Strain Sensor,

Vibrometer, Velometer,
Accelerometer,
Force Meter
 Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co., Ltd.
ebay.com

Strain Sensors
Mechanical Sensors
Strain Gauges
•A strain gauge is a long length of conductor
arranged in a zigzag pattern on a membrane
•When it is stretched, its resistance increases and
Vice Versa
•Strain gauges are mounted in the same direction
as the strain and often in fours to form a full
‘Wheatstone Bridge’
Strain Gauges
• used in the industry to accurately measure large
forces, especially large weights
• the gauge is attached to the object and they
measure the strain of an object as the object is
deformed
• strain is the change in the length of a strong object
as percentage of its original length
Strain Gauges
• The strain of a strong object represents the force
applied to the object:
𝐹 ∆𝐿
= 𝑌𝜀 = 𝑌
𝐴 𝐿0
F = force applied to the object (in the direction of distortion)
A = cross sectional area of the object
Y = young modulus
𝜀 = strain : the change in length per unit original length
Strain Gauges
•The resistance of the wire which comprises the
strain gauge depends on the length and cross
section of the wire
𝜌𝐿
𝑅=
𝐴
R = resistance of the wire
A = cross sectional area of the object
ρ = resistivity of the wire material
L = length of the wire
Strain Gauges

Visualization of the working concept behind the strain gauge

on a beam under exaggerated bending
Strain Gauges

Toledo Integrated Systems

SparkFun Electronics
Strain Gauges

Northwestern Mechatronics Wiki

Motion Sensors
Mechanical Sensors
Vibration
• Vibration is the movement or mechanical oscillation
about an equilibrium position of a machine or
component
• Vibration can be expressed in metric units (𝑚 𝑠2 ) or units
of gravitational constant “𝑔,” where 1𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚 𝑠2
• Types of vibration:
• free vibration and forced vibration
• periodic (motion of a pendulum) and random (movement of a
tire on a gravel road)
Free Vibration
• Occurs when an object or structure is displaced or
impacted and then allowed to oscillate naturally
• For example, when you strike a tuning fork, it rings
and eventually dies down
• Natural frequency often refers to the frequency at
which a structure “wants” to oscillate after an
impact or displacement
• Resonance is the tendency for a system to oscillate
more violently at some frequencies than others
Forced Vibration
• Occurs when a structure vibrates because an altering force
is applied
• Rotating or alternating motion can force an object to
vibrate at unnatural frequencies
• An example of this is imbalance in a washing machine,
where the machine shakes at a frequency equal to the
rotation of the turnstile
• In condition monitoring, vibration measurements are used
to indicate the health of rotating machinery such as
compressors, turbines, or pumps.
Random Vibration
•Random vibration lasts only for a short while, as a
response to a random event
•Random vibration is also known as stochastic
vibration, which in mathematical terminology means
a function whose value in the immediate future
cannot be predicted
•Such phenomena are caused by single or random
excitation, and the system responds to the same in its
own typical manner
Periodic Vibration
• Periodic vibration stay as a steady repeating phenomenon and
has a specific period over which it repeats itself
• This kind of vibration always response to an alternating force
• Example - Machinery Vibration
• Such vibration displays a periodic time function, which follows
well defined mathematical rules, like a sine wave or the sum of
many sine wave
• Periodic vibration can be reasonably predicted thus the
concepts of frequency and its inverse, the time-period are
associated with periodic vibrations
Vibration Representation
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 2 +𝐶 + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑥 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Stiffness – Displacement
Mass (Inertia) Displacement
Acceleration
𝑥 𝑡
𝑑2𝑥 Damping – Velocity
𝑀 2 𝑓 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 Velocity
Vibration Representation
• Vibration is the back and forth or repetitive
motion of an object from its point of rest
𝑑𝑥
• When a force is applied to the mass, it 𝑘𝑥 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
stretches the spring and moves the weight to
the lower limit
• When the force is removed, the stored
energy in the spring causes the weight to 𝑥 𝑡
move upward through the position of rest to 𝑀 𝑑2𝑦 𝑓 𝑡
its upper limit 𝑑𝑡 2
Vibration Representation
• The mass stops and reverses direction
traveling back through the position of rest to
the lower limit 𝑘𝑥 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
• In a friction-free system the mass would
continue this motion indefinitely
• All real systems are damped, that is they will
gradually come to their rest position after 𝑥 𝑡
several cycles of motion, unless acted upon 𝑑2𝑦
𝑀 2 𝑓 𝑡
by an external force 𝑑𝑡
Causes & Effects of Vibration
• Vibration occurs in rotating and reciprocating machines
• Possible causes are: rotor imbalance, misalignment, faulty
bearings or gear, eddy currents, electromagnetic force
• If unchecked, these causes create large and destructive
periodic forces, which lead to metal fatigue, and eventual
failure of the machinery
• Vibration of machine requires kinetic energy which is
wasted energy
• Operator fatigue, noise and other nuisance
Intentional Vibration
• In some cases, mechanical vibration performs a useful
job
• Generating vibration intentionally is used in:
• In component feeders, concrete compactors,
ultrasonic cleaning baths, rock drills and pile drivers
• Vibration testing machines are used extensively to
impart a controlled level of vibration energy to
products and sub-assemblies where it is required to
examine their physical or functional response and
ascertain their resistability to vibration environments
Vibration Measurement
• The figure shows
an example of
vibration
measurement
before and after
machine repair
• Monitoring of
vibration is
important to
improve reliability
of machines www.thedavidschultz.com

through preventive
maintenance
Reasons for the Measurement of Vibrations
•Some machines are running at high speeds which
may cause resonant condition and they may get fail
•In some situations the excessive vibrations may
transfer to the nearby machines or structures
•To check the health of the machines
•To understand the dynamic behavior it is necessary
to measure the vibrations
•It helps to identify important parameters of system
such as mass, stiffness, damping
Vibration Measurement
•Vibratory response of a system can be expressed
through the following parameters:
1. Frequency
2. Displacement
3. Acceleration
4. Induced Strain / Stress
How to Measure Vibration
• Displacement : microns, pk-pk
• Velocity : mm/sec, true RMS
• Acceleration : m/sec2
• Frequency (cpm)

http://amitadeshpande.blogspot.com/2008/11/when-to-use-displacement-velocity-or.html
Displacement Vibration Measurement
• Measures the to and from movement of a body
• Amount=Magnitude=Displacement from one end to
another
• Displacement emphasizes low frequency vibration
• Good to measure lower frequencies especially less than
5 Hz
• The failure mode is generally the “stress” causing due to
the displacement
• Displacement can be used for measuring reference
values = walls, floors, beams, pads, frames = very slow
moving or stationary objects
Displacement Vibration Measurement
•Displacement is measured in peak to peak units of
mils (1 mil = .001”) or mm (1 mm = 0.0025”)
•Displacement measurements are recorded in the
same three directions as velocity = axial, horizontal
and vertical
•Displacement is not used or recommended for
recording or monitoring because severity or
acceptability is speed dependent
Velocity Vibration Measurement
• Most common mode of measurement of vibration
𝑑𝐷
• If the first differential displacement is computed, it gives
𝑑𝑡
the rate of change of displacement, which is velocity - the
most commonly measured parameter
• Velocity measures how often the displacement is being
applied in a given time period and is related to the fatigue
mode of failure
• Units of velocity are mm/sec and this is normally true RMS
• Velocity places even emphasis on low and high frequencies
of vibration
Acceleration Vibration Measurement
•Acceleration is a measure of the likelihood of force
being the mode of failure
𝑑2𝐷
•If the seconddifferential displacement 2 is
𝑑𝑡
computed, it yields acceleration (Rate of change of
velocity)
•Units of acceleration: 𝐺 = 𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑠 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
Acceleration Vibration Measurement
•Acceleration data is very important for the detection
of faults with bearings, gear mesh or electrical issues
•Acceleration measurement is usually used in the
high frequency ranges
•Since acceleration data are relevant in the rotational
axis, some vibration meters have earphone output to
allow the operator to listen to the noise inside
bearings while recording 𝐺
•Using electronic stethoscope is very useful for defect
identification
Acceleration Vibration Measurement
• Typical acceleration data related to all types of bearings in
general rotating equipment (Exceptions = Diesel Engines &
Rock Crushers)
• Excellent Levels = Usually 0.10 G or Less. No action required.
• Good Levels = Usually 0 .35 G or Less. No action required
unless noisy.
• FAIR LEVELS = Usually 0.50 G or Less. No action required
unless noisy.
• ROUGH LEVELS = Usually 0.75 G or More. Possible action
required if noisy. Also check bearing temperatures.
Acceleration Vibration Measurement
• Typical acceleration data related to all types of bearings in
general rotating equipment (Exceptions = Diesel Engines &
Rock Crushers)
• VERY ROUGH LEVELS = Usually 1.0 G or More. Further analysis
required. Also check bearing noise and temperatures.
• DANGER LEVELS = Usually 1.5 G or More. Problem likely.
Further analyze and check bearing noise and temperatures.
• BREAKDOWN LEVELS = Usually 2.5 G or More. Shutdown and
fix now! Dangerous!
• Note: Actual G = 32ft/sec/sec. = 9.8 m/s/s
Classification of Vibration Measuring Instruments
• Vibratory response can be expressed in terms of various
parameters such as:
1. Displacement
2. Velocity
3. Acceleration
4. Frequency &
5. Induced stress
• choice of parameters depends upon the objective & the
field of application
Classification of Vibration Measuring Instruments
1. Classification base 3. Classification base on
on contact time base measurement
1. Contact type 1. Real time based
2. Non-contact type 2. Non-real time based
2. Classification base 4. Classification base on
on display method power source
1. Indicating type 1. Active system
2. Recording type 2. Passive system
Classification Based on Contact
I. Contact type
•vibration measuring instruments that are in direct
contact with the vibration machines and are compact
in size. e.g. Accelerometer
II. Non-contact type
•vibration measuring instruments that are used when
it is very difficult to use the contact type vibration
measuring instruments and also small in size
Classification Based on Display Method
I. Indicating type
•In these instruments, the measured data are
displayed on the display unit of the instruments
II. Recording type
•These instruments are used to display and also to
record the data for future analysis. e.g. FFT analyzer
Classification Based on Time Base Measurement
I. Real time based
•The real time based data can be measured using
these instruments. These instruments are working
based on microprocessor.
II. Non-real time based
•These instruments are not real time based. The
measure data can only display on the display unit of
the instruments.
Classification Based on Power Source
I. Active system
•In these instruments, source of power is required to
operate the instruments for vibration measurement
e.g. FFT analyzer
II. Passive system
•These instruments do not require any outside source
of power to operate the instruments. They are
compact, handy and battery operated. e.g. Frahm’s
tachometer
Vibration Measuring Instruments
•Displacement measuring instrument (Vibrometer)
– for low frequency of vibration
•Velocity measuring instrument (Velometer)
•Acceleration measuring instrument
(Accelerometer) – for high frequency of vibration
Vibration Measurement Instruments
•Transducer: a device for converting the mechanical
motion of vibration into an electrical signal,
commonly called pickup
•Vibration transducer measure motion
•There are three kinds of transducers:
1. Displacement
2. Velocity
3. Acceleration
Displacement Transducer
•The most common type of displacement transducer
is proximity probe
•Operates on the eddy current principle
•It sets up a high-frequency electric field in the gap
between the end of the probe and the metal surface
that is moving
•Senses the change in the gap
•Measures relative displacement not absolute
displacement
Proximity Probe
•Non – contacting transducers that measure distance
to a target
•Used in rotating machinery to measure the vibration
of a shaft
•An example of a common application is machine
monitoring and protection measurements for
mechanical systems like turbo machinery
Eddy Current Proximity Probe System
• Sensitive to shaft surface defects
such as scratches, dents and
vibrations in conductivity and
permeability.
• The practical maximum frequency
of proximity probes is about 1500
Hz. The minimum frequency is zero.
It can also measure static
displacement.
• Measures very slow relative http://freevibrationanalysis.blogspot.com

movement like thermal expansion

Eddy Current Proximity Probe System
• Non Contact Displacement Probes
• Measures the distance (or lift off) of a
conducting surface from the tip of the
probe
• Coil at probe tip is driven by oscillator
at around 1.5 MHz
• If there is no conducting surface full
voltage is returned
• Conducting surface near coil absorbs
energy
http://freevibrationanalysis.blogspot.com
• Proximity probe output voltage is
proportional to gap
Proximity Probe Advantages
• Measure shaft dynamic motion
• Only probe that can measures shaft position – both radial and axial
• Good signal response between DC to 90,000 CPM
• Flat phase response throughout operating range
• Simple calibration
• Rugged and reliable construction
• Suitable for installation in harsh environments
• Available in many configurations
• Multiple machinery applications for same transducer – vibration,
position, phase, speed
Proximity Probe Disadvantages
• Sensitive to measured surface material properties like conductivity,
magnetism and finish
• Scratch on shaft would be read as vibration
• Variation in shaft hardness would be read as vibration
• Shaft surface must be conductive
• Low response above 90,000 CPM
• External power source and electronics required
• Probe must be permanently mounted. Not suitable for hand-
holding
• Machine must be designed to accept probes – difficult to install if
space has not been provided
Proximity Probe

http://indikon.com/eddy-current-proximity-probes/
Vibrometers (Amplitude Measuring Instruments)
• an instrument which measures the displacement (i.e.
amplitude)
• Types of vibrometers are:
• Stylus Recording Instrument
• Seismic Instrument or Seismometer or Vibration Pickup
• Optical Recording Instrument
• Simple Potentiometer
• Capacitance Pickup
• Mutual Inductance Pickup
48
Stylus Recording Instrument
• A drum - rotating about Y-Y axis
• Stylus - pivoted at a fulcrum, other end is
attached which pickups the vibratory motion
• Rotating drum & linear movement of stylus
plots amplitude of vibratory motion on paper

 Very cheap & simple

 Cannot be used for higher frequency & high acceleration
vibratory system
 At the natural frequency of vibration of stylus recording
instrument, the resonance occurs 49
Seismic Instrument or Seismometer
(Vibration Pickup)
• A spring-mass damper
system in a casing
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 • Mounted on the vibrating
𝑂𝑖𝑙 machine or structure
𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 • Measures the displacement
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 or amplitude of vibratory
motion (seismic instrument)

𝑉𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑕𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
50
Seismic Instrument or Seismometer
(Vibration Pickup)
• A frame or a casing - mass
‘m’ is supported by means of
spring ‘K’ & dashpot ‘c’
• The frame or casing is
fastened to the vibrating body
• So that frame vibrates along
with vibrating body
• Dial ‘Z’ records relative
amplitude = vibrating body’s
amplitude ‘Y’ 51
Seismic Instrument or Seismometer
(Vibration Pickup)
• Strain sensing transducer -
rigidly fixed to the seismic
mass - used to measure
relative amplitude ‘Z’
• The output voltage -
proportional to - the relative
displacement ‘Y’
• Hence, called as vibration
pick-ups
52
Optical Recording Instrument
• A light source sends a light signal
𝑀𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
through a lens to a mirror. The
𝐷𝑟𝑢𝑚 mirror is attached to a vibrating
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 body by means of some linkages.
• The light which is reflected from the
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 mirror falls on a sensitized film on
the revolving drum and plots the
𝐿𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
displacement of vibratory motion.
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 • Such instrument have the
advantage of wide range of
frequency because of the less mass
and negligible inertia. 53
Simple Potentiometer
• It consists of a voltmeter, a
battery and a resistance
• A needle is connected to the
vibrating body and it is allowed
to slide on the resistance
• The change in voltage due to
movement of needle on
resistance is recorded. This
voltage is proportional to
amplitude of vibrations.
54
Capacitance Pick – Up
• The capacitance pick-up is a non-contacting active type vibrating
measuring instrument, which generates an output proportional to
the displacement of the vibrating body.
• It has one plate of capacitor attached to the vibrating body and
the other being kept at some distance from the vibratory surface
as shown in figure below

55
Capacitance Pick – Up
•The change in capacitance due to variation in the air
gap is utilized in an RC circuit to indicate the amount
of the vibratory displacement.
•The size of the probe to be used depends upon the
range of amplitude to be measured. The range of
amplitude covered by such a pick-up is 0.025 to
10mm.

56
Mutual Inductance Pick – Up
•The mutual inductance
pick-up is also a non-
contacting active pick-up,
which is very useful for a
non-magnetic metallic
vibratory surface which is
shown in figure

57
Mutual Inductance Pick – Up
• The mutual inductance Lm changes due to the variation in
air gap between the vibrating surface and the pick-up. This
changes the field due to eddy current in the vibrating
body. This field opposes the field setup by primary coil.
The output voltage is modulated by the vibratory motion
and demodulated output is proportional to the
displacement.
• Such a pick-up can be used for a very wide range of
frequency.
58
 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
• LVDTs are used to measure
mechanical displacement and
gives an ac output voltage
signal which is proportional to
the displacement
• The difference between the
two secondary winding Control Products, Inc.

voltages is proportional to the

core displacement
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
• A linear variable differential transformer gives an
AC output voltage signal which is proportional to a
physical displacement
• Consists of one primary winding and two secondary
winding all wrapped on the same form and contains
a magnetic core which is free to slide inside the
form
• When the magnetic core is perfectly centered, the
magnetic field linkage will be the same for
secondary winding 1 and 2
Velometer
•Velometer is an instrument which measures the
velocity of a vibrating body
•There are two types of velocity pick ups
•Active type pick –ups
•Passive type pick –ups
Velocity Transducer
• Velocity transducer is also called seismic pickup
• The relative motion between the permanent magnet and
the coil generates a voltage that is proportional to the
velocity of the motion
• The velocity transducer has an internal natural frequency of
about 8 Hz
• The velocity transducer is rather large. On small devices this
added mass can significantly affect the vibration output
• The coil in the velocity pickup is sensitive to external
electromagnetic fields
 Active Type Pick – Up
• active type pick-up is similar
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
to seismometer in
construction, with slight
modification
• consists of seismic mass ’m’,
𝑀
with wire coil, is supported
by spring ‘k’ & dashpot ‘c’
• The magnet is fixed to the 𝐾 𝑐

frame & frame is fitted on

vibrating body 𝑉𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
Active Type Pick – Up
• a relative motion between coil & magnet, a voltage is
induced across the coil
• the output voltage across the coil is proportional to the
relative velocity
• the output voltage signal is calibrated to give the velocity
of vibration
Active Type Pick – Up

http://indikon.com/seismic-sensors-and-transducers/
Passive Type Pick - Ups
• The change in air gap
between the vibrating
surface & pick –up
changes the magnetic
reluctance of the path 𝑂𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡
• As a result the magnetic 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

flux cutting across the

coil changes thus
inducing voltage across
coil which is given by,
Accelerometer (Acceleration Pick - Ups) :
• measures the acceleration of a vibrating body.

• If the frequency ratio is very small, relative

amplitude z is directly proportional to the
acceleration of vibrating body
• Piezoelectric crystal is used in accelerometer
which can measure high frequency of
vibration
• A signal produced is proportional to
deformation
• If the signal is weak it is amplified with the
help amplifier
Piezoelectric
• A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses
the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes
in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain,
or force by converting them to an electrical
charge
• The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or
'squeeze‘
• Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain
materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress
Types of Accelerometers
•Piezoelectric Uni-axial Accelerometers
– Wide frequency and dynamic range, good linearity
– They are of two types:
Compression type & Shear type
Piezoelectric Tri-axial Accelerometer :
• Along 3 co-ordinate axes the measurement is taken
• three input channels are required.
Piezoresistive (PR) Accelerometer :
• piezo-resistive substrate is used.
• Force exerted by the seismic mass change the
resistance
• measures accelerations down to DC
Acceleration Transducer
•The most common acceleration transducer is the
piezoelectric accelerometer
•It consist of quartz crystal with a mass bolted on top
and a spring compressing the quartz
•A property of piezoelectric material is that it generates
an electrical charge output when it is compressed
•The charge output is proportional to force
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎, force is also proportional to acceleration
Accelerometer
• Typically accelerometer has very high natural frequency,
typically 25000 Hz. Its response is linear for about 1/3 of
this range
• It has a useful frequency range of from about 5 to
approximately 100000 Hz depending on its size
• The primary considerations in selecting an acceleromter are
sensitivity and frequency response
• If high-amplitude motions are to be measured, i.e. greater
than 10g,such as in shock measurement, then a low-
sensitivity accelerometer is appropriate 10 mV/g or les
Accelerometer
•If the level motion is to be measured, such as
building or structural motions at low frequencies
then a high sensitivity accelerometer should be
chosen 1000 mv/g
•For most machinery monitoring, 100 mV/g sensitivity
accelerometer provide the right balance of
sensitivity and frequency response
Accelerometer
Considerations in accelerometer selection:
• Temperature exposure
• Linearity - expressed as the percent deviation from a constant
value of the sensitivity
• Transverse Sensitivity is the ability of the transducer to detect
motion in directions perpendicular to its sensitive axis
• Damping is very low in piezoelectric accelerometer but can be
significant in other types, such as piezoresistive accelerometer
• Strain sensitivity is the ability of the transducer to generate a
signal when the base is distorted, such as when it is clamped
against a non flat surface
Accelerometer
•Ceramic Piezoelectric Sensor or Accelerometer
• Measures the dynamic acceleration of a physical device
as a voltage to determine vibration
• Full-contact transducers typically mounted directly on
high-frequency elements, such as rolling-element
bearings, gearboxes, or spinning blades
• Also used in shock measurements (explosions and failure
tests) and slower, low-frequency vibration
measurements
Comparison of Vibration – Measuring Systems
Signal Frequency
Transducer Parameter Remarks
Conditioner Range
Amplitude
Capacitive/ Modulation Usually relative
Displacement 0 − 0.1𝑓𝑐
Inductive with Bridge displacement only
Circuit
Electro – May need Poor low frequency
Velocity 15 − 1000𝐻𝑧
magnetic amplifier response
0 − 0.3𝑓𝑛 Wide range of
Piezo – Charge
Acceleration 𝑓𝑛 = 22𝑘𝐻𝑧 measurement
electric amplifier
(typical) Typically ±10000𝑔
𝑓𝑐 - carrier frequency, 𝑓𝑛 - natural frequency
Vibration Monitoring Points
•The following diagrams are
suggested vibration monitoring
points
•For rotating machinery, the
best to take reading is as close http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/

as possible to the bearings of

the machine being tested

http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/
 Vibration Monitoring Points
𝑇𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/

http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/
http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/
 Vibration Monitoring Points

http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/

http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/

http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/

http://www.vibescorp.ca/learn-about/basic-understanding-of-machinery-vibration/
Example of On – Line Vibration Monitoring
Hydraulic Force Meter
(Load Cell)
Hydraulic Force Meter (Load Cell)
•Operates on the principle of a force
counterbalance
•Involves the application of force to a
definite area of fluid surface, thus
producing hydrostatic pressure in the
www.ametektest.com

fluid, which can be measured by a

Bourdon – tube, manometer or any
type of pressure gauge
PCE Instruments
Hydraulic Force Meter (Load Cell)
•Used for measurement of forces in the range 0
to 30,000 Newtons (0 to 6,000 lb) to 0 to 5
million Newtons (0 to 1 million lb)
•Self – contained and no power requirement to
operate
•Explosion – proof
PCE Instruments

•Available for both tension and compression

force measurements
Construction & Working
• Consists of a metal
diaphragm on which the
force to be measured is
applied
• The metal diaphragm is
attached to a fluid chamber
which is connected to a
spiral – type Bourdon – tube
pressure gauge through S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control. (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education

tubing
• A pointer is attached to the Bourdon – tube with linkages and gears,
which moves on a scale calibrated in unit force
Construction & Working
• When the force to be
measured acts against the
diaphragm, it creates a fluid
pressure in the chamber
which is equal to the force
magnitude divided by the
effective area of the
diaphragm
S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control. (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education

• The pressure is indicated by the pointer of the Bourdon – tube on

the calibrated scale and gives the value of the applied force
Advantages of Hydraulic Force Measurement
•Relatively trouble – free over extended period of use
•Require no outside force of power for indication
•Respond quickly to load changes
•Relatively insensitive to temperature changes
•Well – suited for use in hazardous areas since they
require no electrical power
•Well – suited for high impact loads
Advantages of Hydraulic Force Measurement
•Can withstand high overloads without loss of
accuracy or zero shift
•High natural frequency
•Exhibit a fast response rate and thus are adaptable to
torque measurement systems requiring fast dynamic
response
Pneumatic Force Meter (Load Cell)
•Operates on the force balance principle
•The variable downward force to be measured is
balanced by the upward force of air pressure against
the effective area of the diaphragm
•Can be used for measuring reversing force
•Available in the ranges 0 to 7 lbs (0 to 3 Newtons) to
0 to 2.450 lbs (0 to 12250 Newtons) with a standard 3
to 15 psig output signal
Construction & Working
• Consists of a diaphragm
to which a rod and
baffle are attached
• A nozzle is placed near
the baffle which is
connected to the air
supply and a pressure
measuring device such
as manometer, S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control. (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education

Bourdon – tube, etc.

Construction & Working
• When the force to be measured
acts on the diaphragm rod, the
diaphragm moves downward
and the baffle covers the nozzle,
which, causes an increase in the
nozzle back pressure since the
nozzle is more nearly shut off S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control. (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education

• The increase in the nozzle back pressure acting on the

diaphragm produces an effective upward force which
return the diaphragm to its former position
Construction & Working
•A balanced position is
achieved for a particular
constant downward force at
specific nozzle opening and
corresponding nozzle back
pressure S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control. (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education

• Force magnitude is indicated by the height of the mercury

column (manometer), or a pointer if the Bourdon – tube is
used
Advantages of Pneumatic Force Measurement
•Suitable for use in hazardous or explosive areas
•Require no special transmitting system
•Cannot cause product contamination due to leakage
or hydraulic fluid
•Relatively free from temperature – related errors
Disadvantages of Pneumatic Force Measurement
•The air or other gases used as the operating medium
must be dry enough to prevent condensation of
water vapor and subsequent freezing at
temperatures below 32℉ (0℃)
•Respond slowly to sudden load changes and
therefore are not generally used for test work
Electrical Force Transducer
The force is first converted into a displacement at
an elastic element and then the displacement is
measured
Proving Ring
• An electrical force transducer that
uses LVDT which senses the
displacement cause by the force
resulting in a proportional voltage
• Can measure forces in the range of
0.0045 to 45,000 kg (0.01 to 100,000
lb) with a rated output range of 5 mV
S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control
to 200 mV per volt of excitation . (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education
Construction and Working
• Consists of a circular ring of precisely
known diameter, provided with
projection lugs for compressive
loading
• LVDT is attached with the integral
internal bosses C and D for sensing
the displacement caused by the
application of force
S K Singh (2009). Industrial Instrumentation & Control
. (3rd Ed). Tata McGraw Hill Education
Construction and Working
• An application of force to the ring
through the integral external bosses A
and B, the ring changes its diameter due
the compression or tension effects
which is known as “ring deflection”
• The resulting deflection is measured by
LVDT in terms of voltage, amplified, and
drive the conventional recorders or
indicators to indicate measured force
Proving Ring

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End