LET’S LEARN SANSKRIT

Through English Medium

in twenty easy steps

A N INTRODUCTORY LEVEL -1 BOOK

A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL

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Ratnakar Narale

45 of 150 Pages

SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Author : Dr. Ratnakar Narale, Ph.D (IIT), Ph.D. (Kalidas Sanskrit Univ.)
Prof. Hindi, Ryerson University, Toronto
(416) 739-8004 * web : www.books-india.com * email : rnarale@yahoo.ca

Title : Let’s Learn Sanskrit through English Medium, Book Level -1

Teach or Learn to Read, Write, Understand, Speak and Think Sanskrit; with main emphasis on
empowering the readers to make their own sentences understand and enjoy the precious beauty of
speaking in Sanskrit.

Published by :
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Published for :
Sanskrit Hindi Research Institute

“Learn Sanskrit through English Medium” ISBN 978-1-897416-07-5 Price: $25.00

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 INDEX
anukraman<ika@
AnauÛmaiNaka_

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama`

Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa 1

Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 2
Lesson 3 Writing Sanskrit words oabda: 4
Lesson 4 Writing the Vowels svara: 10
Lesson 5 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s˜tavaNaa|: 12
Vowels svara: 12
Consonants vyaØjanaaina 13
Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaÈaina 15
Application of Vowel-signs 16
Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 17
Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants 20
Lesson 8 Writing Compound Characters sa>yauFoabda: 24
Word Endings oabdantaa: 26
Lesson 9 Introduction to Sandhi sainZa: 27
Compounding Vowels svarsainZa: 28
Compounding Consonants vyaØjanasainZa: 28
Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga|sainZa: 31
Lesson 10 Introduction to Numerals sa>Syaa: 33
Lesson 11BASICS OF MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES 37
Pictorial Dictionary ica%akaeoa: 36
Lesson 12 Pronouns sava|naamaaina 48
Charts of Common Sanskrit Action Words iÛyaapadaina 52
Lesson 13 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES vaaKyarcanaa 54
Lesson 14 Modes of speaking sentences 70
Parasmaipadi and Atmanepadi parsmaEpadI AatmanaepadI 70

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 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma|kma` Akma|kma` ca 72
The Causative Verbs iNajantapaRiÛyaa 73
The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapaRiÛyaa 74
The Frequentive Verbs yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae 75
Lesson 15 The Cases karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca 76
15.1 The Nominative (1st) Case paRYamaa 76
15.2 (to) The Accusative (2nd) Case iVtaIyaa 77
15.3 (with, by) Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taIyaa 77
15.4 (for) The Dative (4th) Case catauYaI| 79
15.5 (from) The Ablative (5th) Case paØcamaI 80
15.6 (of) The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 82
15.7 (in, on, at) The Locative (7th) Case saptamaI 84
15.8 The Vocative Case sambaaeZanama` 84
Lesson 16 The Adjectives ivaoaePaNaaina 85
Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 89
Past Active Participle Fvatau 90
Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca` 90
Potential Participle tavyata`, AnaIyar` 95
Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa` 97
The Infinitive taumauna` 99
Lesson 17 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 105
Adverbs iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 105
Conjunctions yaaEigakoabda: 108
Lesson 18 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga|koabda: 111
Lesson 19 Conversations vaataa|Laapaa: 119
Lesson 20 General Knowledge saamaanyaXaanama` 124
The Days of the Week vaasara: 124
The Names of the Months maasaa: 124
The Names of the Directions idoa: 125
Time samaya: 125

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APPENDIX : 126
(i) The Ten Classes of Verbs gaNaa: 127
1. The First Class Bvaaid: 128
2. The Second Class Adaid: 130
3. The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: 132
4. The Fourth Class idvaaid: 133
5. The Fifth Class svaaid: 135
6. The Sixth Class taudaid: 137
7. The Seventh Class wZaaid: 139
8. The Eighth Class tanaaid: 140
9. The Nineth Class Û‘yaaid: 144
10. The Tenth Class cauraid: 146

(ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases 147

rama (A), vana (A), maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 147; vaair (}), maita (}), nadI (}|) 148;
gauw (q), Zaenau (q), vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 149; maata\ (/), vaaca` (ca`), mawta` (ta`) 150;
Bavata` (ta`), jagata` (ta`), sauÊd` (d`), oaioana` (na`) 151; Aatmana` (na`), kma|na` (na`),
candRmasa` (sa`) 152; payasa` (sa`), garIyasa` (sa`) 153

(iv) Declensions of Pronouns 154

Asmad`, yauPmad`, tad` (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 154; yad` (yad), ]tad`, }dma`
(etad, idam) 155; sava| (adas, sarva), ikma` (kim) 156.

(v) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 157

(vi) Chart of Participles ×dntaaina 159

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 INTRODUCTION

Hari Om. I believe, we do not have to reject English just because we want to learn Sanskrit, rather we should
make use of this world class language to advance up to the celestial Sanskrit language. It is often said that
“Sanskrit must be taught through Sanskrit medium only (sa>s×ta-maaZyamaena ]va).” The words are very inspirational
and patronizing, but practically it is just a slogan. Because the fact remains that a language can rightly be
taught and learned through another medium that the learner understands. Such medium could be one or more
of the three popular types, namely: (i) the English for English speaking people and a regional language for the
non-English speaking people; (ii) language of signs or gestures, and (iii) the medium of pictures, cue cards and
actual objects as illustrations. Sanskrit is no exception to this fact.
In a classroom situation, where a teacher is present, Sanskrit can be taught through more use of latter two
options and less use of the first one. Surprisingly though, the languages of signs, gestures, graphics and objects
do not get counted and it is ostensibly assumed that Sanskrit can be taught through Sanskrit medium only, just
because the teacher’s spoken words are Sanskrit. Whereas the fact remains that a teacher can not teach
Sanskrit by speaking in Sanskrit only - without any use of the mediums of signs, cue cards, gestures, objects
and some use of a language the reader understands. For a language teaching book though, the pictures and
words written in a common language are used in place of signs, gestures, cue cards and objects.
A significant factor in the approach of this book is the input from our students regarding their needs and
difficulties over number of years. Thus, while putting this book together, first consideration is given to the fact
that learners may not know how to read or speak the Devana@gar& alphabet, if they came from the countries outside
India or from the provinces of India where Hindi not the first language. For such learners, this book covers every
aspect a new reader may need to learn the Devanagari script fully well. Also, Sanskrit words are transliterated
with proper diacritical marks and English meaning of Sanskrit words is provided.
The book progresses step by step, without jumping ahead on what is not yet taught, and covers all basic
aspects of grammar in a very delicate manner. In addition, after every step, the material is reviewed cumulatively
under an entry called, ‘what we have learned so far.’ This cumulative learning is one of the beautiful aspects of
this book.
A care is taken to make sure that, the material being discussed on any page deals only with the information
covered in previous pages, a very simple principle but most uncommon. For this substantial purpose, you will
notice that the three ‘tenses’ are introduced cumulatively without mixing with the ‘cases’ prematurely. After this,
the seven cases are demonstrated, now together with the use of the tenses we learned. The key aspect of this book
is that it shows you ‘how to make your own Sanskrit sentences,’ rather than teaching through premade sentences.
Thanks are due to Sanskrit Hindi Research Institute, Hindu Institute of Learning and Sanskrit Bharati for
being my inspiration. I have tried to make this book easy as and useful as possible. Nevertheless, I beg the
readers to forgive me for any errors or omissions. I hope you will find this book interesting and useful. Πtata`
sata`_
-Ratnakar

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 LESSON 1
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

Vowels (svara@h<)

A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ La\ La¾ ] ]e Aae AaE A> A:

a a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ l> l<} e ai o au m[ h<:

Consonants (vyan~jana@ni vyaØjanaaina)

k Sa ga za G the Gutterals (see Lesson 5.3^)

ka kha ga gha n[a

ca C ja Ja Øa the Palatals
c{a c{ha ja jha n~a

@ # D $ Na the Cerebrals
t>a t>ha d<a d<ha n<a

ta Ya d Za na the Dentals
ta tha da dha na

pa f ba Ba ma the Labials
pa pha, f ba bha ma

ya r La va oa Pa sa h
ya ra la va s{a s<a sa ha

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 LESSON 2

LEARN TO PRONUNCE SANSKRIT CHARACTERS

See section 5.3 for details on : (1) Guttural kN#¹ (kan<t<hya, with throat), (2) Palatal taaLavya (ta@lavya,
with palate), (3) Cerebral maUZa|nya (mu@rdhanya with cerebrum), (4) Dental dntya (dantya, with teeth, (5)
Labial AaeP#¹ (os<t>hya, with lips), (6) Nasal Anaunaaisak (anuna@sik, with nose)

(1) THE VOWELS :

Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronunciation
a (A) A Abide Guttural
a@ (Aa) a car Guttural
i (}) I pin Palatal
& (}|) ee peel Palatal
u (q) u pull Labial
u@ (Q) oo pool Labial
r< (/) ri, ru ring, crucial Cerebral
r<{ (¿) ree, ru@ reed, crude Cerebral
lr< (La\) lri, lru - Dental
e (]) a bake Guttural+Palatal
ai (]e) ai Saigaon Guttural+Palatal
o (Aae) o go Guttural+Labial
au (AaE) au sauna Guttural+Labial

(2) THE SEMIVOWELS :

m~ (A>) a~ nasal
h<: (A:) half-h breath

(3) THE CONSONANTS :

Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronunciation
k (k‘) k pink Guttural
kh (Sa`) kh khyber Guttural
g (ga`) g bug Guttural

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 LESSON 3

WRITING SANSKRIT WORDS

PRACTICING SIMPLE CONSONANTS
Study the order of the Sanskrit consonants given in Lesson 1, and then do the following exercises.
PLEASE NOTE : Uniquely in this book, the characters are grouped according to their shapes, and not
according to their usual aplhabetical order. For, we have observed that with this novel method, it is
easy for a new learner to co-relate and remember the Sanskrit characters.
All Sanskrit letters and words have a line on top to indicate the grouping of characters into a word.
Follow this rule for each letter carefully and consistently.

v + a = va
v a va

3.1 Letters : va va (wa), ba ba, k ka (Shown with Yellow Colour on the Back Cover)

v va b ba v va k
v # va b # ba v # va # ka

vana (forest) baka bak (stork) kamala (lotus)

EXERCISE 2 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. ka, ba, ka 2. ba, va, ba 3. va, ka, ba
4. ba, va, ka 5. ka, va, ba 6. va, ba, ka
7. k, ba, va 8. kk, kba, kva 9. baba, bak, bava
10. vava, vak, vaba 11. kkk, kbava, kvaba 12. vabak, bakva
ANSWERS : (1) k, ba, k (2) ba, va, ba (3) va, k, ba (4) ba, va, k (5) k, va, ba (6) va, ba, k

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 3.8 Letters : t>a, t>ha, d<a, n[a, d<ha, da, Jha, ha @, #, D, G, $, d, Ja, h
(Shown with Red Colour on the Back Cover)

@ # $ d
t>a t>ha d<ha da

vat>a va@ (Banyan) mat>ha ma# (Ashram) d>hola (drum) d&pa (lamp)

D G Ja h
d<a n[a jha ha

d<ul& (d<ol&) jhas<a JaPa (fish) harin<a (deer)

EXERCISE 9 : Only on what we have learned. Write the following characters in Sanskrit
1. t>ha, t>a, d<a, ha 2. d<a, t>a, t>ha 3. n[a, d<a, t>ha 4. d>ha, da, jha 5. da, d<ha, jha6.
t>a, t>ha, d<a, d<ha 7. @, #, $, d, D, G, Ja, h, Ja, dLa, dma, LaBa, janana 8. Dyana, rma, bak, JaPa,
hta, kr, tamasa, taLa, dma, oama, pavana, hr 9. JaPa, var, nar, mad, pa@, pa@La, pad, baLa, vana, satata, Saga, caLa
10. Bava, mana, bak, Baja, vaoa, Laxa, LaxaNa, zana, Zana, varNa, hya_
ANSWERS and VOCABULARY : 1. #, @, D, h 2. D, @, # 3. G, D, # 4. $, D, Ja 5. d, $, Ja 6. @,
#, D, $ 7. dLa (army), dma (conrol), LaBa (attainment), janana (reproduction) 8. Dyana (flying), rma
(entertain), bak (stork), JaPa (fish), hta (defeated), kr (hand), tamasa (darkness), taLa (bottom), dma
(control), oama (quietning), pavana (wind), hr (Shiva) 9. JaPa (fish), var (better), nar (man), mad
(intoxication), pa@ (cloth), pa@La (layer), pad (foot), baLa (power), vana (jungle), satata (always), Saga
(bird), caLa (moving) 10. Bava (earthy), mana (mind), bak (stork), Baja (worship), vaoa (win), Laxa (aim),
LaxaNa (sign), zana (thick), Zana (wealth), varNa (choosing), hya (horse)

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 LESSON 4
STUDY OF SANSKRIT VOWELS
sam~skr<ta-svara@n<a@m abhya@sah< sa>s˜tasvaraByaasa:_

4.1 Letters : A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au (Shown with Red Colour on the Back Cover)

A a Aa A ae Aae A aE AaE
a # a@ a # o a # au

EXERCISE 10 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the Sanskrit characters :
1. A, Aa, Aae, AaE 2. Aa, A, AaE 3. Aae, AaE, Œ
4. Axa, Aagama, Aagaar 5. Aaeza, Aaeja 6. AaEdk, AaExa

ANSWERS and VOCABULARY : (4) Axa (eye) Aagama (scripture) Aagaar (storehouse) (5) Aaeza

(flow) Aaeja (power) (6) AaEdk (watery) AaExa (ox)

4.2 Letters : } i, }| & (Shown with White Colour on the Back Cover)

} }|
i &

EXERCISE 11 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. a, a@ 2. i, & 3. a@, a@ 4. a, & 5. a@, &, i 6. a@, &
7. }, }|, }|rNa, }h, }|D, }|oa:, }|xak, }tar, }xava, }|xaNa, }va_

ANSWERA and VOCABULARY : 1. A, Aa 2. }, }| 3. Aa, Aa. 4. A, }| 5. Aa, }| 7. i, &, &ran<a

(going), iha (here), &d<a (praise), &s{ah< (god), &ks<aka (exhibitor), itara (other), iks<ava
(sugarcane), &ks<an<a (eye), iva (as if, like).

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 LESSON 5
THE SANSKRIT CHARACTERS
See the chart of Sanskrit characters on the back cover of the book

A character (varn<ah<:) that can be pronunced independently is called a VOWEL (svarah).

eg\ A, }, q a, i, u ...etc.
A character that can NOT be pronunced independently (without the help of a vowel), is called a
CONSONANT (vyan~jana@nam).
eg\ k‘ + A = k; Sa`, + A = Sa k + a = ka; kh + a = kha ...etc.

5.1 THE VOWELS

Shown with red colour background in the chart on the back cover

Sanskrit vowels are of three types.

(A) The SHORT vowels (hrasva@h< svara@h<) are those which take one unit of time to pronunce them. A, },
q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r<, lr<) are the five basic short vowels.

(B) The LONG vowels (d&rgha@h< svara@h<) are those which take two units of time to pronunce them. Aa,
}|, Q, ¿, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ (a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{) are the nine long vowels. Each long vowel is
made up of two or more short vowels.
The Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r< and lr<) and the Long vowels Aa, }|, Q, ¿ and La¾ (a@, &, u@, r<
and lr<{) are together called SIMPLE vowels.
The four Long vowels ], ]e, Aae AaE (e, ai, o, au) composed of two dis-similar vowels, are called
DIPTHONGS (imaOaRsvara:)

EXAMPLES of Long Vowels :

(1) Long vowel Aa = short vowel A+ short vowel A
(2) Long vowel }| = short vowel } + short vowel }
(3) Long vowel Q = short vowel q + short vowel q
(4) Long vowel ] = short vowel A + short vowel }
(5) Long vowel Aae = short vowel A + short vowel q

(C) The PLUTA vowels (pluta@h< svara@h< pLautaa: svara:) take at least three units of time to pronunce them.
The long expressions such as vowel Aa (a@) in the word ra~~~ma, form the pluta vowels.

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 LESSON 6
THE SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS

Vowels : A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ ] ]e Aae AaE

signs : a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae aE
sound: a a@ i & u u@ r> r<{ e ai o au
aa ee oo ri r&
.

a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae a
a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au

paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pa¾ pae paE paae paaE
pa@ pi p& pu pu@ pr< pr<{ pe pai po pau

pau paU kÖ k” w W C½ × ta\ Ê ± Oa\ ta¾

pu pu@ ku ku@ ru ru@ c{hru kr< tr< hr< dr< s{r< tr<{

EXERCISE 14 : Only on what we have learned. Read and write the following in Sanskrit :
1. jayaI, jayaita, ijagaIPaa 2. ijagaIPau, kita 3. Oa\Nau, ˜paa 4. dIpa, Êdya, paUta, paUita 5. paUjak, paUjana 6. ±ita,
±$ 7. XaanaI, maha, sauSa, du:Sa, ±oa`, dUPaNa, va\Yaa, pa\Yaa, pa\iYavaI 8. Xaanayaaega, mahaBaartaIya, sa>oaya, naILa, paaEraiNak,
iBaxau, ipata¾Naama, gauw, Wpa, taw, tawNa, kwNa_

ANSWERS nd VOCABULARY :
1. jayaI (victor), jayaita (he wins), ijagaIPaa (enquiry) 2. ijagaIPau (desirous), kita (how many) 3. Oa\Nau
(please listen), ˜paa (mercy) 4. dIpa (lamp) Êdya> (heart), paUta (purified) paUita (rotten) 5. paUjak
(worshipper), paUjana (worship) 6. ±ita (rush), ±$ (firm) 7. XaanaI (wise), maha (great), AhGÍar (ego) sauSa
(pleasure), du:Sa (pain), ±oa` (to see), dUPaNa (polution), va\Yaa (false), pa\Yaa (Kunt&), pa\iYavaI (earth) 8.
Xaanayaaega (yoga of knowledge) mahaBaartaIya (of Mahabharata) sa>oaya (doubt) naILa (blue) paaEraiNak (of
Puranas), iBaxau (begger) ipata¾Naama (of forefathers), gauw (teacher), Wpa (form), taw (tree), tawNa (youth),
kwNa (kind)

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 CHART OF VOWEL-SIGNS APPLICATION
.

A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ ] ]e Aae AaE
a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae aE
a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au
k ka ik kI kÖ k” × k¾ k’ k“ kae kaE
xa xaa ixa xaI xau xaU xa\ xa¾ xae xaE xaae xaaE
Sa Saa iSa SaI Sau SaU Sa\ Sa¾ Sae SaE Saae SaaE
ga gaa iga gaI gau gaU ga\ ga¾ gae gaE gaae gaaE
za zaa iza zaI zau zaU za\ za¾ zae zaE zaae zaaE
G Ga iG GI Gu GU Ge GE Gae GaE
ca caa ica caI cau caU ca\ ca¾ cae caE caae caaE
C Ca iC CI Cu CU C\ C¾ Ce CE Cae CaE
ja jaa ija jaI jau jaU ja\ ja¾ jae jaE jaae jaaE
Xa Xaa iXa XaI Xau XaU Xae XaE Xaae XaaE
Ja Jaa iJa JaI Jau JaU Ja\ Ja¾ Jae JaE Jaae JaaE
Øa Øaa iØa ØaI Øau ØaU Øae ØaE Øaae ØaaE
@ @a i@ @I @u @U @\ @¾ @e @E @ae @aE
# #a i# #I #u #U #\ #¾ #e #E #ae #aE
D Da iD DI Du DU D\ De DE Dae DaE
$ $a i$ $I $u $U $\ $e $E $ae $aE
Na Naa iNa NaI Nau NaU Na\ Nae NaE Naae NaaE
ta taa ita taI tau taU ta\ ta¾ tae taE taae taaE
Ya Yaa iYa YaI Yau YaU Ya\ Ya¾ Yae YaE Yaae YaaE
d da id dI du dU ± d¾ de dE dae daE
Za Zaa iZa ZaI Zau ZaU Za\ Za¾ Zae ZaE Zaae ZaaE
na naa ina naI nau naU na\ na¾ nae naE naae naaE
pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pa¾ pae paE paae paaE
f fa if fI fÖ f” f\ f’ f“ fae faE
ba baa iba baI bau baU ba\ ba¾ bae baE baae baaE
Ba Baa iBa BaI Bau BaU Ba\ Ba¾ Bae BaE Baae BaaE
ma maa ima maI mau maU ma\ ma¾ mae maE maae maaE
ya yaa iya yaI yau yaU ya\ yae yaE yaae yaaE
r ra ir rI w W re rE rae raE
La Laa iLa LaI Lau LaU La\ La¾ Lae LaE Laae LaaE
va vaa iva vaI vau vaU va\ va¾ vae vaE vaae vaaE
oa oaa ioa oaI oau oaU oa\ oa¾ oae oaE oaae oaaE
Pa Paa iPa PaI Pau PaU Pa\ Pae PaE Paae PaaE
sa saa isa saI sau saU sa\ sa¾ sae saE saae saaE
h ha ih hI hu hU Ê he hE hae haE

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 LESSON 7
COMPOUND CONSONANTS

With the use of half characters

EXERCISE 17 : Read, study and write the following groups of Sanskrit Compound characters.
Compare each of them with the corresponding full-character. See the chart on the back cover.

(1) Character k (k‘ K )

paKva, pak‘va (pakva ripened), KLaIbama`, k‘LaIbama`, (kl&bam weakness) KLaed: k‘Laed: (kledah<
K k wettness), vaaKyama`, vaak‘yama` (va@kyam speech), rKtama`, rk‘tama` (raktam blood), wiKmaNaI,
wk‘imaNaI (rukmin<& Rukmin<&), Kvaicata`, k‘vaicata` (kvac{it sometimes)

(2) Character kh (Sa` S )

Syaaita: Sa`yaaita: (khya@tih< fame), AaSyaa AaSa`yaa (a@khya@ saying), saSyama` saSa`yama` (sakhyam
S kh
friendship)

(3) Characters g and gh (ga` g ; za` z )

gLaaina: ga`Laaina: (gla@nih< downfall), Aigna: Aga`ina: (agnih< fire), Baagyama` Baaga`yama`
g g; z gh (bha@gyam fortune), Bagna Baga`na (bhagnam broken), ivaznama` ivaza`nama` (vighnam
obstacle)

(4) Characters n[ (G`)

G` n[ GÍ n[ka GÎ n[kta GÏ n[kha GÐ n[ga GÑ n[gha GÒ n[ma GÓ n[la GÕ n[ks<a Gß n[ks<va

LaGÍa LaG`ka (lan[ka@ Sri Lanka), paiGÎ: paG`iKta: paG`k‘ita: (pan[ktih< line, row), oaGÏ: oaG`Sa: (s{an[khah<
conchshell), rGÐ: rG`ga: (ran[gah< colour), saGÑ: saG`za: (san[ghah< group), vaaGÒyama` vaaG`mayama` (va@n[mayam
literature), AaGÓ AaG`La (a@n[la English), kaGÕa kaG`xaa (ka@n[ks<a@ desire), BauGß (bhun[ks<va please enjoy)

(5) Characters c{ and c{h (ca` c ; C` )

Acyauta: Aca`yauta: (ac{yutah< Krishna), Avaacya Avaaca`ya (ava@c{yah< unspeakable),
c c{ ; C` c{h sauvaacya sauvaaca`ya (suva@c{ya well said), qcCÔasa: qca`C`vaasa: (uc{c{hva@sah< breath)

(6) Characters j and n~ (ja` j ; Øa` Ø )

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 LESSON 8

8.1 STUDY OF SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS

Characters k‘ + ta can be written as Kta (kta), but there is a special single character F for this purpose.
eg\ rKtama` rFma` (raktam blood), BaiKta: BaiF: (bhaktih< devotion), vaKtaa vaFa (vakta@ speaker), yauKta: yauF:
(yuktah< equipped)

Kta F kta
Character da (d`) has following common compounds :
1. d + da = dda û d` + d = ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taªanama` tadda@nam that charity)
2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking)
3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = § (q§ma: udgamah< rise, Bagava§Itaa bhagavadg&ta@)
4. d + gha = dgha # d` + za = © (q©a@nama` udgha@t>aman inauguration)
5. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = ® (sa®ava: sadbha@vah< goodness; q®va: udbhavah< rise)
6. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; ^Utama` dyu@tam, gambling)
7. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = ¯ (pa¯ma` padmam lotus, C¯I c{hadm& cunning)
8. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (VnV: dvandvah< duality, ivaVana` vidva@n learned)

ª dda © dgha & ddha § dga

® dbha ^ dya ¯ dma Vdva
Letter ra (r) forms following two groups of compounds :
(A) When full-consonant r (ra) comes after any half-consonant, it is written as a slanted line ( )R
attached to that half-consonant.
1. k + ra (k‘ + r = Û) caÛma` c{akram wheel, Ûainta: kra@ntih< revolution, ÛaeZa: krodhah< anger, iÛyaa
kriya@ deed, Û”r: kru@rah< cruel, Û’taa kreta@ buyer
2. g + ra (ga` + r = gaR) AgaRma` agram tip, AgaResar: agresarah< leader, gaRamama` gra@mam village, gaRIvaa gr&va@
neck
3. d + ra (d` + r = dR) BadR: bhadrah< gentle, sauBadRa subhadra@, dRivaD dravid<a, dRaeh: drohah< treachery,
dRuma: drumah< tree
4. s{ + ra (oa` + r = Oa` + r = Ã) Ã&a s{raddha@ faith, ivaÃa>ita: vis{ra@ntih< rest, ÃI s{r& divine, ÃeP#:

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 LESSON 9
INTRODUCTION TO SANDHI

9.1
COMPOUNDING OF VOWELS
svara-sandheh< paric{ayah< svarsanZae: paircaya:_

RATNAKAR’S FLOW CHART FOR VOWEL SANDHI RULES

When two vowels come together, they are mathematically added into a single long vowel.

First vowel + Second vowel = Result, a long vowel

1 A, Aa + A, Aa = Aa
+ }, }| = ]
+ q, Q = Aae
+ /, ¿ = Ar`
+ ], ]e = ]e
+ Aae, AaE = AaE

2 }, }| + A, Aa, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = ya, yaa, yau, yaU, yae, yaE, yaae. yaaE
+ }, }| = }|, }|

3 q, Q + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = va, vaa, iva, vaI, vae, vaE, vaae, vaaE

4/ + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ar` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

5] + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aya` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
]e + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aaya` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

6 Aae + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ava` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
AaE + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aava` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

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 LESSON 10
THE SANSKRIT NUMERALS
(1) Expressive of numbers (san[khya@va@c{aka@h< sa>Syaavaacaka:) eg\ one (eka ]k), two (dvi iV), three (tri i%a),
four (c{atur cataur)` , five (pan~c{an paØcana`), six (s<as< PaPa`), seven (saptan saptana`), eight (as<ta> n AP@na`), nine
(navan navana`), ten (das{an doana`), eleven (eka@das{an ]kadoana`) ...etc.
(2) Sequence indicating (kramava@c{aka@h< Ûmavaacaka:) eg\ 1st (prathama paRYama), 2nd (dvit&ya iVtaIya), 3rd
(tr<t&ya ta\taIya), 4th (c{aturtha catauYa|), 5th (pan~c{ama paØcama), 6th (s<as<th
> a PaP#), 7th (saptama saptama), 8th
(as<t>ama AP@ma), 9th (navama navama), 10th (das{ama doama), 11th (eka@das{a ]kadoa) ...etc. m\f\n\ forms
Number numerical, m\ n\ f\ Sequence, m\ and n\ Sequence, f\ .
1 ]k eka paRYama prathama paRYamaa prathama@
2 iV dvi iVtaIya dvit&ya iVtaIyaa dvit&ya@
3 i%a tri ta\taIya tr<t&ya ta\taIyaa tr<t&ya@
4 cataur` c{atur catauYa| c{aturtha catauYaI| c{aturth&
5 paØcana` pan~c{an paØcama pan~c{ama paØcamaI pan~c{ama&
6 PaPa` s<as< PaP# s<as<t>ha PaP#I s<as<t>h&
7 saptana` saptan saptama saptama saptamaI saptam&
8 AP@na` as<t>an AP@ma as<t>ama AP@maI as<t>am&
9 navana` navan navama navama navamaI navam&
10 doana` das{an doama das{ama doamaI das{am&
11 ]kadoana` eka@das{an ]kadoa eka@das{a ]kadoaI eka@das{&
12 Vadoana` dva@das{an Vadoa dva@das{a VadoaI dva@das{&
13 %ayaaedoana` trayodas{an %ayaaedoa trayodas{a %ayaaedoaI trayodas{&
14 cataud|oana` c{aturdas{an cataud|oa c{aturdas{a cataud|oaI c{aturdas{&
15 paØcadoana` pan~c{adas{an paØcadoa pan~c{adas{a paØcadoaI pan~c{adas{&
16 PaaeDoana` s<od<as{an PaaeDoa s<od<as{a PaaeDoaI s<od<as{&
17 saptadoana` saptadas{an saptadoa saptadas<a saptadoaI saptadas<&
18 AP@adoana` as<t>a@das{an AP@adoa as<t>a@das{a AP@adoaI as<t>a@das{&
19 navadoana` navadas{an navadoa navadas{a navadoaI navadas{&
From 20 onwards suffixes m\ n\ tama, f\ tamaI, may be added to form a sequence indicating numeral.
20 iva>oaita vim~s{ati iva>oa(iva>oaitatama) vim~s{a iva>oaI(iva>oaitatamaI) vim~s&
30 i%a>oata` trim~s{at i%a>oa trim~s{a i%a>oaI trim~s{&
40 catvaair>oata` c{atva@rim~s{at catvaair>oa c{atva@rim~s{a catvaair>oaI c{atva@rim~s{&

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 DECLENSION OF THE SANSKRIT NUMERALS

]k (one) is always singular, iV (two) is always dual and three, four, five i%a, cataur`, paØca ...etc.
are always plural. The declensions of the numerals in the Nominative (1st) case, in all three
genders, are given below (For all other cases of numerals, see the ‘Declensions of Cases’ in the
Appendix).

SANSKRIT NUMERALS : (1 to 10)

1 one ek ]k 2 two dvi iV
3 three tri i%a 4 four c{atur cataur
5 five pan~c{an paØcana` 6 six sas< PaPa`
7 seven satpan saptana` 8 eight ast>an AP@na`
9 nine navan navana` 10 ten das{an doana`

Nominative case : m\ n\ f\
1 ƒ eka ]k ekah< ]k: ekam ]kma` eka@ ]ka
2 „ dvi iV dvau VaE dve Ve dve Ve
3 … tri i%a trayah< %aya: tr&n<i %aIiNa tisrah< itaÄ:
4 † c{atur cataur` c{atva@rah< catvaar: c{atva@ri catvaair c{atasrah< cataÄ:

Numbers from 5 to 10 have same case declensions in all three genders m\ n\ f\

Nominative case : m\ n\ f\
5 ‡ pan~c{a pa>ca, paØca m\ n\ f\
6 ˆ s<at> or s<ad< Pa@`, PaD` m\ n\ f\
7 ‰ sapta sapta m\ n\ f\
8 Š as<t>a AP@ m\ n\ f\
9 ‹ nava nava m\ n\ f\
10 ƒ0 das{a doa m\ n\ f\

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 LESSON 11

MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES

i. In Sanskrit, the action words (verbs, kriya@padam iÛyaapadma`) agree with NUMBER (vac{anam vacanama`)
and PERSON (purus<ah< pauwPa:) of the subject (karta@ ktaa|).
ii. A single object takes verb in SINGULAR number. Two subjects connected by ‘and,’ take a verb in
the DUAL number and a group of more than two subjects takes a verb in PLURAL number.

NOTES : (1) Gender has no effect on the verb, but the verb changes with Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
(2) and = c{a ca, is = asti Aista, are = santi sainta_
Two or more nouns are connected by word c{a ca_ eg\ Ra@ma S&ta@ and Ra@dha@ (i) Ra@mah< S&ta@ Ra@dha@ c{a
rama: saItaa raZaa ca_ or (ii) Ra@mah< c{a S&ta@ c{a Ra@dha@ c{a rama: ca saItaa ca raZaa ca_ rama: Aista saItaa Aista
raZaa Aista_ rama: saItaa raZaa ca sainta_

I am Ahma` Aisma aham asmi

We are vaya> sma: vayam[ smah<
You are Bavaana`öBavataI Aista (m\) bhava@n (f\) bhavat& asti
Heösheöthat is sa:, saa, tata`` Aista sah<, sa@, tat asti
They all are tae, taa:, taaina sainta te, ta@h<, ta@ni santi

EXERCISE 19 : Study the following examples

1. R&ta@ is, R&ta@ asti. rItaa Aista_ N&ra@ is, N&ra@ asti. naIra Aista_ He is, sah< asti. sa: Aista_ They are, (m\)
te santi or (f\) ta@h< santi tae sainta or taa: sainta_
2. Rekha@ is. Rekha@ asti. reSaa Aista_ The book is there. pustakam asti. paustakma` Aista_
3. I am Ahma` Aisma aham asmi. I am Brahma Ah> baRM Aisma (Ah> baRMaisma) aham brahma@smi. Thou art
that tata` tvama` Aisa tat tvam asi. Everything is that. tata` sava|ma` tat sarvam. (sarva sava| = all)
In Sanskrit, (1) One person or thing is SINGULAR NUMBER (2) Two persons or things are DUAL
NUMBER, and (3) More than two persons or things are PLURAL NUMBER

Gender Singular Dual Plural

Masculine noun baaLak: ba@lakah< (boy) baaLakaE ba@lakau baaLaka: ba@laka@h< (boys)
Feminine noun baaLaa ba@la@ (girl) baaLae ba@le baaLaa: ba@la@h< (girls)
Neuter noun paustakma` pustakam (book) paustak’ pustake paustakaina pustaka@ni (books)

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TABLE 2 : A Pictorial Dictionary ica%akaeoa: Chitrakos{ah<

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 LESSON 12
PRONOUNS
sarvana@ma sava|naama_

A word such as I, we, you, he, it, she, they, that etc. used in place of a noun (na@ma naama) is called
PRONOUN (sarvana@ma sava|naama). In Sanskrit there are 35 pronouns. namely, Adsa`, AZar, Antar, Anya,
Anyatar, Apar, Avar, Asmad`, }tar, }dma`, qTar, qBa, qBaya, ]k, ]tad`, ikma`, Dtama (ktama, yatama ...), Dtar
(ktar, yatar ...), tad`, tyad`, tva, tvata`, dixaNa, Anya, Anyatar, iV, naema, par, paUva|, Bavata`, yad`, yauPmad`, ivaova, sama,
sava|, isama, sva_ The most commonly used pronouns are :

(1) I (aham Ahma`) (2) We (vayam vayama`) (3) You (tvam tvama`), You, plural
(yu@yam yaUyama`), Your honour m\ (bhava@n Bavaana`), Your honour f\ (bhavat&
BavataI). Sir! (s{r&ma@n ÃImana`!), Madam! (s{r&mat& ÃImaita!) (4) He, That (sah<
sa:), They m\ (te tae) (5) She That (sa@ saa), They f\ (ta@h< taa:) (6) It n\ (idam,
etat }dma`, ]tata`), This - m\ (ayam, es<ah< Ayama`, ]Pa:), f\ (iyam, es<a@ }yama`, ]Paa)
(7) That n\ (tat tata`), Those (ta@ni taaina), These n\ (ima@ni, eta@ni }maaina, ]taaina),
m\ (ime, ete }mae, ]tae), f\ (ima@h<, eta@h< }maa:, ]taa:) (8) What? Which? (n\ im?
ikma`? m\ k:, f\ ka), Which n\ (yat yata`), Who m\ (yah< ya:), f\ (ya@ yaa),
Which - plural n\ (ya@ni yaaina), Who - plural m\ (ye yae), f\ (ya@h< yaa:) (9) Who?
m\ (kah<? k:?), Who f\ (ka@? ka?) (10) Whom? m\ (kam? kma`?), Whom f\
(ka@m? kama`?) (11) Whose? (m\ kasya? ksya? f\ kasya@h<? ksyaa:?)

EXAMPLES cum EXERCISE : PRONOUNS (for declensions, see Apendix 2)

(1) I am a boy. aham[ ba@lakah< asmi. (Ah> baaLak: Aisma); I am a girl. aham[ ba@lika@ asmi. (Ah> baaiLaka Aisma)
. We are boys. vayam[ ba@laka@h< smah<. vayam[ ba@laka@h.< (vaya> baaLaka: sma:, vaya> baaLaka:); We are girls
vayam[ ba@lika@h< smah<. vayam[ ba@lika@h.< (vaya> baaiLaka: sma:, vaya> baaiLaka:)
(2) You are a boy. tvam[ ba@lakah< asi. (tva> baaLak: Aisa); You are girls yu@yam[ ba@lika@h< stha. (yaUya> baaiLaka:
sYa). Sir! Are you a teacher? s{r&man! bhava@n adhya@pakah< asti va@? (ÃImana`! Bavaana` AZyaapak: Aista vaa)
Madam! Are you a teacher? s{r&mati! bhavat& adhya@pika@ asti va@?. (ÃImaita! BavataI AZyaaipaka Aista vaa)

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 TABLE 3-B : ENGLISH ALPHABETICAL LIST, HINDI VERB STEMS ( = transitive verbs)

VERB STEMS VERB STEMS VERB STEMS

accept va\ vr< fear BaI bh& run Zaava` dha@v

abandon tyaja` tyaj flow vah` vah say vad` vad
agree mana` man fly DI d>&@ sell ivaþÛI vi|kr&
ask pa\cC` pr<c{c{h forget ivaþsma\ vi|smr< serve Baja` bhaj
be Asa` as free mauØca` mn~uc{ sing gaE gai
bear Zaa dha@ get paa pa@ sleep svapa` svap
be born jana` jan give da da@ sow vapa` vap
become BaU bhu@ go gama` gam speak baRU bru@
beg iBaxa` bhiks< hear OaRu s{ru spread tana` tan
break BaØja` bhan~j hold Za\ dhr< stay sYaa stha@
bring Laa la@ hurt taud` tud steal caur` c{ur
burn dh` dah join yauja` yuj stop wZa` rudh
buy ÛI kr& kill hna` han stop staBa` stabh
call AaÌe a@hve know Xaa jn~a@ take gaRh` grah
can oak s{ak like wca` ruc{ take away Ê hr<
carry naIe n& live jaIva` j&v tell kYa` kath
come Aaþgama` a@|gam make sa\ja` sr<j think icanta` c{int
cook paca` pac{ meet imaLa` mil understand ivad` vid
cry wd` rud move isa\pa` sr<p walk caLa` c{al
cut ×ta` kr<t open Apaaþva\ apa@|vr< want }Pa` is<
desire kma` kam perish ixa ks<i wash xaLa` ks<al
die ma\ mr< protect rxa` raks< weigh tauLa` tul
dig Sana` khan read pa#` pat>h win ivaþija vi|ji
divide iCd` c{hid receive gaRh` grah worship yaja` yaj
do × kr< remember sma\ smr< write iLaSa` likh
drink paa pa@ roam A@` at> NOTE : The underlined five are
most important action words
eat Saad` kha@d rob LauN# lun<t>h
required for making sentences.
fall pata` pat ruin naoa` nas{

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 LESSON 13
MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR THE PRESENT ACTIONS
TABLE 5 : Saying a Present Event
Subject am is are
I Ahma` aham Aisma asmi
* You (tvama` tvam) Bavaana` bhava@n (Aisaasi) Aista asti
* He sa: sah< Aista asti
* She saa sa@ Aista asti
* This ]Pa: es<ah<, (f\) ]Paa es<a@, (n\) ]tata` etat Aista asti
\ We vayama` vayam sma: smah>
\ They (m\) tae te, (f\) taa: ta@h< sainta santi

13.1 USING SANSKRIT SINGULAR WORDS

EXERCISE 21 : Translate the English sentences into Sanskrit (Answers are given for help)
1. I am Ra@m. aham[ Ra@mah< asmi. Ah> rama: Aisma_ I am S&ta@. aham[ S&ta@ asmi. Ah> saItaa Aisma
2. I am a dentist. aham[ dentist (dant-vaidyah<) asmi. Ah> dentist (dntavaE^:) Aisma_
3. I am a brain surgeon. aham brain surgeon asmi. Ah> brain surgeon (oaLyatan%aivaVana`) Aisma_
4. I am a truck driver. aham truck driver asmi. Ah> truck driver (@¼kyaana-caaLak:) Aisma_
5. You are an income-tax officer. bhava@n income-tax officer asti. Bavaana` income-tax officer
Aayakr-AiZakarI) Aista_
6. He is a traffic inspector. sah< traffic inspector asti. sa: traffic inspector (Laaekyaa%aainarIxak:)
Aista_
7. She is a microbiologist. sa@ microbiologist asti. saa microbiologist (saUxmajantauoaaÅivaXaa) Aista_
8. Ra@ja@ is a music conductor. Ra@ja@ music conductor asti. rajaa sa>gaItasaØcaark: (music onductor)
Aista_ Ra@ja@ is a musician. Ra@ja@ san[gitaka@rah< asti. rajaa sa>gaItakar: Aista_
9. Ra@ma is a tennis player. Ra@mah< tenn&s kr&d<akah< asti. rama: @einasa`-ÛIDk: Aista_
10. You are a poet. bhava@n kavih< asti. Bavaana` kiva: Aista_
11. It is a dog. es<ah< kukkurah< asti. ]Pa: kÖKkÖr: Aista_
12. It is a cow. es<a@ dhenuh< asti. ]Paa Zaenau: Aista_

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 13.6 USING SANSKRIT PLURAL WORDS
(For declensions of nouns and conjugations of verbs, see the Appendix.)

EXERCISE 22 : Translate the English sentences into Sanskrit (Answers are given for help)
1. They are writers. te lekhaka@h< (f\ ta@h< lekhika@h<) santi. tae LaeSaka: (LaeiSaka:) sainta_
2. This is a house. etat gr<ham asti. ]tata` ga\hma` Aista_ Those are houses. ta@ni gr<ha@n<i santi. taaina
ga\haiNa sainta_
3. This is a dog. es<ah< kukkurah< sati. ]Pa: kÖKkÖr: Aista_ These are dogs. ete kukkura@h< santi. ]tae
kÖKkÖra: sainta_
4. You are workers. bhavantah< karmaka@ra@h< santi. Bavanta: kma|kara: sainta_
5. These are Sanskrit books. eta@ni sam~skr<ta-pustaka@ni santi. ]taaina sa>s×ta-paustakaina sainta_
6. They are nurses. ta@h< paric{a@rika@h< santi. taa: paircaairka: sainta_
7. We are soldiers. vayam[ sainika@h< smah<. vaya> saEinaka: sma:_
8. R&na@, Mala@ and Ra@ma are students. R&na@ Ma@la@ Ra@mah< c{a c{ha@tra@h<. rInaa, maaLaa rama: ca Ca%aa:_

13.3 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR PAST EVENT - WITH ‘WAS’

Key words : Here = atra A%a_ There = tatra ta%a_ Where? = kutra? kÖ%a?
Where = yatra ya%a_ Good, proper, ok, right = samyak samyak‘_

TABLE 6 : Speaking about a Past Event

Subject was were
I Ahma` aham Aasama` a@sam
* You Bavaana` bhava@n (tvama` tvam) AasaIta` a@s&t (AasaI: a@s&h<)
* He sa: sah< AasaIta` a@s&t
* She saa sa@ AasaIta` a@s&t
* This ]Pa: es<ah<, (f\) ]Paa es<a@, AasaIta` a@s&t
(n\) ]tata` etat
\ We vayama` vayam Aasma a@sma
\ They (m\) tae te, (f\) taa: ta@h< Aasana` a@san

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 13.13 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR COMPLETED ACTIONS :

In Sanskrit, the easier way to speak of a ‘completed’ event is to add vat (vata`) suffix to the Past
Passive Participle (ppp\) of the verb.

(1) If you attach kta (Kta) suffix to a verb, you get ppp\ of that verb. Note that, while
attaching the kta (Kta) suffix, the k (K) gets deleted and only ta (ta) is added. Therefore, ppp\
of the verb |kr< (×) is : |kr< + ta = kr<ta (×ta).

(2) For completed actions, attach vata` suffix. kr<ta + vat ×ta + vata` = ×tavata`_

USAGE :
(i) I did = aham[ kr<tava@n (Ah> ×tavaana`),
(ii) you did = bhava@n kr<tava@n (Bavaana` ×tavaana`),
(iii) he did = sah< kr<tava@n (sa: ×tavaana`),
(iv) she did = sa@ kr<tavat& (saa ×tavataI) ...etc.

TABLE 9 : I did; you did; he, she did; it did; we did; they did - ppp\ |kr< + ta = kr<ta (×ta)
Doer of the action Past tense (masculine) did, have done Past tense (feminine) did, have done

Subject Masculine Feminine

I Ahma` aham Ah> ×tavaana` aham[ kr<tava@n Ah> ×tavataI aham[ kr<tavat&
You Bavaana` bhava@n (m\) Bavaana` ×tavaana` bhava@n kr<tava@n BavataI ×tavataI bhavat& kr<tavat&
He sa: sah< (m\) sa: ×tavaana` sah< kr<tava@n saa ×tavataI sa@ kr<tavat&
This ]Pa: es<ah< (m\) ]Pa: ×tavaana` es<ah< kr<tava@n ]Paa ×tavataI es<a@ kr<tavat&
We vayama` vayam vaya> ×tavanta: vayam[ kr<tavantah< vaya> ×tavatya: vayam[ kr<tavatyah<
They tae te (m\) tae ×tavanta: te kr<tavantah< taa: ×tavatya: ta@h< kr<tavatyah<
See Appendix 2, no. 15 Bavata` for the inflections of m\ ×tavata` and see no. 7 nadI for the inflections of f\ ×tavataI_

NOTE : For making a past perfect sentence with the use of verb ‘had,’ just attach a@sam
(Aasama`) at the end of the above sentences. eg\ I have done Ah> ×tavaana` aham[ kr<tava@n; I had
done Ah> ×tavaana` Aasama` aham[ kr<tava@n a@sam, Ah> ×tavataI Aasama` aham[ kr<tavat& a@sam ...etc.

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 Review of what we learned so far

EXERCISE 27 : Translate the English sentences into Sanskrit, see the Picture Dictionary for
vocabulary. Key words and answers are given in the brackets for your help.
1. I am a doctor. (aham[ vaidyah< asmi. Ah> vaE^: Aisma )
2. I am a student. (aham[ c{ha@trah< asmi. Ah> Ca%a: Aisma ) (f\ c{hha@tra@ Ca%aa)
3. He is a carpenter. (sah< taks<akah< asti. sa: taxak: Aista)
4. He went to New York. (sah< New Yorkam[ gatawa@n. sa: nyaU-yaak–> gatavaana`)
5. I saw a turtle. (|dr<s< ±oa`; ppp\ dr<s<t>a ±P@_ aham[ kac{c{hapam[ dr<s<t>ava@n. Ah> kcCpa> ±P@vaana`)
6. I drank milk. (|pa@ paa; ppp\ p&ta paIta_ aham[ dugdham[ p&tava@n. Ah> dugZa> paItavaana`)
7. He brought books. (a@|n& AaþnaI_ sah< pustaka@ni a@n&tava@n. sa: paustakaina AanaItavaana`)
8. We gave money. (|da@ da ppp\ dTa_ vayam[ dhanam[ dattavantah<. vaya> Zana> dTavanta:)
9. Ajay asked N&ra@. (|prac{c{h paRcC` ppp\ pa\P@_ Ajayah< n&ra@m[ prs<t>ava@n. Ajaya: naIra> pa\P@vaana`)
10. Tony cried. (|rud wd` ppp\ widta_ Ton& ruditava@n. @aenaI widtavaana`)
11. Ma@la@ knew it. (|jn~a@ Xaa ppp\ Xaata_ Ma@la@ etat jn~a@tavat&. maaLaa ]tata` XaatavataI)
12. He did it. (|kr<t × ppp\ ×ta_ sah< etat kr>tava@n. sa: ]tata` ×tavaana`)
13. They did it yesterday. (te etat hyah< kr>tavantah<. tae ]tata` H: ×tavanta:) hyah H: = yesterday.
14. He sat there. (upa|vis{ qpaþivaoa` ppp\ qpaivaP@_ sah< tatra upavis<t>ava@n. sa: ta%a qpaivaP@vaana`)
15. A goat ate the grass (n\ grass = gha@sam zaasa>. ajah< gha@sam[ kha@ditava@n. Aja: zaasa> Saaidtavaana`)
16. He had gone. (|gam gama` ppp\ gata_ sah< gatava@n a@s&t. sa: gatavaana` AasaIta`)
17. He had eaten a Rot>&. (sah< rot>ika@m[ kha@ditava@n a@s&t. sa: raei@ka> Saaidtavaana` AasaIta`)
18. He ate a Rot>&. (sah< eka@m[ rot>ika@m[ kha@ditava@n. sa: ]ka> raei@ka> Saaidtavaana`)
19. She ate one Rot>&. (sa@ eka@m[ rot>ika@m[ kha@ditavati. saa ]ka> raei@ka> SaaidtavataI)
20. Ran& was working. (Ra@n& ka@ryam[ karoti sma. ranaI kaya|> kraeita sma)
21. This house was not here. (etata gr<ham atra na@s&t. ]tata` ga\hma` A%a naasaIta`)
26. The dogs are barking. (to bark = |bhas< BaPa`_ kukkura@h< bhas<anti kÖKkÖra: BaPainta)
(98) Monkeys jump. kapayah<ömarkat>a@h<öva@nara@h< plavanti (|plu). kpaya:ömak–@a:övaanara: pLavainta_
(99) The mouse eats seeds. mu@s<akah< b&ja@ni kha@dati (|kha@d). maUPak: baIjaaina Saadita_
(100) The heart pumps blood. hr>dayam[ rudhiramöraktam uttulayati (ud|tul). Êdya> wiZarma` qTauLayaita_

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 LESSON 14
MODES OF SPEAKING

14.1 PARASMAIPADˆ AND ‡TMANEPADˆ VERBS

Unique of the Sanskr<t language, the a@tmanepadam and parasmaipadam denote

To whom the fruit of an action accrues? or who is the intended victim of the action?

(1) a@tmanepada of a verb indicates that the fruit of an action accrues to the doer (a@tma Aatma) of action,
and thus the action is a@tmanepad&, eg\ nir&ks<e (G&ta@ 1.22) 1st\ sing\, ‘I observe for myself,’ (nir&ks<e;
inarIxae, qTamapauwPa: ]kvacana> La@` Bvaaid: AatmanaepadI ÿinar`þ}|xa`).
(2) parasmaipada of a verb indicates that the fruit of an action accrues to someone other (para par) than
the doer of that action. eg\ brav&mi G&ta@ 1.7, 1st\ sing\, ‘I am telling you,’ (brav&mi; baRvaIima, qTamapauwPa:
]kvacana> La@` Adaid: parsmaEpadI ÿþbaR)U .

This distinction, however, appears to be not observed strictly in practice. And, therefore, we have verbs
which indicate accrual of the fruit of an action to the doer (i.e. a@tmanepadi{) but is sometimes
optionally used in the parasmaipad& form, as if the action is offered to oneself, as a third person. eg\
(i) Sah< naiva kin~c{it karoti (G&ta@ 4.20) ‘he does not do anything.’ sa: na ]va iki¡ata` kraeita_ (kraeita 3rd person,
singular La@` tanaaid: parsmaEpadI ÿþ˜).
(ii) Sah< yat prama@na< m[ kurute (G&ta@ 3.21) ‘the standard he sets.’ sa: yata` paRmaaNa> kÖwtae_ (k•wtae, 3rd person
singular La@` tanaaid: AatmanaepadI ÿþ˜).
Of course, in Sanskrit language, when there are dual verb roots, that stand for both the doer as well as
the object (ubhayapad&, qBayapadI), this distinction of Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& can not always
be observed meticulously.

BE CAREFUL :
In order to avoid the common errors, care must be taken not to mix up the distinction between
Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& characterics of the verbs with :
(1) the passive (karman<i kma|iNa) and active (kartari kta|ir) usage of the voices (prayoga@h< paRyaaegaa:)
(2) with the intransitive (akarmakam Akma|kma`) and transitive (sakarmakam sakma|kma`) attributes of the
verbs (iÛyaapadaina)
(3) Many times ‡tmanepad& is confused and translated as Middle Voice, but ‡tmanepad& is not a voice.

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 LESSON 15
THE CASES
ivaBaFya:_

15.1 Use of the Substantives as subject (in active voice)

The nouns, pronouns and adjectives (in active voice) are expressed in the 1st case (Nominative case
paRYamaa ivaBaiF:). eg. Thers is a boy (boy = ba@laka baaLak). ba@lakah< asti. baaLak: Aista_ The most common 25
forms of the 1st case (Nominative case paRYamaa ivaBaiF:) are :
NOMINATIVE CASE (paRYamaa ivaBaiF:)
Word ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural
(1) A m\ rama rama: ramaaE ramaa:
(2) A n\ vana vanama` vanae vanaaina
(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaa maaLae maaLaa:
(4) } m\ kiva kiva: kvaI kvaya:
(5) } n\ vaair vaair vaairNaI vaarIiNa
(6) } f\ maita maita: mataI mataya:
(7) }| f\ nadI nadI na^aE na^:
(8) q m\ gauw gauw: gauW gaurva:
(9) q n\ maZau maZau maZaunaI maZaUina
(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenau: ZaenaU Zaenava:
(11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZaU vaZvaaE vaZva:
(12) / m\ ipata\ ipataa ipataraE ipatar:
(13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaata\ Zaata\NaI Zaata¾iNa
(14) / f\ maata\ maataa maataraE maatar:
(15) ca` f\ vaaca` vaak‘ vaacaaE vaaca:
(16) ja` m\ raja` ra@` rajaaE raja:
(17) ta` m\ mawta` mawta` mawtaaE mawta:
(18) ta` n\ jagata` jagata` jagataI jagainta
(19) d` m\ sauÊd` sauÊd` sauÊdaE sauÊd:
(20) }na` m\ oaioana` oaoaI oaioanaaE oaioana:
(21) na` m\ Aatmana` Aatmaa AatmaanaaE Aatmaana:
(22) na` n\ kma|na` kma| kma|NaI kmaa|iNa
(23) oa` f\ idoa` idk‘ idoaaE idoa:
(24) sa` m\ candRmasa` candRmaa: candRmasaaE ca>dmR asa:
(25) sa` n\ payasa` paya: payasaI payaa>isa

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 LESSON 16

16.1 ADJECTIVES
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES WITH NOUNS

(1) In Sanskrit, an adjective (ivaoaePaNama`) does not have its own gender, number or case. It follows the
gender, number and case of the noun (ivaoaePyama`) to which it is attached (to which it qualifies).
(2) If a pronoun (sava|naama) acts as an adjective, it is called a pronominal adjective (saava|naaimak-ivaoaePaNama`).

MASCULINE GENDER NOUNS

Singular Plural
Ah> oaaeBana: baaLak: aham[ s{obhanah< ba@lakah< vaya> oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: vayam[ s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<
tva> oaaeBana: baaLak: tvam[ s{obhanah< ba@lakah< yaUya> oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: yu@yam[ s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<
sa: oaaeBana: baaLak: sah< s{obhanah< ba@lakah< tae oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: te s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<

FEMININE GENDER NOUNS

1. Ah> oaaeBanaa baaiLaka aham[ s{obhana@ ba@lika@ vaya> oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: vayam[ s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<
2. tva> oaaeBanaa baaiLaka tvam[ s{obhana@ ba@lika@ yaUya> oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: yu@yam[ s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<
3. saa oaaeBanaa baaiLaka sa@ s{obhana@ ba@lika@ taa: oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: ta@h< s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<

NEUTER GENDER NOUNS

tata` oaaeBana> ga\hma` tat s{obhanam[ gr<ham taaina oaaeBanaaina ga\haiNa ta@ni s{obhana@ni gr<ha@n<i

EXAMPLES : USE of ADJECTIVES

(A) Masculine gender : (Singular, dual, plural)
1. One good boy. s{obhanah< ba@lakah<.oaaeBana: baaLak:_ Two good boys. s{obhanau ba@lakau. oaaeBanaaE baaLakaE_
2. A white horse. svetah< as{vah<. ovaeta: Aova:_ Two white horses. s{vetau as{vau. ovaetaaE AovaaE_ The white
horses. s{veta@h< as{va@h<. ovaetaa: Aovaa:_
3. An old man. vr<ddhah< narah<. va\&: nar:_ Two old men. vr<ddhau narau. va\&aE naraE_ Old men. vr<ddha@h<
nara@h<. va\&a: nara:_
4. A big mountain. vis{a@lah< parvatah<. ivaoaaLa: pava|ta:_ Big mountains. vis{a@la@h< parvata@h<. ivaoaaLaa: pava|taa:_
(B) Feminine gender : (Singular, dual, plural)

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 16.2 PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ppp\)

F-ivaoaePaNama`_ ‘DONE’
The kta (F) suffix is added to the verbs in Passive and Abstract voices in the past tense. When adding a
kta F suffix to a root verb, the k k is dropped and only ta ta is attached.
NOTE : With the roots such as |rI, LaI, bLaI, pLaI, ZaU, paU, LaU, ¿, k¾, ga¾, ja¾, na¾, pa¾, Ba¾, va¾, oa¾, sta¾ and ha,
suffix ta (ta) becomes suffix na (na).

Use of this kta (F) suffix produces adjectives of the past tense, sometimes used as a verb.
sam-ava|i + kta (ta) = samaveta (assembed) sama`-Avaþ} + F (ta) = (sama`+Ava+}+ta) samavaeta
sam-a@|gam+kta (ta) = sama@gata (came together) sama`-Aaþgama`+ F (ta) = samaagata
|gam + kta (ta) = gata (gone) þgama` + F (ta) = gata_
|jr<{ + kta (na) = j&rn<a (worn out) þja¾ + F (na) = jaINa|_
sam|pat + kta (na) = sampanna (rich) sama`þpata` + F (na) = sampa²_

EXAMPLES : PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ppp\) F

1. Ra@ma went. ra@mah< agac{c{at. rama: AgacCta` or ra@mah< gatava@n. rama: gatavaana``, ra@mah> gatah< rama: gata:_
2. The book seen by Ra@ma. Ra@men<a dr<st< a> m[ pustakam. ramaeNa ±P@> paustakä_
3. The flowers seen by S&ta@ in the garden. S&taya@ udya@ne dr<st< a> n
@ i pus<pa@ni< . saItayaa q^anae ±P@aina pauPpaaiNa_
4. The bird seen by him. tena dr<st< a> @ c{at>ika@. taena ±P@a cai@ka_
5. The Ra@van<a (was) killed by Ra@ma. Ra@men<a Ra@van<ah< hatah<. ramaeNa ravaNa: hta:_
6. Maha@bha@rata (was) heard by me. maya@ Maha@bha@ratam[ s{rutam. mayaa mahaBaarta> Ãutama`_
7. The letter written by her. taya@ likhitam[ patram. tayaa iLaiSata> pa%ama`_
8. Is my school seen by you? tvaya@öbhavata@ mama pa@th
> as{al@ a@ dr<st< a> @ va@? tvayaaöBavataa mama paa#oaaLaa ±P@a vaa_
9. I do not eat cold food. aham[ s{&tam annam[ na kha@da@mi. Ah> oaItama` A²> na Saadaima_
10. AÃ&yaa huta> dTa> tapa: tapta> ˜ta> ca yata`_ (G&ta@ 17.28)

PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLES (ppp\)

(1) Gone (þgama` - gata) (7) Killed (þhna` - hta)
(2) Renounced (þtyaja` - tyaF) (8) Heard (þÃu - Ãuta)
(3) Written (þiLaSa - iLaiSata) (9) Seen (þ±oa` - ±P@)
(4) Given (þda - dTa) (10) Done (þ˜ - ˜ta)
(5) Stayed (þsYaa - isYata) (11) Protected (þrxa` - rixata)

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 16.20 THE INFINITIVE

taumauna`_ ‘TO DO, FOR DOING’

Another important Indeclinable Participle, the INFINITIVE tumun (taumauna`), is formed by adding the tum
tauma` suffix directly to any verb-root. As an infinitive, it gives the meaning of ‘for doing or to do’ the
action indicated by the attached verb. eg\ þda (to give) û da + tauma` = datauma` (for giving, to give).

THE INFINITIVES (taumauna`)

Verb-root ipp\-Ktvaa Infinitive (taumauna`)
þda (to give) dTvaa having given datauma` for giving
þija (to win) ijatvaa having won jaetauma` for winning
þXaa (to know) Xaatvaa having known Xaatauma for knowing
*þBaU (to be) BaUtvaa having been Baivatauma` for being
þ˜ (to do) ×tvaa having done ktau|ma` for doing
þ±oa` (to see) ±P@Ôa having seen dRP@uma` for seeing
þvaca` (to say) qKtvaa having said vaKtauma` for saying
þnama` (to salute) natvaa having saluted nantauma` for saluting
þrBa` (to begin) rbZvaa having begun rbZauma` for begining
*þDI (to fly) Diyatvaa having flown Diyatauma` for flying
þZyaE (to meditate) Zyaatvaa (having meditated) Zyaatauma` for meditating
þsYaa (to stand) isYatvaa (having stood) sYaatauma` for standing
þmana` (to think) matvaa (having thought) mantauma` for thinking
þÃu (to hear) Ãutvaa (having heard) Ãaetauma` for hearing
*þcaur` (to steal) caaeriyatvaa (having stolen) caaeriyatauma` for stealing
*þgaNa` (to count) gaNaiyatvaa (having counted) gaNaiyatauma` for counting
þiCd` (to cut) iCTvaa (having cut) CeTauma` for cutting
þixapa` (to throw) ixaptvaa (having thrown) xaeptauma` for throwing
þspa\Pa` (to touch) spa\P@Ôa (having touched) spaP@|mu a` for touching
The * sign indicates that, these are ‘set>’ sae@` verbs. For set and anit verbs, see the Book Level - II.

EXAMPLES cum EXERCISE : THE INFINITIVES (taumauna`)

1. I go to school. aham[ pa@t>has{a@la@m[ gac{c{ha@mi. Ah> paa#oaaLaa> gacCaima_
2. I go to school for learning (to learn). aham[ pa@th
> as{al@ a@m[ pat>hitum[öadhyetum[ gac{c{ha@mi. Ah> paa#oaaLaa>
pai#tauö
>u AZyaetau> gacCaima_

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 LESSON 17
ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS
kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni yaugics{abda@h< c{a iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina yaaEigakoabda: ca_

17.1 ADVERBS
kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina_

An Adverb does not take any gender, number, person, tense or case. It does not change with the verb or
the adjective it qualifies, thus, it is an INDECLINABLE word (avyayam Avyayama`)

NOTE : Adverbs are not the only indeclinable words, there are many other words that are indeclinables
and are used adverbially, such as :

(1) There are nouns of which one conjugation or the Nominative case declension is used as an
indeclinable word. eg\ Astama` (astam setting, decline), Aista (asti existence), naaista (na@sti non-
existence), nama: (namah< salutation), Bauvar` (bhuvar sky), sa>vata` (sam~vat a year), svar` (svar heaven),
svaista (svasti greeting), sauSama` (sukham happily, easily), du:Sama` (dukham sadly, painfully), etc.
(2) There are adjectives of which the Accusative Neuter is indeclinable. eg\ inatyama` (nityam regularly),
bahu (bahu vaer), BaUya: (bhu@yah< again), satyama` (satyam truly), sauSama` (sukham happily), du:Sama`
(dukham sadly), etc.
(3) There are Pronouns of which Accusative Neuter is indeclinable. eg\ ikma` (kim what), tata` (tat that),
yaavata` (ya@vat as long), taavata` (ta@vat so long), etc.
(4) There are other substantives of which the Accusative neuter is indeclinable. eg\ svayama` (svayam
oneself), etc.
(5) There are nouns and adjectives of which Instrumental case is indeclinable, AoaePaeNa (as{es<en<a fully),
qccaE: (uc{c{aih< loudly), icareNa (c{iren<a quickly), taena (tena thus), paura (pura@ anciently, formerly), etc.
(6) There are words of which the Dative form is indeclinable. eg\ ApaRdaya (aprada@ya without sharing),
AasYaaya (a@stha@ya for staying), ivaXaaya (vijn~a@ya for knowing), etc.
(7) There are nouns and pronouns of which the Ablative form is indeclinable. eg\ tasmaata` (tasma@t
therefore), baLaata` (bala@t forcibly), samantaata` (samanta@t around), etc.
(8) There are words of which the Locative form is indeclinable. eg\ AgaRe (agre at first), Antare (antare
inside), /tae (r<te without), sYaanae (stha@ne justly), etc.
(9) There are words of which a derivative is indeclinable : eg\

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 17.2 CONJUNCTIONS

Words like - and, or, but, for, if, that, where, either, neither, nor, still, till, only, else, after, before ...etc.
which make a connection or conjunction between two parts of a sentence are called CONJUNCTIONS.

EXAMPLES cum EXERCISE : We have already learned some of these words, let us learn new ones now.
1. Ra@ma AND Sun&l are brothers. Ra@mah< Sun&lah< c{a bandhu@ stah<. rama: saunaILa: ca banZaU sta:_
2. Bring mango AND a knife. a@mram evam[ c{hurika@m a@nayatu. AamaRma` ]va> Cuirkama` Aanayatau_
3. He works day AND night. sah< diva@ naktam[ c{a ka@ryam[ karoti. sa: idvaa naFä ca kaya|> kraeita_
4. He AS WELL AS Neil were there. sah< tathaiva Neilah< tatra a@sta@m. sa: taYaEva naILa: ta%a Aastaama`_
5. Give me a mango OR a banana. mahyam a@mram[ kadal&m[ va@ dada@tu. maH> AamaR> kdLaI>> vaa ddatau_
6. Speak in Sanskrit OR English. Sam~skr<tena athava@ Englisha-bha@sa< ya@ vadatu. sa>s˜taena AYavaa
}>igLaoaBaaPayaa vadtau_
7. EITHER speak Sanskrit, OR speak English. Sam~skr<tena va@ Englisha-bha@sa< ya@ va@ vadatu. sa>s˜taena vaa
}>igLaoa-BaaPayaa vaa vadtau_
8. It is NEITHER good, NOR beautiful. etat na s{obhanam[ na c{a sundaram. etat na s{obhanam[ na va@
sundaram. ]tata` na oaaeBana> na ca saundrma`_ ]tata` na oaaeBana> na vaa saundrma`_
9. WHETHER he does it OR NOT, I will do it. sah< etat akaris<yat va@ na akaris<yat, aham[ etat karis<ya@mi
eva. sa ]tatkraetau na kirPyata` vaa na AkirPyata` Ahma` ]tata` kirPyaaima ]va_
10. I do not know WHETHER he is here OR there. aham[ na ja@na@mi sah< (api) atra asti tatra ut. aham[ na
ja@na@mi yat sah< atra asti tatra va@. Ah> na jaanaaima sa: (Aipa) A%a Aista ta%a qta_ Ah> na jaanaaima yata` sa: A%a
Aista ta%a vaa_
11. Sit down OR ELSE leave. upavis{atu anyatha@ gac{c{hatu. qpaivaoatau AnyaYaa gacCtau_
12. Give me money if you have, OTHERWISE I am going. yadi asti mahyam[ dhanam[ dada@tu anyatha@
aham[ gac{c{ha@mi. maH> Zana> ddatau AnyaYaa Ah> gacCaima_ dhanam asti c{et dada@tu no c{et aham[ gac{c{ha@mi. Zana>
Aista caeta` ddatau naae caeta` Ah> gacCaima_
13. He told me THAT S&ta@ was not there. sah< ma@m uktava@n yat S&ta@ tatra na@sti iti. sa: maama` qFvaana` yata`
saItaa ta%a naaista }ita_
14. He is rich BUT he is not charitable. sah< dhan& asti kintu da@n& na@sti. sa: ZanaI Aista ikntau sa: danaI naaista_
Not only I told him, BUT I wrote him too. na kevalam aham[ tam uktava@n aham[ tam[ likhitava@n api.
na k’vaLama` Ah> tama`` qFvaana` Ah> ta> iLaiSatavaana` Aipa_
15. I run FROM ‘a’ TO ‘b’. aham A tah> B patyantam[ dha@va@mi. Ah> A ta: ba paya|ntama` Zaavaaima_
16. She is slow BUT will win. sa@ mandagatih< param[ jes<yati. saa mandgaita: par> jaePyaita_
17. I have eaten, BUT I am still hungry. aham[ kha@ditava@n tatha@pi ks<udhitah< asmi. Ah> Saaidtavaana` taYaaipa
xauiZata: Aisma_

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 LESSON 18
trim~s{ah< abhya@sah< i%a>oa: AByaasa:_

THE PREPOSITIONS
aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda:_

The preposition (qpasaga|: upasargah<) is an indeclinable word (avyayam Avyayama`), having an independent
meaning, prefixed to a verb (kriya@padam iÛyaapadma`) or its derivative (sa@dhita-s{abdah< saaiZata-oabd:).
It can be seen that the 22 prepositional prefixes listed by Pa@ni< ni and Varada@c{a@rya do intensify, modify,
alter, change or make no change in the sense of the root verb.

(1) ati (Aita) over, beyond. (i) Ûma: a step, pace # AitaÛma: aransgression. (ii) irF empty # AitairF
remaining; supreme.
(2) adhi (AiZa) power, right. (i) kar: causer # AiZakar: the right, power. (ii) ixapa: casting away # AiZaxaepa:
censure.
(4) antar (Antar`) with interval, within, inner. (i) yaama: restraint, control # Antayaa|ma: inner control. (ii) Zaanama` a
seat # AntaZaa|nama` disappearance.
(5) apa (Apa) away, away from. (i) oakÖnama` a good omen # ApaoakÖnama` a bad omen. (ii) kar: doer, causer #
Apakar: Harm.
(90) Those grapes were sweeter than the plums. ta@h< dra@ks<a@h< badarebhyah< mis<t>a@h< a@san (|as). taa:
dRaxaa: badreBya: imaP@a: Aasana`_
(91) The horse is taller than the cow. as{vah<öturan[gah<öhayah< goh<ödhenoh< uc{c{atarah< asti (|as).
Aova:ötaurGÐ:öhya: gaae:öZaenaae: qccatar: Aista_
(93) The insects ate all the fruits. k&t>a@h<ökr>mayah< sarva@n<i phala@ni akha@danökha@ditavantah<
(|kha@d). kI@a:ö×maya: fLaaina ASaadna`öSaaidtavanta:_
(96) The lotus looks beautiful in the water. kamalam[öpadmam[öaravindam[öpan[kajam[ jale s{obhate
(|s{obh). kmaLa>öpa¯>öArivand>öpaGÍja> jaLae oaaeBatae_
(97) The ripe mango falls. pakvam amraphalm[ patati (|pat). paKvama` AamaRfLa> pataita_
(98) The monkey jumps from tree to tree. kapih<ömarkat>ah<öva@narah< vr<ks<a@t vr<ks<am[ plavate (|plu).
kipa:ömak–@:övaanar: va\xaata` va\xa> pLavatae_
(99) The mouse is eaten by a cat. mu@s<akah< bid<a@lena khaditah< (|kha@d). maUPak: ibaDaLaena Saaidta:_ The
cat ate the mouse. bid<a@lah< mu@s<akam[ kha@ditava@n |kha@d). ibaDaLa: maUPakma` ASaadta`öSaaidtavaana`_
(100) The heart pumps the blood. hr>dayam[ raktam uttulayati (ud|tul). Êdya> rFma` qTauLayaita_

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 LESSON 19

CONVERSATIONS
va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa:_

1. Hello! namastae! namaskar:! svaista! jayarama! saItaarama! saa}|rama! hir Aaema`! namaste! namaska@rah<! jayara@ma!
s&ta@ra@m! sa@&ra@m! hari om!
2. Good monring. saupaRBaatama`_ suprabha@tam!
3. Good night oauBarai%a: s{ubha-ra@trih<!
4. How are you? Bavaana` kYama` Aista? tva> kYamaisa? bhava@n katham asti? tvam[ kathamasi?
6. Sir! How are you? Aaya|! Bavaana` kYamaista? a@rya! bha@va@n kathamasti?
7. Madam! How are you? Aayae|! BavataI kYamaista? a@rye bhavat& kathamasti?
8. Are you well (m\)? kus{al& va@? (f\) kus{alin& va@ kÖoaLaI vaa? kÖoaiLanaI vaa?
9. Welcome. sva@gatam svaagatama`_
10. You are welcome (m\f\). svaagata> taeöBavata:öBavatyaa:_ sva@gatam[ (m\f\) te ö (m\) bhavath< ö (f\) bhavatya@h.<
11, Please come in. ˜payaa AByantarma` AagacCtau_ Anta: Aasyataama`_ kr<paya@ abhyantaram a@gac{c{hatu. antah<
a@syata@m.
12. Have a seat. qpaivaoatau_ upavis{atu.
13. Where should I sit? kÖ%a qpaivaoaaina? kutra upavis{an
@ i?
22. Thank you very much. bahuoa: Zanyavaada:_ bahus{ah< dhanyava@da@h.<
23. Best wishes for the New Year. navavaPa|sya oauBaecCa:_ nava-vars<asya s{ubhec{c{ha@h.<
24. See! I brought something special for you. paoya! mayaa tvadYa|ö
> Bavatae ikmaipa ivaoaePama` AanaItama`_ Ah> tae ikmaipa
111. It was good luck. saaEBaagyama` AasaIta`_ saubha@gyam a@s&t.
112. Good idea! saaZau ivacaar:_ sa@dhu vic{ar@ ah<. 113. Well done! saaZau ˜tama`_ sa@dhu kr<tam.
114. Nice day! rmaNaIya> idnama`_ raman<&yam[ dinam. 115. It depends. saapaexama` }dma`_ sa@peks<am idam.
116. See you paunar` doa|naaya_ punar dars{ana@ya. 117. Alright, OK, Well. Astau_ astu. samyak‘! samyak!
118. How surprising. aho a@s{c{aryam. Ahae Aaocaya|ma`_
119. where is my book? mama pustakam[ kutra asti? mama paustakä kÖ%a Aista? It is where your glasses are,
please look. ya%a Bavata:öBavatyaa: qpanae%ama` Aista ta%a ]va tad` Aista, paoyatau_ yatra bhavatah<öbhavatya@h<
upanetram asti tatra eva tad asti, pas{yatu. You keep things at one place and search elsewhere. tvam
ekatra ekam[ stha@payasi anyatra c{a anves<an<am[ karos<i. tvama` ]k%a ]kä sYaapayaisa Anya%a ca AnvaePaNa> kraeiPa_
122. Found it. pra@ptam. paRaptama`_ Good! sam&c{&nam. samaIcaInama`_

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 LESSON 20
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

20.1 NAMES OF THE DAYS OF THE WEEK

The names of the seven days of the week are :
(1) Sunday Raviva@rah< Raviva@sarah< rivavaar: rivavaasar:
(2) Monday Somava@rah< Somava@sarah< saaemavaar: saaemavaasar:
(3) Tuesday Man[galva@rah< Man[galva@sarah< ma>gaLavaar: ma>gaLavaasar:
(4) Wednesday Budhava@rah< Budhava@sarah< bauZavaar: bauZavaasar:
(5) Thursday Guruva@rah< Guruva@sarah< gauwvaar: gauwvaasar:
(6) Friday S}ukrava@rah< S}ukrava@sarah< oauÛvaar: oauÛvaasar:
(7) Saturday S}aniva@rah< S}aniva@sarah< oainavaar: oainavaasar:
There are 30 days in a month. maasae i%a>oata` idnaaina sainta_ There are two bi-weekly periods in each month,
namely Kr<sn
< a< -paks<ah< and S}ukla-paks<ah<. paRitamaasae VaE paxaaE Bavata: naamanaI ˜PNapaxa: oauKLapaxa: ca_ In each
biweekly period there are 15 days. paRitapaxae paØcadoa itaYaya: Bavainta_
Their names : (1) paRitapada (2) iVtaIyaa (3) ta\taIyaa (4) catauYaI| (5) paØcamaI (6) PaP#I (7) saptamaI (8) AP@maI (9) navamaI
(10) doamaI (11) ]kadoaI (12) VadoaI (13) %ayaaedoaI (14) cataud|oaI (15) Amaavasyaa AYavaa paaEiNa|maa_

20.2 NAMES OF THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

The names of the twelve months are:
(1) March-April C}aitrah< caE%a: (2) April-May Vais{ak@ hah< vaEoaaSa:
(3) May-June Jyes<th
> ah< jyaeP#: (4) June-July ‡s<ad@ h
< ah< AaPaa$:
(5) July-August S}ra@van<ah< ÃavaNa: (6) Aug.-Sept. Bha@drapadah< BaadRpad:
(7) Sept.- Oct. ‡s{vinah< Aaiovana: (8) Oct.-Nov. Ka@rtikah< kaita|k:
(9) Nov.-Dec. Ma@rgas{&rs<ah< maaga|oaIPa| (10) Dec.-Jan. Paus<ah< paaEPa:
(11) Jan.-Feb. Ma@ghah< maaza: (12) Feb.-March Pha@lgunah< faLgauna:

THE SIX SEASONS :

(1) Spring Vasantah< vasanta: (2) Summer Gr&s<mah< gaRIPma:
(3) Rainy-season Vars<a@ vaPaa| (4) Autumn Sharad oard`
(5) Winter (Nov-Jan) Hemantah< hemanta: (6) Winter(Jan-Mar) S}is{irah< ioaioar:

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 APPENDIX

1. THE TEN CONJUGATIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS

Roots of the verbs (dha@tavah< Zaatava:), having aims of self service (a@tmanepad& AatmanaepadI), service to
others (parasmaipad& parsmaEpadI) or dual service (ubhayapad& qBayapadI), are arranged under a group of
Ten classes of Conjugations of Verbs (gan<ah
@ < gaNaa:), namely :
*1st Bvaaid *bhva@di þBaU-Aaid |bhu@ (to be) Bavaaima, Bavaisa, Bavaita
2nd Adaid ada@di þAd`-Aaid |ad (to eat) Ai¯, Aitsa, AiTa
3rd Ìaid juhva@di þhu-Aaid |hu (to offer) jauhaeima, jauhaeiPa, jauhaeita
*4th idvaaid *diva@di þidva`-Aaid |div (to shine) dIvyaaima, dIvyaisa, dIvyaita
5th svaaid sva@di þsau-Aaid |su (to bathe) saunaaeima, saunaaeiPa, saunaaeita
*6th taudaid *tuda@di þtaud-` Aaid |tud (to hurt) taudaima, taudisa, taudita
7th wZaaid rudha@di þwZa`-Aaid |rudh (to inhibit) wNaiZma, wNaitsa, wNai&
8th tanaaid tana@di þtana`-Aaid |tan (to spread) tanaaeima, tanaaeiPa, tanaaeita
9th Û‘yaaid kraya@di þÛI-Aaid |kr& (to buy) ÛINaaima, ÛINaaisa, ÛINaaita
*10th cauraid *c{ura@di þcaur-` Aaid |c{ur (to steal) caaeryaaima, caaeryaisa, caaeryaita
NOTES : Some people prefer using the numerical system (1st gan<a, 2nd gan<a etc.) for identifying the gan<a/,
while others prefer their nominclature (Bvaaid, Adaid etc.)
(i) The popular 10 classes of conjugations are divided in two GROUPS.
(ii) roots of 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th class marked with * fall under the FIRST GROUP and
(iii) the remaining roots of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th class fall under SECOND GROUP.
(iv) Amost all roots are monosyllables, some of them are even uniletters (eg\ |i, |&, |u, |r<, |r<{), most of
them end in a consonant. Only just over a dozen are ploysyllabelic. eg\ |apa@s, |a@ndol, |bhis<aj,
|c{aka@s, |c{ulump, |daridra@, |gaves{a, |hillol, |kuma@r, |kut>umb, |luma@l, |oland, |palyul, |pampas,
|prenkhol, |sabhaj, |sangra@m, |vid<amb.

THE PROCESS OF CONGUGATION

(i) The process of attaching a tense terminations (Lakar:) to an original basic verb root stems, to form a
single worded verb, is called congugation. The original basic form of the verb is called the Verbal-
root or Root-verb (dha@tuh< Zaatau:) eg\ |bhu@ (|BaU) to become.
(ii) A |verb undergoes modification before it takes a conjugational suffix (Lakar:). The form of the
|verb before it takes a suffix, is called Verbal Base (an[gam AGÐma`)
(iii) The initial vowel of the root verb is called the Radical Vowel (maulik-svarah< maaEiLaksvar:). eg\ }| of
|}|; A of |Ad`

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 THE SECOND CLASS
ada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa:_
The second class of the verbs is Adaid (ada@di). The typical example of this class is root |Ad` (|ad to eat),
therefore, this class is called Adaid gaNa: (Ad` + Aaid = Adaid, ad Ad` etc. class). There are 72 verbs
in the Adaid (second) class.
The conjugations of the Adaid (2nd) class are simpler, because the A ivakrNama` added (between the root
and tense suffix) in the Bvaaid: (1st) class is not added in this class.

Scheme of Conjugations for the Second Class - Root |Ad` to eat

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad& : He eats
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1p\ Ai¯ (ima) AV: (va:) A¯: (ma:) admi advah< admah<
2p\ Aitsa (isa) AtYa: (Ya:) AtYa (Ya) atsi atthah< attha
3p\ AiTa (ita) ATa: (ta:) Adinta (Ainta) atti attah< adanti
(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& : He ate
1p\ Aadma` AaV Aa¯ a@dam a@dva a@dma
2p\ Aad: AaTama` AaTa a@dah< a@ttam a@tta
3p\ Aadta` AaTaama` Aadna` a@dat a@tta@m a@dan
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& : He had eaten
1p\ jazaasa jaixava jaixama jagha@s jaks<iva jaks<ima
2p\ jazaisaYa jazaYau: jaxa jaghasitha jaghathuh< jaks<a
3p\ jazaasa jaxatau: jaxau: jagha@sa jaks<atuh< jaks<uh<
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& : He had eaten
1p\ Azasama` Azasaava Azasaama aghasam aghasa@va aghasa@ma
2p\ Azasa: Azasatama` Azasata aghasah< aghasatam aghasata
3p\ Azasata` Azasataama` Azasana` aghasat aghasata@m aghasan
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad& : He will eat
1p\ ATaaisma ATaasva: ATaasma: atta@smi atta@svah< atta@smah<
2p\ ATaaisa ATaasYa: ATaasYa atta@si atta@sthah< atta@stha
3p\ ATaa ATaaraE ATaar: atta@ atta@rau atta@rah<
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad& : He shall eat
1p\ Atsyaaima Atsyaava: Atsyaama: atsya@mi atsya@vah< atsya@mah<
2p\ Atsyaisa AtsyaYa: AtsyaYa atsyasi atsyathah< atsyatha
3p\ Atsaita Atsata: Atsyainta atsyati atsyatah< atsyanti
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& : If he eats

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 THE TENTH CLASS
c{ura@dih< gan<ah cauraid: gaNa:_
The tenth class is cauraid (c{ura@di) class. The typical example is root |caur` (|c{ur to steal). There are 411
verbs in the cauraid (tenth) class.
(i) If the middle vowel in a cauraid verb has a short vowel such as }, q or /, it takes gun<a (= ], Aae, Ar`)
eg\ (1) caur` + gauNa = ca` + q + A + r` = caaer`_
(ii) If the root verb ends in }, q or / vowel, this } q / vowel receives vr>ddhi. eg\ (2) LaI + va\i& = LaE
+ } = Laaya`_ (3) yau + va\i& = yaaE + } = yaava`_ (4) va\ + va\i& = va\ + } = vaar`_
(iii) Then all cauraid verbs take iNaca` suffix, of which Na` and ca` get dropped and only } gets added. eg\ (1)
caaer` + iNaca` = caaer` + iNaca` - Na` - ca + } = caaeir_ (2) Laaya` + iNaca` = Laaiya_ (3) yaad` + iNaca` = yaaid_ (4)
vaar` + iNaca` = vaair_
(iv) This modified root verb then undergoes sa>Xaa (modification) eg\ (1) caaeir = caaerya`_ (2) Laaiya = Laayaya`_
(3) yaaid = yaadya`_ (4) vaair = vaarya`_ It forms the verbal base.
(v) This verbal base receives A ivakrNama` in the Present (La@`), Imperfect past (LaG`), Imperative (Laae@`) and
Potential (ivaiZa) tenses. eg\ caaerya` + A = caaerya_
(vi) But, in Past indefinite tense (LauG`), the root undergoes duplication and modification.
(vii) Vikaran<a A is then added before adding the tense suffix. caaerya` + A = caaerya
(viii) This vikaran<a A becomes Aa before the tense suffixes that begin with ma or va_ caaerya û caaeryaa + ima
= caaeryaaima, caaeryaava: caaeryaama:_
(ix) This vikaran<a A is dropped before tense suffixes that begin with ma` and va`_ eg\ A_ caaerya û caaerya +
Ainta = caaeryainta

Scheme of Conjugations for the Tenth Class - Root |caur` to steal

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad& : He steals
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1p\ caaeryaaima (yaaima) caaeryaava: (yaava:) caaeryaama: (yaama:) c{oraya@mi c{oraya@vah< c{oraya@mah<
2p\ caaeryaisa (yaisa) caaeryaYa: (yaYa:) caaeryaYa (yaYa) c{orayasi c{orayathah< c{orayatha
3p\ caaeryaita (yaita) caaeryata: (yata:) caaeryainta (yainta) c{orayati c{orayatah< c{orayanti
(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& : He stole
1p\ Acaaeryama` Acaaeryaava Acaaeryaama ac{orayam ac{oraya@va ac{oraya@ma
2p\ Acaaerya: Acaaeryatama` Acaaeryata ac{orayah< ac{orayatam ac{orayata
3p\ Acaaeryata` Acaaeryataama` Acaaeryana` ac{orayat ac{orayata@m ac{orayan
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& : He had stolen
1p\ caaeryaamaasa caaeryaamaaisava caaeryaamaaisama c{oraya@ma@sa c{oraya@ma@siva c{oraya@ma@sima
2p\ caaeryaamaaisaYa caaeryaamaasaYau: caaeryaamaasa c{oraya@ma@sitha c{oraya@ma@sathuh< c{oraya@ma@sa

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 2. CHARTS of CASES
(1) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (rama) Ra@ma (G&ta@ 10.31)
CASE-ivaBaiF Singular Dual Plural
(1st) Nominative - rama: ramaaE ramaa:
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) ramama` ramaaE ramaana`
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) ramaeNa ramaaByaama` ramaE:
(4th) Dative (for, to) ramaaya ramaaByaama` ramaeBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than) ramaata` ramaaByaama` ramaeBya:
(6th) Possessive (of) ramasya ramayaae: ramaaNaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on) ramae ramayaae: ramaePau
Vocative (address) rama ramaaE ramaa:
(2) NEUTER NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (vana) forest
(1st) Nominative - vanama` vanae vanaaina
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) vanama` vanae vanaaina
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) vanaena vanaaByaama` vanaE:
(4th) Dative (for, to) vanaaya vanaaByaama` vanaeBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than) vanaata` vanaaByaama` vanaeBya:
(6th) Possessive (of) vanasya vanayaae: vanaanaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on) vanae vanayaae: vanaePau
Vocative (address) vana vanae vanaaina
(3) FEMININE NOUN ENDING IN (a@) Aa (maaLaa) necklace
CASE-ivaBaiF Singular Dual Plural
(1st) Nominative - maaLaa maaLae maaLaa:
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) maaLaama` maaLae maaLaa:
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) maaLayaa maaLaaByaama` maaLaaiBa:
(4th) Dative (for, to) maaLaayaE maaLaaByaama` maaLaaBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than) maaLaayaa: maaLaaByaama` maaLaaBya:
(6th) Possessive (of) maaLaayaa: maaLayaae: maaLaanaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on) maaLaayaama` maaLayaae: maaLaasau
Vocative (address) maaLae maaLae maaLaa:
(4) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (i) } (kiva) poet (G&ta@ 10.39)
(1st) Nominative - kiva: kvaI kvaya:

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 3. RATNAKAR’S CHART OF PARTICIPLES
ADJECTIVES AND INDECLINABLES

(1) ADJECTIVE PARTICIPLES

Participle Suffix Example - root verbs þ˜ þLaBa`
1. Past Passive Participle ta (F) ˜ta (done, has been done)

2. Past Active Participle tavata` (Fvatau) ˜tavata` (has done)

3. Present Active Participle Ata` (oata\) kÖva|ta` (doing, while doing, doer)

4. Present Active Participle Aana (oaanaca`) kÖvaa|Na (doing)

5. Present Active Participle maana (oaanaca`) LaBamaana (getting)

6. Present Passive Participle yamaana (oaanaca`) iÛyamaaNa (being done)

7. Potential Passive Participle tavya (tavyata`) kta|vya (ought, fit to be done)

AnaIya (AnaIyar`) krNaIya (ought, fit to be done)
ya (yata`) kaya| (ought, fit to be done)

(2) INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLES

Participle Suffix Example - root verbs þ˜ þLaBa`
8. Indeclinable Past Participle tvaa (Ktvaa) ˜tvaa (having done)
(without a prefix, Gerund)

9. Indeclinable Past Participle ya (Lyapa` ) Anau˜tya (having done accordingly)

(with a prefix)

10. Infinitive of Purpose tauma` (taumauna`) ktau|ma` (for doing)

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 4. TENSES AND MOODS OF COMMON VERBS
itaGntapaRkrNama`_

2p |as (|Asa`)` to be ]iPaPyaita ]iPaPyata: ]iPaPyainta

Present Tense (La@`) Imperative mood (Laae@)`
Aisma sva: sma: }cCaina }cCava }cCama
Aisa sYa: sYa }cC }cCtama` }cCta
Aista sta: sainta }cCtau }cCtaama` }cCntau
Past Tense (LaG`) Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)
Aasama` Aasva Aasma }cCeyama` }cCeva }cCema
AasaI: Aastama` Aasta }cCe: }cCetama` }cCeta
AasaIta` Aastaama` Aasana` }cCeta` }cCetaama` }cCeyau:
Future Tense (La\@`)
BaivaPyaaima BaivaPyaava: BaivaPyaama: 10p |kath (|kYa`)` to tell
BaivaPyaisa BaivaPyaYa: BaivaPyaYa Present Tense (La@`)
BaivaPyaita BaivaPyata: BaivaPyainta kYayaaima kYayaava: kYayaama:
Imperative mood (Laae@)` kYayaisa kYayaYa: kYayaYa
Asaaina Asaava Asaama kYayaita kYayata: kYayainta
]iZa stama` sta Past Tense (LaG`)
Astau staama` santau AkYayama` AkYayaava AkYayaama
Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`) AkYaya: AkYayatama` AkYayata
syaama` syaava syaama AkYayata` AkYayataama` AkYayana`
syaa: syaatama` syaata Future Tense (La\@`)
syaata` syaataama` syau: kYaiyaPyaaima kYaiyaPyaava: kYaiyaPyaama:
kYaiyaPyaisakYaiyaPyaYa:kYaiyaPyaYa
6p|is< (|}Pa`) to desire kYaiyaPyaita kYaiyaPyata: kYaiyaPyainta
Present Tense (La@`) Imperative mood (Laae@)`
}cCaima }cCava: }cCama: kYayaaina kYayaava kYayaama
}cCisa }cCYa: }cCYa kYaya kYayatama` kYayata
}cCita }cCta: }cCinta kYayatau kYayataama` kYayantau
Past Tense (LaG`) Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)
]ecCma` ]ecCava ]ecCama kYayaeyama` kYayaeva kYayaema
]ecC: ]ecCtama` ]ecCta kYayae: kYayaetama` kYayaeta
]ecCta` ]ecCtaama` ]ecCna` kYayaeta` kYayaetaama` kYayaeyau:
Future Tense (La\@`)
]iPaPyaaima ]iPaPyaava: ]iPaPyaama: 1p |kr&d< (|ÛID`) to play
]iPaPyaisa ]iPaPyaYa: ]iPaPyaYa Present Tense (La@`)

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