1 1.4 2.4

Spread function
Target
For distance 2 1 cell
1 A 2
calculation 1 unit
its
1.4
un
2.4 1 1.4 2.4

4
1.
2.8 2.4 2 2.4 2.8
Distance calculation
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Spread function for finding flow accumulation
100 90 110 120 2 2 4 8 1

1
1 1
80 70 60 70 2 2 4 8 2 4
1 1
50 40 30 40 2 4 8 8 2 8
1 1
50 0 10 50 1 16 16
1 16 3 1
Flow accumulation
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4.4.5. Seak or stream functions

Performs a directed search outward in step by step
manner
Applied to a DEM to find water path
May be used to evaluate erosion hazard
Used with spread function to provide automated
route selection capability
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4.8 4 4.8 4.2 4.8 5.8
2.8 2 2.8 3.4 4.4 5.4
0 2 3
2 4 5
A
4.4
2.8 2 2.8 3.4 5.4
5.8
4.8 4 4.8 4.2 4.8
B
Using search function in finding the best route

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Naming directions
4 6 7 8 32 64 128
3 1 5 1 16 1
2 4 3 2 8 4 2
4 directions 8 directions, with 2 different notations
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Directions
2 2 2 2
Elevations 2 2 2 2
4 directions
1 2 2 3
100 90 110 120
1 0 3 3
80 70 60 70
50 40 30 40
2 2 4 8
50 0 10 50
2 2 4 8
8 directions
2 4 8 8
1 16 16
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Siting Criteria
for a nuclear
waste repository
Geology: chosen site must
be in an area of suitable
geology
Accessibility: chosen site
must be easily accessible
Population: chosen site
must be away from areas of
high population
Conservation: chosen site
must be outside of areas like
National Parks, Site of
Special Scientific Interest
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4.4.6. Intervisibility functions

(Viewshed modelling or viewshed mapping)
It is also cumulative type operation

Good for landscape planning, military planning,
communications, ...
Some GIS softwares have Intervisibility functions
Used to map area
Visible from a scenic lookout
Detected by a radar antenna
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Intervisibility
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4.4.7. Illumination
Portray the effect of shining onto a 3D surface
Output is termed shaded relief image or shaded
relief model
Controlling factors
Nature and position of the illumination source
Topography and reflectance of the surface
Position and direction from which the model is viewed
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Illumination
Shaded relief
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Perspective view
Drape (applying another data
set on shaded relief image)
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4.4.8. Perspective view

A surface portrayed from a viewing position
other vertical
It is a presentation tool
Good for showing 3D context of features
Best examples are flying sequences in films
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5. Integration
Data for GIS applications come from different

sources
It is necessary to share data among users
Changes in tha data structure of one system or
migration from one system to another require old
data to be integrated with new ones.
Changes in user requirements often require old
data to be integrated with new ones.
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5. Integration
Factors Affecting Data Integration:

-Data quality
-Coordinate System
-Data Organization
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5. Integration
Data Quality:
- Positional accuracy
- Thematic accuracy
- Logical consistency
- Completeness
- Lineage
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5. Integration
Positional Accuracy:
It is affected by
-Precision of the data conversion devices used
-Accuracy of the surveying and mapping methods used
-Scale of the original documents and stereo models used
-Resolution of the coordinates in digital storage
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Resolution of Digital Data
Coordinates are represented as either integers or real

numbers
Each type of number is stored with a fixed number of
digits
Integers are as long as 32 bits where real numbers canbe as
long as 128 bits on most computers
Each type of number with certain length is associated with
a range and a number of significant digits
32 bit integers have a range of -2 147 483 648 to +2 147 438 647 with 10 deciaml digits
Real numbers in various sizes have very large ranges
Length Num of deciaml digits
32 bits 7
64 bits 15
128 bits 33
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5. Integration
Computer Numbers are discrete

-Both integer and real numbers are discrete
-They do not cover all the possible numbers
-For integers, no decimal numbers are allowed
-For real numbers, only a certain number of
significant digits are allowed
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5. Integration
Effects of Resolution
- Some points cannot be represented
- If the original data contains more significant digits
than can be supported by the computer’s number
system, then a truncation occurs and the accuracy
of the data is reduced
- Editing of lines can cause lines to change in shape
- This might in turn cause topological problems
- Some lines never meet
METU, GGIT Dept.

5. Integration
Differences in Data Organization

-Differences in entities
-Differences in attributes
-Differences in relationships
-Differences in geometrical representations
-Differences in data and file structure
METU, GGIT Dept.
55
6. Output
Preparation of analysis results for output as:

Tabular data or Maps in
Hardcopy or Softcopy form
Map annotation
Text labels
Texture patterns and line styles
Graphic symbols
METU, GGIT Dept.

6. Output
Map design elements:

The frame of reference
The projection used
The features to be mapped
The level of generalization
Annotation used
Symbolism employed
METU, GGIT Dept.
56
6. Output
Map annotation
Titles
Legends
Scale bars
North arrows
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6. Output
Visual Layout
Title Here
Title Here
Eye expects (1) balance and (2) allignment

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57
6. Output
Visual center
5% of height
5% of height
Landscape Portrait
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6. Output
Text labels
Font
Size
Spacing
Placement
METU, GGIT Dept.
58
6. Output
Text placement
Ankara
Ankara
Ankara P
a
t
Ankara h
D
o
L a g o o n
Path right w
n
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6. Output
Texture patterns and line styles
Line widths and colours depend on output

device
They show the attributes of the lines
(railroad, highway, etc.)
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59
6. Output
Colour, Texture, Pattern
Colour
Texture
Pattern
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6. Output
Dimensions of Color
HUE
Wavelength of light
INTENSITY
Illumination effect or
brightness of colour
SATURATION
Amount of colour
per unit display area
METU, GGIT Dept.
60
6. Output
Line styles
METU, GGIT Dept.

6. Output
Graphic symbols
Represent map objects
Systems may have their standard symbols
only
Some may have capability to create other
symbols also
Symbol library
METU, GGIT Dept.
61
6. Output
Symbol “weight”
Line weight Pattern Shading Hue
METU, GGIT Dept.

6. Output
Examples of class interval systems

Equal Interval: splits data into user specified
number of classes
Percentile: equal number of observation fall into
each class
Nested means: divides data on the basis of mean
values to give 2,4,8,16 etc.
Natural breaks:Splits data into classes based on
natural breaks
METU, GGIT Dept.
62
6. Output
Typical Map
Symbolization
Errors
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63

Analysis 6

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Analysis 6

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GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Dr. Zuhal Akyürek

METU, GGIT Dept.

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

METU, GGIT Dept.

GIS database is a model to imitate certain facts or

METU, GGIT Dept.

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Answers provided by GIS

 What are the data?

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GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

 Storage and retrieval

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(Determining different outputs from the same

METU, GGIT Dept.

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Answers provided by GIS

Presenting Finding new

Predicting new Prediction of the data at

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Strategy of using a specific GIS analysis depends

METU, GGIT Dept.

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Management of geographic data for analysis

Classical data paper map sheet

Organizing spatial data for analysis

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GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

METU, GGIT Dept.

Topography Polygon (area, elvation) Streams Line (name, length, order, )

Polygon (type, crop, area, ) Faults Line (name, type, )

Basins Polygon (name, area, ) Cities Point (name, type, )

Layers used in the GIS applications for natural resources

METU, GGIT Dept.

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Parcels Polygon and line (owner name, area, address, )

Streats Line (name, type, width, )

Environment (Land use) Polygon (type, crop, area, )

Topography Polygon (area, elvation)

Environment (Lakes) Polygon (name, area, depth, )

Buildings Poygon (type, area, )

Environment (Streams) Line (name, length, order, )

Facilities Line and point (type, characteristics )

Layers used in the urban GIS applications

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Partitioning the layers

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Dividing the data of large layers into tiles

T9 T10 T11 T12

All the data in one layer Tiles Data in tile system

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GIS functions are grouped into four major

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GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Main groups of GIS functions

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2.1. Format transformation

GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Transformation of spatial data:

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2.1. Format Transformation

(data structure and file format) for the system

What are the data?

Storage and retrieval

If data do not come with a suitable format for

Possible with some softwares

Can be obtained without losing information